w18 book of abstracts - resilient comfort · session 1: rethinking thermal comfort 09:00 - 11:00...

WINDSOR

Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Great Park, UK 10th International Windsor Conference

12th - 15th April 2018

Rethinking Comfort

Book of Abstracts

10thWINDSORCONFERENCE12th-15thApril2018 i

ListofAbstracts10thInternationalWindsorConference:RethinkingComfort

CumberlandLodge,Windsor,UK,12th-15thApril2018

WindsorConference2018www.windsorconference.com

NetworkforComfortandEnergyUseinBuildingshttp://nceub.org.uk/

PublishedbyNCEUB2018Copyright©ECHIltd2018Copyright in the contents, the cover, the design and the typographical arrangement of thispublicationrestswiththeECHIltdunlessotherwisestated.Copyrightoftheindividualabstractsremainswith the Authors. The Editors do not accept any responsibility for the content of theabstractshereinpublished.Thecontentsofthispublicationmaybereproducedfreeofchargeinanyformatormediumforthepurposesofprivateresearchandstudyorforinternalcirculationwithinanorganisation.Thisissubjecttothecontentsbeingreproducedaccuratelyandnotinawaythatimpliesofficialstatus.Thereproducedmaterialmustbeacknowledgedandthetitleofthe publication specified. Any other use of the contents of this publication would require acopyrightlicenceorwrittenauthorisationbytheAuthors.

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10thWINDSORCONFERENCE12th-15thApril2018 ii

TABLEOFCONTENTS

THURSDAY12THAPRIL2018AfterDinnertalk 20:30-21:30 1Low-techComfort:HeatingPeoplenotBuildingsKrisdeDecker

FRIDAY13THAPRIL2018SESSION1:RethinkingThermalComfort 09:00-11:00 2SESSION2:Newapproachestoheatingandcoolingpeople 11:30-13:00 6SESSION3:PersonalControl,PerceptionandAdaptiveBehaviours 14:00-16:00 10WORKSHOP1:UsageandInterpretationofComfortScales 16:30-18:00 15WORKSHOP2:Overheating 16:30-18:00 17WORKSHOP3:PersonalComfortModels 16:30-18:00 18AfterDinnertalk 20:30-21:30 21Economic,socialandcultureexperiencesofthermalcomfortfromfieldstudiesinBrazilRobertoLamberts

SATURDAY14THAPRIL2018SESSION4:SurveysinHotClimates 09:00-11:00 22SESSION5:SchoolsandHomes 11:30-13:00 27SESSION6:ComfortinDifferentConditions 14:00-15:30 31SPECIALSESSIONontheASHRAEdatabaseChair:RicharddeDear 15:30-16:00 34WORKSHOP4:TheDiversityFactors 16:30-18:00 35WORKSHOP5:Measuringcomfortintherealworld 16:30-18:00 36WORKSHOP6:DomesticComfortandHealthatLowtemperatures 16:30-18:00 37AfterDinnerEvent 20:30-21:30Hosts:AtzeBoerstra,WoutervanMarkenLichtenbeltandCraigFarnhamQuizNight

SUNDAY15THAPRIL2018WORKSHOP7:HealthPhysiologyandComfort:RealLifeimpacts 09:00-10:30 39WORKSHOP8:PersonalComfortSystems 09:00-10:30 41WORKSHOP9:UsingStatisticsforThermalComfortData 09:00-10:30 43SESSION7:Sleep,IEQandEnergy 11:00-13:00 45

PAPERSappearingintheproceedingsbutauthorsunabletopresent 49

10thWINDSORCONFERENCE12th-15thApril2018 1

THURSDAY12THAPRIL2018

16:00 REGISTRATION18:00 WELCOMERECEPTIONINTHEDRAWINGROOM

19:00 DINNER

AfterDinnerTalk-Chair:FergusNicol 20:30–22:00

20:30 Low-techComfort:HeatingPeoplenotBuildingsKrisdeDeckerThermalcomfortinwinteristypicallyprovidedbyheatingtheentirevolumeofairinaroomorbuilding,andinsummerbycoolingit.Inearliertimes,ourforebear'sconceptof heating was more localized: heating people, not places. They used radiant heatsourcesthatwarmedonlycertainpartsofaroom,creatingmicro-climatesofcomfort,andcountering the resulting large temperaturedifferenceswith insulating furniture,suchashoodedchairsandfoldingscreens.Theyalsousedadditional,personalheatingsourcesthatwarmedspecificbodyparts.Theunderstandingbetterthethreetypesof(sensible)heattransfer:convection(theheatingofair),conduction(heatingthroughphysicalcontact),andradiation(heatingthroughelectromagneticwaves)givesbuildingdesignerseffectivetoolswithwhichtocreatebuildingsthatruntoafargreaterextendonnaturalenergy.Inthistalkitisarguedthatitwouldmakealotofsensetorestorethisoldwayofwarming,especiallysincemoderntechnologyhasmadeitsomuchmorepractical,safeandefficienttodoso.

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FRIDAY13THAPRIL2018

SESSION1:RethinkingThermalComfort 09:00-11:00InvitedChairs:EdwardNgandLuisaBrotas

09:00 PuzzlesandparadoxesinadaptivecomfortMichaelAHumphreysandJFergusNicolThewelcomeandwidespreadrecognitionthatcomfort isbestseenasaninteractiveadaptiveprocesshasresultedinaproliferationoffieldstudyresearch.Theanalysisofthedatafromthesestudies,andattemptstoformulatetheirresultsintoguidelinesandstandards, has produced a number of puzzles that verge on the paradoxical: 1.Estimationofpeople’ssensitivitytotemperature-changebyregressionanalysisappearsto be logical, but often gives amisleading result; 2. TheGriffithsmethod to obtaincomfort-temperaturesissometimesnecessary,yetitsuseentailsapparentlyarbitrarychoices;3.Theadaptiveapproachmustbewrittenintostandardsandcodes,yettheconcept of adaptation prohibits the stipulation of fixed values; 4. Is there a singleworldwide relation between climate and comfort-temperature, or do we neednumerous locally-derived relations? 5. Standard scales of subjective warmth helpinternationalcomparisons,yettheyoftenfailtotranslateacrosslanguageandculture;6.Humidityaffectscomfort,yetstatisticalanalysisrarelycapturesitseffect.Thepaperillustratesandexaminesseveralsuchpuzzles.

09:15 Thermaladaptationandseasonalalliesthesia:Twoconflictingconcepts?MarcelSchweiker,SusanneBeckerandKarinSchakib-EkbatanLeaving the static view on thermal comfort, two concepts are presented in theliterature:adaptationandalliesthesia.Sofar, therewasnocomparisonbetweentheconsequences of these two concepts. However, their basic hypothesis related topreferred conditions in different seasons are antithetic –while adaptation suggestswarmerconditionsinsummerbeingclosertoneutrality–oftensetsynonymouswithcomfort–alliesthesiasuggestscoolerconditionsinsummerleadingtoahigherlevelofpleasure – also set synonymous with comfort. The objectives of this paper are tocompare both concepts and the resulting views on “optimal” thermal conditions bymeans of an experimental study. The experimental study consisted of a between-subjectdesignwithtwogroups(winter(N=32)andsummer(N=31))experiencingthesamethreethermalconditions(classifiedascool,neutral,warm)eachfor50minutesinabalancedorder ina field laboratorywithwindowstotheoutdoors.Subjectsvotedtheir thermal sensation and thermal pleasure at the end of each session. Indoorenvironmental parameters and subjects’ skin temperature were recorded. AnalysesshowedthatthermalsensationassessedbytheASHRAEscalefollowedtheassumptionsoftheadaptiveapproach:subjectsperceivedthewarmconditionsslightlylesswarminsummer.Thermalpleasurehaditsmaximumatslightlycoolconditionsinsummerandatslightlywarmconditionsinwinter.Skintemperaturevariationsdidnotexplainsuchseasonal difference in the perception. Yet, it is hypothesized that a new mode ofalliesthesiacanexplainsucheffects:seasonal(orlongterm)alliesthesia.Inconclusion,adaptationandalliesthesia focusondifferentdimensionsof thermalperceptionandlead to distinctive results concerning the optimum thermal conditions. Theconsequencesfortheoperationofbuildingsisachallengingdiscussiontobecontinuedwithfutureresearchwork.

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09:30 Performanceofmedium-rise,thermallylightweightapartmentbuildingsduringaheatwaveEllaS.QuigleyESandKevinJ.LomasThere is growing evidence that medium rise, thermally lightweight, well-insulated,naturallyventilated,singleapartmentblocksareatriskofoverheatingespeciallywhensited in the SE of England. This paper reports the thermal comfort andheat stressconditionsrecordedin15apartmentslocatedinNorthLondonontheouterfringesofthe urban heat island. The apartments were built using off site, light gauge steelprefabricationmethods.Bedroomsonfloorsoneandtwoandonfloorsseventoelevenweremonitoredfor22daysduringJulyandAugust2013,aperiodthatincludedaheatwave,whichprecipitatedalevel3heatwavealert.TheriskofoverheatingwasassessedusingthestaticcriteriainCIBSEGuideAandthethreeCIBSETM52adaptivethermalcomfortcriteria.HeatstresslevelsinoneroomwereassessedusingtheHumidexandHeatIndexmetrics.Thebedroomsonfloorsoneandtwodidnotoverheatwhereasallthe apartments on the upper floors failed both the static and the adaptive criteriaproducingconditionsthatwouldleadtoheatstress.Theresultsstronglysuggestthatthedesign,ventilationandservicingstrategy,combinedwiththeinherentfragilityofthermallylightweightandwellinsulatedconstruction,isinappropriateinsomeareasoftheUKandmayevenbedangerousinhotsummers.Thefindingshavesignificanceforconstructioncompanies, landlordsandsocialhousingprovidersandthoseconcernedwithconstructionguidelinesandthebuildingregulations.

09:45 Percentage of commercial buildings showing at least 80% occupantsatisfiedwiththeirthermalcomfortCarolineKarmann,StefanoSchiavon,EdwardArensMost thermal comfort standards prescribe that buildings must provide satisfactorythermalcomforttoatleast80%oftheiroccupants.Toassesshowmanybuildingsmeetthiscriterion,weanalysedtemperaturesatisfactionvotesfrom52,980occupantsin351officebuildings,obtainedviaaweb-basedseven-pointsatisfactionsurveyover10years,mainlyinNorthAmerica.43%oftheoccupantsarethermallydissatisfied,19%neutraland38%satisfied.Thepercentageofbuildingsmeeting80%satisfiedoccupantswasonly2% ifoneconsidersvotes from+1 to+3 (‘slightly satisfied tovery satisfied’) asrepresenting satisfaction, 8% if one includes votes from 0 to +3 (‘neutral to verysatisfied’), and33% if one includes votes from -1 to +3 (‘slightly dissatisfied to verysatisfied’–aseeminglygenerouscriterionsuggested inASHRAEStandard55).Theseresultsareconcerningbecausetheysuggestthatbuildingsarefarfromcreatingthermalenvironmentsthattheiroccupantsconsidersatisfactory.ThismightbeduetoinabilityofthelargemajorityofHVACsystemstoprovideadequatelypersonalizedconditioningorcontrol.Thispaperalsodiscussestherelevanceofthe‘satisfaction’metricusedforlong-termbuildingevaluations.

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10:00 RevisitingoverheatingindoorsRunaT.Hellwig

In recent years, an increasing amount of overheating issues in buildings has beenreported.Despiteavailableknowledgeandrecognitionoftheproblembyresearch,inpracticelittleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheproblem.Theaimofthepaperistoidentifycontradictions, missing interconnections, communication deficits or barriers.Terminologies used, and time and dynamics in the context of overheating andheatwaves will be discussed. Planning pathways and their consequences onpreparedness for overheating or heatwaves will be discussed subsequently. In thecontextofoverheatingaswellforheatwaves,informingpeopleaboutthehumanabilityto acclimatise to seasonal changes and addressing acceptable healthy temperaturerangesinsteadofcomfortrangescouldbesupportiveinrelaxingpeople’sexpectationstowards indoor climate. Three areas should become a focus of future activities: a)enhancingadaptabilityinhumansb)managinghumanexpectationtowardstheindoorenvironmentandc)enhancingadaptabilityofbuildings.Timeanddynamicsinbuildingperformance,adaptationprocessesandmortalitypredictionsareinterrelatedandwillrequiremoreattentioninfuturestudies.

10:15 ChangingThermalComfortExpectations:StudiesinDarwin,AustraliaTerenceWilliamsonandLyrianDaniel

This paper presents an examination of the thermal expectations of occupants innaturallyventilateddwellingsfromtwostudiesinDarwin,Australia,conductedsome25 years apart (1988/89 and2013/14). The25 years between the two studies havewitnessed dramatic changes in Darwin, that include a doubling of the population,considerable differences in dwelling styles offered in the market, technologicaldevelopments making the installation of air-conditioning more available, relativechangesinincomes,andenergypricesmakingair-conditioningmoreaffordable.The1988/89studyemployedComfortVoteLoggerdevicestorecordatotalof3800comfortvotes in 16 un-air-conditioned houses during the build-up and wet seasons. The2013/14 study involved 20mainly free-running houses in which thermal conditionswererecordedonpurposebuiltlogginginstrumentswhiletheoccupantsrecorded2535comfortvotesoveraten-monthperiod.Analysispresentedinthepapergivesadetailedcomparisonof the results from the two studies covering four criteria central to theadaptivecomfortconcept-externalversusindoortemperatures,thermalacceptability,thermalsensitivityandthermalneutrality.Thepaperconcludeswithadiscussionofthefindings and implications of these findings for the adaptive approach to thermalcomfort.

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10:30 LightexposureeffectsontheperceptionofthethermalenvironmentMarijeteKulve,LucSchlangenandWoutervanMarkenLichtenbeltA wider range for acceptable indoor temperatures can reduce building energyconsumptionandmaybebeneficialforhealth.Inthecurrentstudy,weinvestigatedtheinfluenceoftheintensityandspectrumofwhitelightexposureonthermalcomfortandsensation. In two well-controlled laboratory studies with 35 healthy young adultfemales,wetestedtheeffectofthecorrelatedcolourtemperatureoflight(2700Kand6500K,both55lx)andthe intensityof light (5lxand1200lx,both4000K)onthermalcomfort and sensation. The light exposureswere provided during cool, neutral andwarm thermal conditions. Core and skin temperatures were measured. Thermalcomfortandthermalsensationwerenotsignificantlyaffectedbythelightintensityorrelative correlated colour temperature. The preferred lighting conditions differedbetweenindividuals.Interestinglyasignificantpositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweenvisual comfort and thermal comfort. This result implies that visually comfortableconditionsmayimprovethermalcomfort,butindividualpreferencesshouldbetakenintoaccount.Themainconclusionthereforeisthatthermaldiscomfortcanpartlybealleviatedbylightingconditionsthatresultinahigherperceivedvisualcomfort.Fieldstudiesarerequiredtodemonstratethepracticalrelevanceoftheinteractionbetweenlightexposureandambienttemperature.

10:45 DISCUSSION11:00 COFFEEBREAK

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SESSION2:Newapproachestoheatingandcoolingpeople 11:30-13:00InvitedChairs:RicharddeDearandAtzeBoerstra

11:30 TheEffectoftheVisualCueofMistCoolingonPerceivedThermalComfortCraigFarnham,YukiOkazaki,KazuoEmura,MikiKubota,JihuiYuan,andMdAlamAshrafulOn hot summer days, the cooling effect of fine water mist has been well-received.Although finemists typically only yield an air temperature reduction of 1 – 3K, thecomfortvotesofthoseexperiencingthemistarefarbetterthanexpectedbythePMV(PredictedMeanVote).Thetransienteffectofasuddenreductionintemperaturemayaccount for much of this over-evaluation of mist cooling. Yet, subjects may also beaffected by an expectation thatmist should feel cool and vote accordingly. In theseexperiments, subjects areexposed toamisting fanandanon-misting fanandaskedwhichfanfeelscooler.Unknowntothesubjects,aheaterincreasedthetemperatureofthemistingfanairflow,producinganairflowupto1.7Kwarmerthanthefanwithoutmist.Testsofover300subjectswhilevaryingthismistedairtemperatureshowedthatonaveragethemistingfanwasperceivedascoolerthanthenon-mistingfan,evenwhenthemistingfanairflowwasuptoabout0.5K-0.7Kwarmerthanthenon-mistingfan.Itislikelythattheexpectationofcoolingbymistsignificantlyinfluencestheperceptionofcomfort.Thiseffectshouldbeconsideredinthermalcomfortevaluationsofmistcooling.

11:45 StudyonThermalIndicesunderMistSprayConditionthroughThermalSensationandComfortWonseokOh,RyozoOoka,JuntaNakano,HidekiKikumoto,OsamuOgawa

Recently, a cooling system usingwater evaporation has beenwidely utilized as analternativeforrelievinghumanthermalstress.Themistspraysystemisknowntobeabletolowertheairtemperatureby1–3°Cintheoutdoorenvironmentandincreasethe thermal sensation. However, the existingmist spray system tends to raise thehumiditytoohigharoundthehumanorfailtodelivercooledairproperlyaccordingtothewindeffect.Toovercometheproblemsoftheconventionalsystems,amistspraywithanair-blowingsystemwasproposed.Asaresult,thismistspraysystemledtoanincrease inconvectionandevaporationeffects. Inaddition, theeffectivenessof thesystem was confirmed by the field experiment. The survey by subjects and themeasurement of environmental factors were performed simultaneously in thesummer.Thesurveyswereconductedusingaseven-pointmodifiedthermalsensationvote(mTSV)scalefromverycold(-3)toveryhot(+3)andthecomfortsensationvote(CSV)scalefromveryuncomfortable(-3)toverycomfortable(+3).Theresultsofthesurvey showed that themeanmTSVvaluedropped from2.3 to0.2,decreasing thedegreeoffeelinghot,andthemeanCSVvalueincreasedfrom-1.3to1.4,improvingthecomfort feeling.Toconfirmthe thermaleffectivenessof themist spraysystem,environmentalfactorsweremeasuredintwodifferentlocationswhereitwasandwasnot influenced by the mist spray, respectively. The factors were air temperature,humidity,windspeed,globetemperature,andsolarradiation.Sincetheinsideofthemistiswettedbytheinfluenceofthewaterdropletandcannotbemeasuredwithaconventionalsensor,acyclonetypeofmeasurementforthedrybulbtemperatureanddensityofwatervaporwereused.Topredictthehuman’sthermalstateinanoutdoorenvironment and the mist spraying condition, the feasibility of Gagge's two-nodemodelwasverifiedwiththefieldexperiment.Theresultsshowedthatthegapofinthemeanskintemperaturebetweenthepredictedmodelandfieldexperimentwas0.2–0.3°C. Inaddition, thisstudyproposesanenvironmental indexthatcanpredict themTSVinanoutdoorenvironmentandthemistsprayconditionbyatwo-nodemodel.

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11:50 EvaluationofRadiantCeilingHeatingSystems forRenovatedBuildingsbasedonThermalComfortCriteriaM.RezaSafizadehandAndreasWagnerThisstudyaimstoevaluatethepotentialapplicationoflow-temperatureradiantceilingheating systems innewandenergy-renovatedbuildingshavinga lowspaceheatingload, based on thermal comfort criteria. Towards the goal, subjective experiments(within-subjects)with14participantswereperformedinanindoorclimatetestfacility.Local and overall thermal sensation and comfort responses in connection to fourdifferentscenarios(combinationsofceilingtemperaturesof28and35°Canddistancesof 1 and 3 m to the window) were collected using questionnaires. During theexperiments,roomairtemperature,humidity,velocityandglobetemperature,aswellas skin temperature at eight body-pointsweremeasured. Findings of this researchprovethattheradiantceilingheatingsystemoperatingatevenlowtemperatures(28-35 °C) can provide fairly neutral thermal sensation and satisfactory comfort at themajority body-parts, if the building envelope satisfies advanced building energy-efficiency regulations. Theoverall thermal sensationand comfort closely follow thelocalvotesattheupper-bodylimbs.Beyondtheexpectation,theheadisperceivedasthemostcomfortablebodypart,despiteitisasensitiveextremitytowarmconditions.Furthermore,theresultsshowthatunlikethelocalcomfortvotes,thelocalsensationvotesarestronglyrelatedtothelocalskintemperatures.

11:55 Comparingoccupantthermalperceptionofairconditioningandceiling-mountedradiantcoolingpanelscoupledtoaroofpondEduardoKrüger,LeandroFernandes,WolfgangMutsafi-Haller,EvyatarErell

Anexperimentalstudycomparedthethermalresponseofsubjectsintwotestrooms,oneofwhichwas cooledbya roofpondcoupled to radiant coolingpanelsand thesecondbya conventional splitACunit.Measurementsof the surface temperaturesindicatedthatstructuralcoolingandthermalstabilizationwereobtained intheroofpondroom,whereasintheair-conditionedroomthermalcontrolwasachievedonlywithintheshortperiodofthesessionthroughairtemperaturechanges.Forsimilarairtemperature,therewasaslightpreferencefortheroofpondroom,whichhadalowerMeanRadiantTemperature.Theroofpondroomwasfoundtobemoreeffective inensuringcomfortconditionscontinuouslyandwithoutoccupantintervention

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12:10 Reliability of characterising buildings as HVAC or NV for makingassumptionsandestimationsincasestudiesRickKramer,HenkSchellen,JosvanSchijndel,WimZeiler

Buildings are often categorised into HVAC-buildings and naturally ventilated (NV)buildings. This study explores the extent to which a fully air-conditioned museumadherestothetypologyofbeinganHVAC-buildingregarding(i)theacceptableindoortemperaturerangeandvariation,(ii)theclothingvariation,(iii)thevalidityofthePMVmodel.EstimationsoftheseaspectsandofthePMVmodel’sinputsarebasedondatafrom the literature that differentiates between HVAC and NV buildings. Then, theestimated aspects are compared with experimental data based on a large-scalemeasurement and survey study (n=1250) at the Hermitage Amsterdam museum.Conclusions:(i)MoreseasonaltemperaturevariationisacceptedinthemuseumthanexpectedforanHVAC-building;(ii)Thepermissibletemperaturerangeexactlymatchesthat of HVAC-buildings, i.e. neutral ±1.2°C; (iii) Clothing behaviour in the museumcorresponds to NV-buildings; (iv)Metabolic ratewas found to be 22% higher thanestimated; (vi) PMV model increasingly underestimates mean thermal sensationtowards cold and warm sides of thermal spectrum; (vii) Outdoor temperaturesignificantlyinfluencesthermalsensationindoors.Hence,categorisingabuildingsolelybased on the criteria of perceived control intoHVAC-building or NV-building yieldsunreliable estimations of clothing behaviour, acceptable temperature range, andvalidityofthePMV-model

12:25 DynamicEvaluationMethodforIndoorThermalEnvironmentalAcceptabilityUsingP-RChartMasanariUkaiandTatsuoNobeThis study was conducted to characterise thermal environmental acceptability forvariousairconditioningsystems.Theauthorsdevelopedanewthermalcomfortindexcalled a P-R chart using the concepts of “provided temperature” and “requiredtemperature”foruseinevaluatinguniform,high-qualityindoorthermalenvironmentsand non-uniform, unsteady thermal environments. In this study, first, the authorssurveyedtherequiredtemperaturedistributionofworkers.Thentheysurveyedindoorthermalenvironmentalstabilitiesinthefourofficesduringthesummerwithdifferentair-conditioning systems to calculateprovided temperaturedistribution. Finally, theindoorthermalacceptabilityinofficeswasevaluatedusingtheP-Rchart.Theresultsshowedthattheconvectiveair-conditioningsystemscausedwidetemporalandspatialvariations in the thermal environment. Therefore, in buildings with convective air-conditioningsystems,eveniftheplanaraveragethermalenvironmentiscategorisedascomfortable,itispresumedthatworkerssensitivetocoldorheatwillcomplainofdiscomfort more frequently than those in buildings with radiant air-conditioningsystems and floor-supply displacement HVAC systems, because the probability ofworkerssittingincold-orhot-spotareasishigherintheformercase.

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12:40 How does Passive Chilled Beam system rate from an indoor thermalcomfortperspectivewhencomparedtoVariableAirVolumeandUnderFloorAirDistributionHVACsystems?AshakNathwaniThisstudyevaluateshowPassiveChilledBeam(PCB)systemrates in termsof indoorthermalcomfortandenergyefficiencywhencomparedtoVariableAirVolume(VAV)andUnderFloorAirDistribution(UFAD)HVACsystems.Ahumanshapedskin-temperaturecontrolledthermalmanikinisutilizedtodirectlymeasureequivalenttemperatures(teq)in a set of adjacent climate chambers that incorporate these three types of HVACsystems. Clothing data was obtained by exposing the manikin to uniform thermalenvironments.Themanikinwasmovedbetweenchamberssubjectingittonon-uniformconditionscreatedbythedifferentHVACsystems,eachofwhichmaintained22.5+/-0.5oC.TheoveralloutcomeisthatUFADandVAVdisplayedsimilarverticalprofiles(fora‘clo’valueof0.36)withcoolerfeet(teq=20.90C&21.60C,respectively)andwarmerhead(teq=22.40C&22.70C, respectively). PCBdemonstrated relativelywarmer feet (teq=22.40C)andcoolerhead(teq=22.10C).PCBairconditioningsystem,hence,highlightstheadagethatcoolerheadandwarmerfeetoffersbettercomfort.Thesearecomparedwithoutcomesfromsimilarexperimentswithhumansubjects.Energyefficiencyvalues,intheformofenergyintensitiesobtainedusingthermalmodellinganalysis,arealsopresentedforthethreetypesofsystemswithChilledBeamsachievinga10%advantage.

12:45 Effects of ceiling fans on the thermal comfort of students in learningenvironmentsofBayeroUniversity,Kano,NigeriaSaniM.Ali,BrettD.Martinson,SuraAl-Maiyah,andMarkGaterell

Itiswellknownthatthermalcomfortisinfluencedbymajorphysicalparameters;airand radiant temperatures, humidity, and air speed in combination with personalattributes; clothing insulation and activity level. Although temperature isconventionallyconsideredinadaptivethermalcomfortmodel,asthemostimportantphysicalparameterwherecoolingisinvolved,moderateairspeedcanenhancethermalcomfort during higher temperatures. Through convective and evaporative cooling,ceilingfanscoolpeoplebycausingsweatfromtheoccupant’sbodytoevaporate.ThenorthernpartofNigeria,beinginthetropics,isknownforhighertemperatureregimesformostpartoftheyear.Theuseofairconditioningtoachievethermalcomfortisnotsustainable,foreconomicreasonsandthelackofstableelectricalenergy.Therefore,amajorityofnaturallyventilatedspacescouldbekeptthermallycomfortablewiththecontrolofceilingfansandoperablewindows.Aspartofaresearchworkonlearningenvironments inaNorthernNigerianuniversity, this study reportson theeffectsofceilingfansonthethermalcomfortperceptionofthestudentsintwolecturetheatres.Air speed, air and radiant temperatures, relative humidity were measured,concurrentlycomfortsurveyswereundertakeninthespaces,fromwhichactivitylevelsandclothinginsulationswereobtained.Adaptivethermalcomfortstandards,ASHRAE55andEN15251,statethatthermalcomfortcanbemaintainedasair temperatureriseswiththeuseofceilingfansoperatingatmoderatespeed.Theresultsshowthatreductionsof31%and22%inoverheatingfromthetwolecturetheatreswererealised,asaresultofceilingfansusage,measuredbythedegreehour’sexceedanceindicator.These results were further corroborated by the students’ acceptance of thermalconditionsofthelecturetheatresattemperaturesaboveTmax.

12:50 DISCUSSION

13:00 LUNCH

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SESSION3:PersonalControl,PerceptionandAdaptiveBehaviours 14:00-16:00InvitedChairs:MichaelHumphreysandMadhaviIndraganti

14:00 Personalcontrol:windows,fans,andoccupantsatisfactionMargaretPigman,GailBrager,HuiZhangTheavailabilityofpersonalcontrolisoneofseveralexplanationsunderlyingadaptivecomforttheory.Thisworkdistinguishesbetweenfourmainaspectsofpersonalcontrol:access,satisfaction,perception,andusage.Inthispaper,welookatthreecasestudymixed-modeofficebuildingsusinganexpandedversionof the indoorenvironmentalquality (IEQ) survey from the Center for the Built Environment. Results revealinteresting patterns about behavior and responses to operablewindows and ceilingfans, and both access to and perception of controls. For example, although theoccupantsweresatisfiedwiththeiroperablewindowsandfans,havingaccesstothesecontrolsdidnotsignificantlyinfluencetheirsatisfactionwiththeindoorenvironment.IEQ satisfaction was most strongly correlated with perception, as measured bysatisfactionwiththeabilitytocontrolIEQandconfidencethatadjustingwindowswouldhavethedesiredeffect.

14:15 RethinkinguserbehaviourcomfortpatternsinthesouthofSpain-WhatusersdoSamuelDomínguezAmarillo,JesicaFernández-AgüeraandJuanJoséSendra

Anyinvestmentmadeinrefurbishingbuildings inorderto limittheirenergydemandcangenerallybeclassifiedasbeingofstrategicinterest.However,wehavefoundthat,although the application of current energy analysis techniques can imply significantpotential energy savings when retrofitting housing stock, it is often the case thatsignificant deviations from the envisaged energy performance can come about, inparticularinsouthernEurope.Amonitoringprocesshasbeencarriedoutinoccupieddwellingsoveralong,continuousperiodoftime,inordertoobtainvaluesofoveroneyear of duration of multiple environmental variables, most notably the indoor airtemperaturereadings,relativehumidityandHVACoperation.Thismonitoringhasbeencompletedwithaseriesof surveyson thebehaviouralhabitsof tenants, inorder toobtaincorrelationsbetweenenergyconsumptionandtheirbehaviourcomfortpatterns.Thisworkhasdemonstratedthatthereisgenerallynodirectrelationbetweenofficialand real user comfort patterns in social housing in southern Spain. Indeed, energyconsumptiontendstobelowerthanexpected,duemainlytothefactthatinhabitantsspendlongperiodsinunsuitablelivingandhealthconditions.Thisinformationhasbeenusedtogeneratearealcomfortbehaviourpattern.

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14:30 Whatdohouseholdsdotokeepcool?GaryRawWith climate change in mind, we need effective strategies to avoid overheating inhomes–strategiesbuiltonanunderstandingofwhathouseholdscurrentlydotokeepcoolandwhytheydoit.Thispaperreportsfindingsfromasurveyof2,313households,supportedby literaturereviewandqualitativeresearch.Only9%of respondentssaythat itwouldnotgettoowarmonatypicalsummerday.Theactionstakentoavoidoverheatingareoftensuccessfulbutthereremain27%whodonotalwayskeepcoolenoughonatypicalsummerday.Eveninwinter,amajorityneedtoavoidoverheating,andhouseholdsthatreportalwaysfeelingwarmenoughinwinteraremorelikelytooverheat inwinter. This suggests potential both to improve comfort and to reduceenergyuse.Householdsavoidoverheatingpartlybycontrollingroomtemperaturebutamajorityalsousemethodstargetedatthemselves:reducingclothing/bedding,coolingthe body, or changing location. Behaviour varies with characteristics of both thedwellingandthehousehold,andreflectsneedsbeyondthermalcomfort.Amajorityofhouseholds doopenwindowsbut also report barriers to doing this (e.g. security ornoise).Reducingbarriersshouldfacilitatecoolingwithoutairconditioning.

14:45 Developinguserprofilesformixed-modeofficebuildingsoperationbasedonoccupantbehaviourevaluationLeticiadeOliveiraNeves,EduardoRodriguesQuesada,CamilaAnchietaandKarinSoaresChvatalUserprofilescangeneratediscrepanciesbetweenthemeasuredandsimulateddata,when building performance simulation tools provide the latter. Nevertheless,specializedliteratureobservedtheinadequacyofusingcurrentthermalcomfortmodelstodescribeoccupantcomfortinmixed-modebuildingsandnospecificguidelinesareprovidedincurrentstandards.Thispaperaddressesoccupantbehaviourwithinmixed-modeofficebuildingscontrolledbyoccupants,locatedinaBrazilianhumidsubtropicalclimate,withtheobjectivetodevelopuserprofilesofoperationtobeusedasinputdataincomputersimulationanalyses.Threeofficeroomsoperatinginaconcurrentmixed-modeconfigurationwereinvestigatedinafieldresearch.Indoorclimaticmeasurementsmonitoredtheenvironmentalvariables(drybulbtemperature,radianttemperature,airvelocityandrelativehumidity)andusercontrolvariables(manualoperationoftheair-conditioningandnaturalventilationsystems)insitu.Fieldsurveysweresimultaneouslyconductedwiththeoffices’occupants.Asaresult,occupantbehaviourregardingthebuilding’scontrolsisanalysedandcomparedtothestaticandadaptivethermalcomfortmodelsfromASHRAEStandard55-2013.Inconclusion,auserprofiletobeusedasinputdata for computer simulations is developed, aiming to support more accurateinvestigations about the thermal and energy performances of mixed-mode officebuildings.

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14:50 Managingcomfortinlowenergyhousing–theroleofgardens,balconies,allotmentsandgreenhousesSonjaOliveira,ElenaMarco,BillGethingandMartinGreen

This paper examines management of thermal comfort in a low energy housingdevelopment in England drawing on residents’, designers’ and housing managers’views. Thermal comfort studies have tended to mainly focus on measurementtechniques and comfort criteria. There has been little attention devoted to howdesigners as well as residents account for thermal comfort in the design andmanagementofindoorandoroutdoorspace.Findingssuggestdesignersandhousingmanagers play a critical role in the conception of interstitial spaces between anindividualhome,street,gardenandcollectivecommunitylandscaping.Itwasfoundthatwhilstequippedwithadvancedtechnologiestoheatandcooltheirhomes,residents’adaptation strategies tomanage discomfort evolved primarily around escaping to arangeofindividual,adhoccollectiveanddedicatedcommunityspaces.Theimportanceof outdoor spaces as traditional regimes of cooling is well researched, however anextended understanding of an outdoor environment’s spatial and social role fordesignersandresidentsinplanningandmanagingcomfortislargelyunexamined.Theanalysis also provides a novelmethod in the studies of thermal comfort – a timelycontribution in light of recent questioning of the nature of human interactionwiththermalcomfort(NicolandRoaf2017).

15:05 SeeingisBelieving,orisit?AnassessmentoftheinfluenceofinteriorfinishcharacteristicsonthermalcomfortperceptionataUniversitycampusinatemperateclimateJansenFooandAnnaMavrogianni

Being a ‘condition of mind’, thermal comfort can be considered to be both aphysiological and psychological response. Research shows that other than thephysiologicalfactorswhicharewellestablishedinprevailingthermalcomfortstandards,behaviouralandpsychologicalfactorsequallyaffecthowhumansadapttothethermalconditionsoftheirenvironment.Humanresponsetothermalconditionsisoftenbasedonpredispositionsassociatedwith theirperceptionandexpectationsof thephysicalenvironment. This paper examined the impact of interior finish characteristics onthermal comfort perception in learning spaces by analysing thermal comfortperceptions of students across 48 lecture theatres surveyed during the winter andspring seasonbetween2012and2015 inUniversityCollege London.A taxonomyofinterior finish characteristics was first developed to guide the classification of thelecturetheatres intodifferentgroups forstatisticalanalysis.Results fromhypothesistesting found small yet statistically significant differences in thermal comfort as afunctionofthecolourhues(Δ=0.1)aswellastheperceivednaturalness(Δ=0.06)ofinteriorfinishcharacteristics.Thefindingsofthisstudymayhavepotentialimplicationsfortheinteriordesignoflowcarbonandhealthybuildingsthataimtominimizeenergyusedforspaceheatingwhilstmaintaininghighindoorthermalcomfort.

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15:10 PersonalcontroloverindoorclimateinofficebuildingsinaMediterraneanclimate-Amman,JordanFarahAl-Atrash,RunaT.Hellwig,AndreasWagnerTheobjectiveof this study is to increaseunderstandingofpersonal control inofficeworkplacesby:1)analysingtheadaptiveopportunitiesavailabletotheoccupants,howthey perceive these adaptive opportunities, as well as their desire to have theseopportunities.Statisticalanalyseswereconductedtofindouttheimpactofavailablecontrol on perceived control, and interrelations between perceived availability anddesiredcontrol;2)mappingofhowoftenthesecontrolswereused(exercisedcontrol);3)analysingthereasonsfornotexercisingavailableadaptiveopportunities;4)analysingtheeffect of office types and seasonsonperceived control; and5) determining theimpactofperceivedcontrolonthermalcomfortperceptionandairquality.Forthis,datafrom longitudinal surveyswhich have been conducted during four seasons in threeoffice buildings in the Mediterranean climate of Amman, Jordan were analysed.Operable windows and adjustable thermostats are the most desired adaptiveopportunities. The most stated reason for not exercising available adaptiveopportunities was ‘No need to change’. The study found significant correlationsbetween office types and perceived control. On the other hand, no significantcorrelation was found between seasons and perceived control. Perceived controlcorrelatespositivelywithoccupants’thermalcomfortperception.

15:15 UsingfeatureselectiontechniquestodeterminebestfeaturesubsetinpredictionofwindowbehaviorHailunXie,ShenWei,LiZhang,BoboNg,SongPanPrevious studieshavedemonstrateddiverseeffectsofdifferent factorsonoccupantwindow behaviours. It is necessary to choose appropriate subsets of differentbehavioural window opening features, and to eliminate irrelevant and redundantfeaturessoastoavoidoverfitting,noiseandrandomfluctuationsbeinglearnedbythemodel,andimprovetheaccuracyofpredictivemodelsofwindowopening.Thechoiceofprotocolsfortheselectionoffeatureshasbeenwidelyacceptedasoneofthemostimportant steps in developing machine learning prediction algorithms. This studyemployed theuseofbotha recursiveandanon-recursive feature selectionmethoddesignedtoconsiderallinfluencingfactorssimultaneouslytoexploretheconfoundingeffects inherent in various factors pertaining to the prediction of window openingbehaviour.Twomachinelearningalgorithmswereappliedasestimatorsinarecursiveselectionprocess,namely supportvectorclassification (SVC), logistic regression (LR),and one in a non-recursive process, namely random forest (RF). Additionally, twoprocessing schemes in the recursive method analysis were tried to determine theoptimal featuresubsetbasedoncorrespondingalgorithms,namelyrecursivefeatureelimination(RFE)andrecursivefeatureeliminationwithcrossvalidation(RFECV).Sevenfactors were considered in the feature selection process based on collected data,including:indoortemperature,outdoortemperature,relativehumidity,concentrationsof PM2.5, air quality index (AQI), wind speed andwind direction respectively. Theresultsshowedthatdifferentfeaturesubsetscangeneratedifferentpredictionaccuracywithintherecursivemethod.RFECVcandeterminethemostappropriatefeaturesubseteffectivelywiththeconsiderationofthecorrelationamongvariousfactors.BothLRandSVCwereproved tobeeffectiveasestimatorsembedded inRFECV,howeverSVC ismore computationally expensive and LR shows a larger variancewithin the featuresubset space. RF, as a non-recursive method, demonstrated real advantages ineliminatingredundantfeaturescomparedtotherecursivefeatureselectionprocess.

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15:30 Adaptationbycoexistence:AcomparativestudyofthermalcomfortinindividualandsharedofficespacesinChileLauraMarín-Restrepo,MaureenTrebilcockandJaimeSoto-MuñozInsharedspaces,adaptiveactionscanbelimitedbyacoexistencefactor,whichhasanimpactonthermalexpectations.Thisstudyaimstocomparetheperceptionofthermalcomfort, comfort temperatureandadaptiveactions in individualand sharedoffices.Fieldworkwascarriedoutin9officebuildingsinConcepción(36°S)and8inSantiago(33°S), Chile. In each building, the indoor environment was measured and thermalcomfort surveys were administered at 3 different times during a winter day. Thecomforttemperaturecalculatedshowedvariationsfrom0.3to1Kbetweenindividualand shared spaces. Inmost cases, occupants of individual offices showed a greaterpreference for thermal variation than occupants of shared ones. Slightly moreacceptability was found in individual spaces. Participants performedmore adaptiveactions in individual versus shared spaces, although this does not imply thermaldiscomfort.Thesefindingssuggestthattheoccupantsofsharedspaceshave"adapted",sinceevenwhentheircomfort temperature isnotequal to the indoor temperature,theydeclarethattheyaccepttheindoorenvironmentandprefernochangesinit.Thisshowsthatthermalcomfortvariesaccordingtothetypeofspaceandsocialconstraints,whichshouldbeconsideredindesignphasecalculations.

15:45 DISCUSSION16:00 TEABREAK

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WORKSHOP1:UsageandInterpretationofComfortScales 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:MarcelSchweikerandGiorgiaChinazzo HodgsonRoom

16:30 A field study investigationon the influenceof light levelon subjectivethermalperceptionindifferentseasonsGiorgiaChinazzo,LuisaPastore,JanWienoldandMarilyneAndersen

Thispaperevaluatestheinfluenceoflightlevels(i.e.,illuminance)onsubjectivethermalperception of people, distinguishing between thermal sensation and thermalevaluation.Thegoalistoinvestigatewhetherreportedeffectsfoundbyotherstudiesincontrolledenvironmentscanbeobservedinreal-lifecontextsandtounderstandifresults are influenced by the season. By means of a post-occupancy evaluationconducted in four buildings in Switzerland, instantaneous air temperature andilluminance measurements were collected together with occupant’s thermalperception votes during daytime in both summer and winter. Findings show thatilluminancehasa significanteffecton the thermalperceptionofpeople,butonly intermsofthermalevaluationandnotofthermalsensation.Inparticular,resultsindicatethat,athightemperature(above25°C),alesssatisfyingthermalevaluationisreportedbypeopleexposedtodimlight(lowerthan300lux)comparedtopeopleexposedtobrighter environments. We assume that this finding can be explained by thermalexpectations induced by light intensity. The evaluation of data across summer andwinterindicatesthatresultsareindependentoftheseason(nointeractionsbetweenilluminance, temperature and time of the year) and that the illuminance effect isaccentuated depending on the season, which tends to highlight the psychologicalnatureofthermalevaluation.

16:45 CollectiveunderstandingofASHRAEthermalsensationphrasesamongArabstudentsHananAl-KhatriandMohamedB.GadiDespite theirwidely spreadapplication, thermal scales’behaviour isnotalwayswellunderstood, especially between non-native English subjects. Examining sometranslations implemented in recent Arabic studies revealed differences from theinternationalArabicversion.Thisversion,itself,isquestionedasitsformationandthedialect it considers are not obvious. Moreover, positive impressions were possiblyassociated with phrases outside the widely accepted range of comfort in theinvestigated translations. In this regard, two short questionnaires were distributedamongOmanihighschoolstudentstoexploretheircollectiveunderstandingofASHRAEthermalsensationphrases. Inthefirst, thestudentswererequestedtotranslatethephrases into Arabic, order them, and identify (thermal comfort). The secondwas amultiple-choicequestionnairewhichquestionswerederivedfromtheanswersofthefirst.Analysingresultsrevealedavarietyinthetranslatedphrasesthatrangedfrom7to44,whichmayberelatedtotheArabiclanguagefeatures.Besides,therewasaweakagreementbetweenthestudents’translationsandtheinternationallyacceptedversion.Phraseslike(slightlycool)and(slightlywarm)werenotclearformoststudents.Furtherresearch is recommended to explore the impact of using phrases like (cool andnotacceptable)and(warmandnotacceptable).

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17:00 Whatdopeopleassociatewith“cold”or“hot”?-QualitativeanalysesoftheASHRAE-scales’labelsKarinSchakib-Ekbatan,SusanneBecker,AntoninaCannistraroandMarcelSchweikerTheASHRAE-scaleisoftenappliedinthefieldofthermalcomfortinordertoevaluateoccupants’perceptionofthebuiltenvironment.Participants’ratingsonthescaleareconsidered as being comparable, based on the assumption that participants havesimilar associations with the labels of the scale. Because of the complexity ofperception, thisassumptioncanbequestionedand it isworthwhiletoscrutinizetheusageofthescale.Asqualitativecomponentofaninterdisciplinaryexperimentalstudythethink-aloud-methodwasusedtogatherqualitativedataregardingtheassociationswiththeverbalanchorsofthescale:Peoplewereaskedtomentionwhatevercomestotheirmind.Aspecificcontext,e.g.intermsofthinkingofoutdoororindoorconditions,wasnotgivenintheinstruction.61participants(32females,29males)participatedininterviews.Qualitativeanalysesshowthatmostassociationswerelinkedtoperception,seasons(winter,summer)aswellastoinside/outside.Thelabel‘neithercoldnorwarm’wasmostlylinkedtoindoorcontextssuchasprivateroomsandwasconsideredasbeingdifficult to describe. The results indicate that neglecting the variation of peoples’associations with verbal anchors of a scale might bear the risk of drawing wrongconclusionsregardingthegeneralizabilityoftheunderstandingofascale.

17:15 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP2:Overheating 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:RunaHellwigandWoutervanMarkenLichtenbelt SandbyRoom

16:30 VarianceoffutureUKheatwaveincidentswithgeographicimplicationsonmitigationAsifDinandLuisaBrotas

Theeffectofheatwavesonhumancomfort isanareaof researchthatneeds tobefurtherinvestigated.Manyoftheparameterstodealwithheatwaveeventsaresimilarmitigationstrategiestothoseusedforoverheating.Thisstudyexaminesweatherfilesfrom 8 UK cities to identify heat wave periods which are used to quantify theeffectivenessofshadingandthermalmassinasimulatedprototype.Bothheatwaveand cooling season results are compared to highlight the differences in theircharacteristics. Basedonapreviouslyusedprototypemodel, EnergyPlus software isusedtoquantifytheeffectofthermalmassandfixedshadinginthebuilding.Resultsshowthatthenumberofheatwavedayshasnocorrelationwiththecity’spopulation,apossibleproxyfortheheatislandeffect.Acombinationofthermalmassandshadingcanbe90%effectiveinreducingtheimpactofaheatwaveevent.Thenextbestsolutionisthermalmass,thenshadingalone,whichreducesheatwaveimpactbyupto50%.TheseroughlyfollowtheresultsobtainedforthecoolingseasonbuttheproportionsofoverheatingcriteriongiveninTM52forthecoolingseasonandheatwaveeventsshowlittlerelationshipandrequirefurtherinvestigation.

16:45 OverheatinginUKhomes:Adaptiveopportunities,actionsandbarriersDanielLWright,VictoriaJHainesandKevinJLomas

New-buildhomesandbungalowsareparticularlyatriskofoverheatingduringhotUKsummers. Bungalows are a dwelling type favoured by the elderly who are morevulnerabletothenegativehealthimpactsofoverheating.Whilstmodellingstudieshaveidentifiedoverheatingrisk,monitoreddataislackingandlimitedinformationabouttheadaptiveopportunitiesavailabletohouseholds(e.g.ventilationandshading).Evenlessis known about the adaptive actions taken during hot spells or about the physical,physiologicalorpsychologicalbarriers toacting.Amixed-methodsurvey tool (OAST)was developed for this study and used to assess overheating occurrence, adaptiveopportunities,actionstakenandbarrierstoaction.Thetoolwasdeployedwithacohortofnew-build(n=4)andbungalowhomes(n=4)inLoughborough,centralEngland.Thesurvey highlighted potential indicators of overheating risk, including post-occupancyretrofitsuchasextensionsandloftconversions.Occupants’reportsprovidedcontextandwereakeystrengthoftheOAST.Expressedbarrierstoadaptiveaction includedconcernsaboutsecurity,buttherewasaninherentlackofconcernaboutoverheatingand the associated health risks. Recommendations are made for the furtherdevelopmentoftheOASTasamethodofassessingoverheatingriskinhouseholds

17:00 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP3:PersonalComfortModels 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:StefanoSchiavonandChristophvanTreeck FlitcroftRoom

16:30 Personalcomfortmodels–newparadigminthermalcomfortforoccupant-centricenvironmentalcontrolJoyceKim,StefanoSchiavon,andGailBrager

Apersonalcomfortmodelisanewapproachtothermalcomfortmodelingthatpredictsan individual’sthermalcomfortresponse, insteadoftheaverageresponseofa largepopulation.ItleveragestheInternetofThingsandmachinelearningtolearnindividuals’comfortrequirementsdirectlyfromthedatacollectedintheireverydayenvironment.Itsresultscouldbeaggregatedtopredictcomfortofapopulation.Toprovideguidanceon future efforts in this emerging research area, this paper presents a unifiedframework forpersonalcomfortmodels.Wefirstdefinetheproblembyprovidingabriefdiscussionofexistingthermalcomfortmodelsandtheirlimitationsforreal-worldapplications,andthenreviewthecurrentstateofresearchonpersonalcomfortmodelsincluding a summary of key advances and gaps. We then describe a modelingframeworktoestablishfundamentalconceptsandmethodologiesfordevelopingandevaluatingpersonalcomfortmodels,followedbyadiscussionofhowsuchmodelscanbeintegratedintoindoorenvironmentalcontrols.Lastly,wediscussthechallengesandopportunitiesforapplicationsofpersonalcomfortmodelsforbuildingdesign,control,standards,andfutureresearch.

16:45 PersonalthermalcomfortmodelsbasedonphysiologicalparametersmeasuredbywearablesensorsShichaoLiu,MingJin,HariPrasannaDas,CostasJ.Spanos,StefanoSchiavonExisting HVAC systems involve little feedback from indoor occupants, resulting inunnecessary cooling/heating waste and high percentage of discomfort. In addition,large thermal preference variance amongst people requires the development ofpersonal thermal comfort models, rather than group-based methodologies such aspredictedmeanvote(PMV).Thisstudyfocusesonassessingwearablesolutionswiththeaimtopredictpersonalthermalpreference.Wecollectedphysiologicalsignals(e.g.,skin temperature, heart rate) of 14 subjects (6 female and 8 male adults) andenvironmental parameters (e.g., air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation,precipitation) for two weeks (at least 20 hr/d) to infer personal real-time thermalpreference. The subjects reported their real-time thermal sensation and preferenceusing cell-phonesapproximatelyeveryhour.We trainedaRandomForest algorithmusingdata collected from individuals todevelopapersonal comfortmodelwith theobjectivetopredictthermalpreference.Theresultsshowthatsubjectsexpressedneedsfor“warmer”or“cooler”conditionsatabout30%(from21%to88%)oftheirdailytimeonaverage,implyingthestrongdemandforapersonalizedindoorthermalcomfort.Inaddition,thepersonalcomfortmodelusingRandomForestcaninferindividualthermalpreference with a mean accuracy of 75% (53 - 93%) using physiological andenvironmentalparameters,demonstratingthestrengthsoftheproposeddata-drivenmethod.

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17:00 DevelopingPersonalThermalComfortModelsfortheControlofHVACinCarsUsingFieldDataUmbertoFugiglando,DanieleSantucci,IvaBojic,PaoloSanti,TobyChinToCheung,StefanoSchiavonandCarloRattiPersonalcomfortmodelspredictanindividual’sthermalcomfortinsteadoftheaverageresponseforalargepopulation.Weattemptedtodeveloppersonalcomfortmodelsforcardriversusingdatacollectedfrom10carswhiledrivingforapproximately2,000hr.WemeasuredconditionscollectedbytheCAN-bus(ControllerAreaNetwork),adataacquisitionsystemthatispresentinmostofthemoderncars.Dataincludesinformationaboutthein-vehiclethermalconditions,thesurroundingenvironment,thestatusoftheHeating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, and the behavior of theoccupant.Theobjectiveofthestudyistoassessthefeasibilityofinferringoccupant’sthermalpreferencefromthedataavailablealreadyavailableinmostcars.Byselectingandfilteringalltheavailablesignalsthatarerelevantforcomfort,inthisstudywemaptheuseractionsofturningon/offtheirseatheatingandcorrelatethemtothevehicleindoor and outdoor conditions. The presented study provides the basis for using amachinelearningautomatedprocessforthermalself-regulatingHVACsystemwiththeaimtoimprovecomfortconditionsandsafety.

17:15 EquivalentContactTemperature(ECT)forpersonalcomfortassessmentasextensionforISO14505-2CarolinSchmidt,DanielWölki,HenningMetzmacherandChristophvanTreeck

Thispaperintroducesanewcalculationmethodforthedeterminationoftheso-calledequivalent contact temperature (ECT). It completes themissingcontactarea relatedthermal comfort information that is currently neglected in (ISO 14505-2, 2016), butwhich is inevitable for the evaluation of the local and overall thermal comfort ofpassengersinvehicles.ThereisstrongevidencethatcurrentlyusedcentralHVACunits,which are based on convective heating and cooling of entire vehicle cabins will bereplacedbyvariouscombinationsofmuchmoreenergyefficientdecentralizedsystemsthatlocallyactonthehumanbodyinthefuture.However,suchconceptsmustbeabletoprovidethesame levelofthermalcomforttothepassengersascurrentlyexistingHVAC systems to guarantee their acceptance. For this reason, the work at handintroducesanappropriateevaluationscheme,whichholdsforsummerandwintertestsettings. Introduced experimental results provide the fundamental correlationsbetween ECTs and corresponding thermal comfort votes for two distinct summersettings. The latter aremade compatible to the existing evaluation schemesof (ISO14505-2,2016).

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17:30 Thermalcomfort-driven feedbackcontrol forelectricvehiclesbasedonthermalimagerecognition,passengertrackingandthermophysiologicalmodellingDanielWölki,HenningMetzmacher,CarolinSchmidtandChristophvanTreeckThisworkintroducesaninnovativeapproachfortheassessmentofindividual-specificthermalcomfortasapartoftheso-calledhumancentredclosedloopcontrol(HCCLC)platform.Theentiresystemtargetsonthecontrolofapassenger’s thermalcomfortinsteadoftheconventionallyusedairtemperaturesandsolarirradiationofavehiclecabin. Local thermal comfort of a passenger is evaluatedon the basis of equivalenttemperatures.Thelatterarecalculatedonthebasisofbodypartspecifictemperatureinformation that are simulated in real-time with the numerical human modelMORPHEUS and measured with an infrared (IR) camera. The introduced approachallowstocalculatethermalcomfortdrivendynamicandtransientenergyrequirementsof individual body parts at transient, uniform and non-uniform ambient conditions.CorrespondingsystemoutputsserveascontrolsignalsfordecentralizedHVACsystems.Arobusttrackingsystemforthefaceregion is introducedthat isbasedonanactiveappearance model (AAM). A central data exchange platform is described, whichmanagesthedataexchangebetweentheappliedsensorhardware,numericalmodelsandlocalactuators.Itisbasedonaloose-couplingapproachthatguaranteesthehighestpossible flexibilitywith respect to systemmodularity. Inorder tobe compliantwithindustrialapplications,thesystemimplementsaCAN-interface.

17:45 DISCUSSION18:00 ENDOFWORKSHOPS(workshop3isexpectedtoendlater)

19:00 DINNER

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AfterDinnertalk 20:30-21:30InvitedChairs:SusanRoafandPeterFoldbjerg

20:30 Economic,socialandcultureexperiencesofthermalcomfortfromfieldstudiesinBrazilRobertoLambertsThis talk will outline the current socio-economic realities of life in Brazil and theirimplicationson thermal comfort researchandunderstanding.Thedevelopmentofahugecountrywithawiderangeofdiversebutmildclimatesfromcoastaltocontinentalandhighlevelsofsocialinequalitybringschallengestoregulatingconstruction.Aspecialfocusofthetalkwillbeonoccupant’sexpectationsacrossthehousingandcommercialbuilding sectors, which are changing with the proliferation of air-conditioning. Thehistoric lack of building regulations and the new developments for building energylabelingraisesakeyquestion:shouldBrazilfollowinternationalstandards?Tosupportadiscussionbasedonthisscenario,fieldstudiesonthermalcomfortfromthe Brazilian population will be presented together with the new standard beingapproved.However,thereisstillalongwaytogoforresidentialbuildings,wherelittleinformationhasbeendocumentedallover theworldaboutadaptation,preferencesrelated to thermal histories, and occupant behaviors. The development of buildingregulationshastotakethermalcomfortpreferences,habitsandculturalexperiencesintoaccountacrossallbuildings typologies inorder topreparetheBrazilianbuildingstock for future climates within the constraints of often challenging economicconditions.

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SATURDAY14THAPRIL2018

SESSION4:SurveysinHotClimates 09:00-11:00InvitedChairs:TerenceWilliamsonandRyozoOoka

09:00 Mixed-modebuildingwithmoderatelycooltemperatureandresponsesofhumansHitoshiNagatsuguandPawelWargockiToachieveenergysavingandefficientbusinesscontinuityplanning(BCP),thenumberof mixed-mode buildings is increasing. A laboratory experiment was performed toexaminehumanresponsesinmixed-modebuildingswithbothnaturalventilationandair-conditioning.Theaimwastoexaminewhetherthemodeofoperationaffectstheresponses when the physical environment, in particular thermal conditions, weremaintained when natural ventilation or air-conditioning were used. The operationmodesweresimulatedinaclassroom.Eightsubjectsparticipated,eachtimefor2hours.They ratedenvironments, their responses andperformed tasks selected to simulateofficework.Intheresults,subjectsinnaturalventilationmodefeltairvelocityhigherthantheminair-conditioningmodealthough itwasthesame. Itwassuggestedthatpsychologicaleffectswhichwerecausedbythedifferenceofoperationofventilationmade votes of thermal sensation, comfort, satisfaction and acceptability in naturalventilationworsethaninair-conditioning.

09:15 Defining Thermal Comfort in Desert (Hot-Arid) Climates: A ThermalComfortFieldSurveyinBaghdad,IraqSaifRashid,OliverKornadtandConradVoelkerIndoorairmeasurementswereconductedin6housingunitsinBaghdadbetween2014and2016.Adeeper lookatthemeasureddatashowedthatairtemperaturesduringspringandautumncompliedwiththeadaptivecomfortmodel.Ontheotherhand,abigvariationwithin the same seasonwas foundduringwinter and summer periods. Toverifywhether comfortmodels apply for the climate inBaghdad, a field surveywasconductedtodefinecomfortconditionsduringcriticalwinterandsummerperiods.ThewintersurveywasconductedintwoidenticalclassroomsattheUniversityofBaghdadinDecember2016andJanuary2017with233responses.Thesurveywasrepeated11times under 5 different air temperature settings. The survey in summer was alongitudinalsurveywith149responsestoevaluate.ItwasconductedinAugust2017;itwasrepeated14timestotesttheresponsesunder7differentindoorenvironmentalconditions. The results of the field surveys showed a variation in thermal sensationwhencomparedwiththepredictedmeanvote.

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09:20 UpperlimitsforthermalcomfortinapassivelycooledofficeenvironmentacrosstwocoolingseasonsKitElsworth,RodBates,RyanWelch,andBillieFairclothDuringtwosummersinahothumidclimate,anarchitecturefirmconductedathermalcomfortstudyinapassivelycooledofficetobettertheunderstandthelimitsofthermalcomfort. Theoffice, located in a renovated industrial building in Philadelphia, relieduponnaturalventilation,elevatedairmovement,anddesiccantdehumidification forcooling.Thermalcomfortsurveysweresenttothestaffandmatchedtocorrespondingambient temperature and humidity measurements, totalling almost 10,000 surveyresponsesacrossa11.5°Crangeofindoortemperatures.Theoverallfindingssuggestthat 80%of the populationwas satisfied at 28.5 °C and 90% at 27.5 °C. Regressionmodels predict thermal comfort based on indoor temperature and indicate thathumidityandclothingdidnotsignificantlyimpactcomfort.Occupantclothinginsulation(clo)valuedecreasedwithtemperaturefrom21-27°C,resultinginaminimumclovalueof 0.50, including chair insulation, for temperatures above 27 °C. The results showstrongagreementwiththerateofadaptationintheadaptivethermalcomfortmodeland supports the increase in the comfort threshold given 1.0 m/s of elevated airmovement.Thefindingsfromthecontinuousobservationsofanoccupantpopulationacrosstwosummersallowforvalidationoftheadaptivethermalcomfortmodelandsupport design strategies that can maintain comfort over a large range of indoorthermalconditions.

09:35 Effectsofenvironmentalperceptiononthermalsensationinsub-tropicalandhigh-densitycities:acasestudyofHongKongMonaSumChingChungandKevinKaLunLauOutdoor thermalcomfort iscrucial insub-tropical regionswheresummerheatstressimpedeoutdoorspaceusage.Researchontheeffectsofenvironmentalperceptiononthermal comfort has increased in recent years as a result of intensified urbandevelopment and it has been found that urban geometry design can modify therelationshipbetweenclimateandthermalcomfort.Despitethis,thereisalackofholisticstudiesfocusingontheeffectsofqualitiesofurbanspaceonthermaladaptationandcomfort.ThisstudyinvestigatestherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalperceptionandoutdoorthermalcomfortundertypicalsummerconditionsinstreetsandparksinHongKong by conducting questionnaire survey on thermal sensation and environmentalperceptionintermsofconvenience,visualandacousticcomfort,airqualityandsafety.Simultaneous micrometeorological measurements were also conducted to obtainedobjective conditions of thermal comfort in designated urban spaces. A total of 1921responses were collected between June 2017 and September 2017 in 12 locations.Overall,wefoundthatenvironmentalperceptions,particularlytheperceivedairquality,acousticcomfortandvisualcomfort,significantlyaffectthermalsensationandcomfort.Improved perception of each investigated environmental parameter could lead to asubstantialincreaseinthepercentageofpeoplefeelingthermallycomfortable.

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09:40 ThermalEnvironmentsandComfortPerceptioninShophouseDwellingsofHoChiMinhCityHungThanhDangandAdrianPittsThis paper reports on a long-term investigation into the thermal environment andperceptionsofcomfortindwellingslocatedinHoChiMinhCity.Ofparticularinterestistheso-called‘shophouse’dwellingtypesprevalentinVietnamandotherSEAsiancountries.Shophousesarenarrowurbanbuildingsusedforbusinessaswellaslivingaccommodation.Areviewofshophousesacrossthecitydeterminedthreemaintypes(traditional/new/row house) and four subgroups. Automated data recordingsystems were set up for longitudinal investigations (long-term recording ofair temperature/humidity/movement) in four dwellings coupled with occupantquestionnaires/interviews and shorter cross-sectional studies in additional buildings.Thepaperexplainsthetechniquesutilizedtoderiveoptimumdatacollectionandsomeofthedifficultiesencountered.Summariesoftheextensivedataarepresentednotingfor thewarm season, typical indoor temperatures ranged from 29-35°C though theneutraltemperaturewas28.5°C(upperlimittothecomfortrange=31.5°C).Theresultsarecomparedtopreviouscomfortresearchfindings.Duetothenatureofthedwellings,animportantenvironmentalfactorwasconsideredtobeairmovement.Thoughtherewas a correlation between internal/external airspeed, indoor air movement rarelyexceeded 0.2ms-1. Design guidelines/suggestions for optimising comfort are madebasedonshophousetype.

09:55 DevelopingtheadaptivemodelofthermalcomfortforofficesintheGCCregionMadhaviIndragantiandDjamelBoussaa

Escalating building energy expenditure encourages rethinking on thermal comfortdeliveryintheGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC)countries,inwarmdesertclimate.TheGCCstatesdonothaveanadaptivecomfortstandard,oritsprecursorlongtermfieldsurveys.Therefore,wecarriedoutthermalcomfortfieldstudiesinQatarforthirteenmonths. In ten typical air-conditioned office buildings, 1174 voluntary subjectscompleted3742questionnaires,whiletheirthermalenvironmentsweresimultaneouslybeingmeasured.WefoundthemeanGriffithscomforttemperaturetobe24.0°C. Itvaried with indoor temperature and seasons. Indoor Griffiths comfort temperatureadaptively related with the outdoor temperature. This relationship can be used inbuildingsofsimilarnatureintheGCCregion.Thesubjectsmostlyfeltcoolersensations.Thermal acceptance was high (82.7 %). The offices had low indoor air movement(medianairspeed0.02m/s),while80%recordedlessthan0.05m/s.Thisisbelowtheaverage air speed of 0.28 m/s, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioningEngineerspermitted.Increasedairmovementcaneffectuallyfacilitateanelevated thermal regime, more in sync with outdoor conditions. Adopting variablecomfortstandardsmaybeadvantageoustoachievethebuildingsustainabilitygoalsoftheGCCnations.

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10:10 Thermalcomfortinofficebuildingsduringthesummerseason:FindingsfromafieldstudyinKuwaitRashaAlNajjar,AdilAl-MuminandMadhaviIndraganti

AthermalcomfortfieldstudywasconductedinfourofficebuildingsinKuwaitforfourmonthsinthesummerof2016.Allthefourenvironmentalandtwopersonalvariablesweremeasured.Throughapaperbasedsurvey,atotalof611responseswerecollectedfrom284differentthermalenvironments.Themeancomforttemperaturewasfoundtobe22.5°C.Thisfindingshowsthatpeopleareverymuchaccustomedtoovercooledbuilding environments that lack provisions for thermal adaptation. The subjectsadaptedmainly through clothing and very little environmental controlswhichwereavailabletothem.Themeanclovaluesofnonwesternclothingwasfoundtobehigherthanthatoftheinsulationofthewesternclothing.In86.6%ofthecases,theairspeedwas below 0.2m/s. The predictedmean vote significantly overestimated the actualsensationalways.AnadaptivemodelspecifictoKuwait’sclimatemustbedevelopedandthisresearchisasteppingstonetoaddressthisissue.ThisstudycallsforelaboratefieldstudiesinofficesinKuwaitforthedevelopmentofcustommadeadaptivecomfortstandardsandaverifiedthermalcomfortscaleinArabictobeuniformlyusedinsurveysintheMiddleEasternRegion.

10:15 Temperature analysis and the effect of urban development on theoutdoor thermal comfort and intensification of the Urban Heat IslandphenomenonintheUnitedArabEmiratesEvangeliaTopriska,HassamNasarullahChaudhry,MehdiNazariniaThis paper presents the temperature distribution and identification of Urban HeatIslandintensityandoutdoorthermalcomfortconditionsinaresidentialclusterinDubai,UAE. Temperature andhumiditydata are collectedduringpeak summerperiod andthermalimagingisfurtherusedasadditionaltool.Fromtheanalysisitisreportedthatthemaximumtemperaturerecordedintheclusteris55°Candtheminimumis22.9°C.Thehottestdayhasanaveragetemperatureof40.5°Candthecoolestdayanaveragetemperatureof36.1°C.Thehighesttemperaturesduringeachdayoccurbetween10amand3pmandrelativehumiditypeaksto100%duringnighthours.Theoutdoorcomfortisevaluatedasacombinationofthehightemperaturesandtherelativehumidity,andextremediscomfort is identified.Furtheranalysis intheresidentialcluster, identified“hotspots”inspecificareaswherethespacingbetweenthebuildingsisminimized.Thetemperature difference between these spots and other locations in the residentialclustercanreachamaximumofabout12%.Thetemperaturepatternsintheclusterarealso analysed with the use of CFD modelling and the results highlight the relationbetweentheventilationpathsandtheincreasedtemperatures.

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10:30 Developmentof aMexican Standardof Thermal Comfort forNaturallyVentilatedBuildingsN.MorganandG.Gomez-Azpeitia

ThispaperpresentsresultsofthefirststageoftheprojectDevelopmentofaMexicanStandard of Thermal Comfort for Naturally Ventilated Buildings (MSTC-NVB). Theprojectisbasedontheadaptivethermalcomfortapproach.TheaimofsuchstandardistodetermineinternalthermalconditionsappropriatetoclimatesofMexicoaswellastheirinhabitants´lifestyles.Thus,thisstandardcouldserveasausefultoolsupportingbuildings’design inordertodecreasetheirneedofairconditioning;which increasesdaybydayasaconsequenceofglobalwarming.Inthelasttenyears,alargenumberofthermal comfort field studies have been conducted in different climate regions ofMexico (temperate and hot zones, both dry and humid); from these a databaseconsisting of 8,018 surveys was created, comprising 38 field studies conducted, inaccordancewithISO10551,ASHRAE55andISO7726,atdifferenttimesin13differentcities.Rawdatawasanalyzed,standardized,debuggedandintegrated.Forthemeta-analysis the neutral temperatures were estimated by the Griffiths method, whoseregressioncoefficientwasdeterminedfromthequotientofthestandarddeviation(SD)ofthevotesofthermalsensationandthestandarddeviationoftheregisteredinternaltemperatures.


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SESSION5:SchoolsandHomes 11:30-13:00InvitedChairs:AzadehMontazamiandGaryRaw

11:30 AdaptiveBehavioursandOccupancyPatternsinUKPrimarySchools:ImpactsonComfortandIndoorQualitySepidehSadatKorsavi,AzadehMontazami

Toimprovethequalityofschoolenvironmentandreachstateofcomfort,it’simportantthat teachers and students take appropriate personal and environmental adaptivebehaviours.Studiesonadaptivebehavioursaremainlyfocusedonadults,especiallyinresidentialandofficebuildingswhilechildren’sadaptivebehavioursatschoolsarenotlargelystudied.Thispaperhasinvestigatedadaptivebehaviours,influentialfactorsandtheirimpactoncomfortandindoorqualitybydoingfieldstudiesin4primaryschoolsand15classroomsinCoventry,UKduringJuly,September,OctoberandNovember2017throughobservations,subjectiveandobjectivemeasurements.Theresultsarederivedfromobservationsonaround400studentsaged9-11andfrommorethan600surveys.Results illustrate that students usually take personal adaptive behaviours after orbeforebreaks,andthenumberofthesebehavioursincreasesduringwarmerseasonsandinafternoonsessions.Students’decisionsoverappropriateclothinglevelisrelatedtotimeofyear,however,27%ofstudentscouldimprovetheirthermalvotebytakingoffortakingonjumpers/cardigans.Someenvironmentaladaptivebehaviourslikedooroperationarelessrelatedtoclimaticfactors,however,windowoperationiscorrelatedto indoor temperature (R2=0.29) and outdoor temperature (R2=0.35). Observationsshowthataround80%ofallenvironmentaladaptivebehavioursaredonebyteachers,teacher assistants or on their request, which can provide conditions that are notcomfortableforchildren.Therefore,itisimportanttofacilitateadaptivebehaviourofchildrentoimprovetheircomfortlevel.

11:35 ThermalComfortintheUKHigherEducationalBuildings:TheInfluenceofThermalHistoryonStudents’ThermalComfortMinaJowkarandAzadehMontazamiStatistics regarding thenumberof international students in theUKhigher educationalbuildingsshowanupwardtrendintherecentyears.Thesestudentscomingfromdifferentculturalandclimaticbackgroundshavevariousthermalperceptionsinsidetheclassrooms.According to the significant influence of thermal quality of learning environments onstudents’ productivity and wellbeing, it is essential to develop specific environmentalguidelinesfortheUKhighereducationalbuildingsbasedonthestudents’backgrounds.Developed standards not only can provide occupants’ thermal comfort in suchmulticulturalspaces,butalsocanminimizeenergyconsumptionandrunningcostswithinthehighereducationalbuildingsinthiscountry.Thisstudyevaluatedthestudents’thermalperception inthreedifferenttypesof learningenvironments includingfifteenNaturallyVentilatedlecturerooms,studiosandPCLabsfromthreedifferentbuildingsofCoventryUniversity. Indoor air temperature, humidity level, air velocity and mean radianttemperatureweremonitored in different times of a day. A questionnaire surveywasconductedonapproximately1000undergraduateandpostgraduatestudentsatthesametime of recording operative temperature. This study is completed based on thermalcomfortvotesof650students.Resultsrevealtheinfluenceofshortandlong-termthermalhistoryincludingclimaticbackground,thermalconditionofcurrentaccommodationandthermaladaptationtotheUKweatheronstudents’thermalcomfortperceptioninsideaclassroom.TheoutcomeofthisstudycanbeappliedtodevelopthereliableandpracticalguidelinesforthemulticulturalhighereducationalbuildingswithintheUK.

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11:40 ThermalcomfortstudyinnaturallyventilatedlectureroombasedonquestionnairesurveyMartaLaskaandEdytaDudkiewiczTheinternalbuildingconditionsstronglyinfluenceourwell-beingthereforeitiscrucialtocreatehealthyindoorenvironment.Theliteratureoffersarangeofmodelsdescribingthesatisfactoryindoorconditions,howeverduetocomplexnatureofthesubjecttheoutcomesfromthesemodelsmaydiffersignificantlyfromtheindividualsensationsofbuildingoccupants.Thepaperpresentstheresultsofsurveyonthermalsensationvotesamong students in naturally ventilated lecture room dedicated for 300 students atWroclawUniversityof ScienceandTechnology,Poland.The investigation tookplaceduring lecture hours betweenMarch andMay of 2016 and 2017. The respondentsanswered the questions about their thermal comfort sensations, expectations anddiscomfortwhenattendingthelecture.Theoutcomesofthesurveypresentthelevelofstudentssatisfactionfromtheindoorenvironmentanditsinfluenceontheircomfortand feelings like headaches, eye or throat irritation, dry or itching skin, difficulty inconcentration, somnolence and overall fatigue. At the same time thermal comfortvariablesweremeasured, namely: indoor temperature, humidity andCO2 level. Thepaper presents individual thermal comfort sensations trends among students anddiscussesdiscrepancies in individual sensationsandexpectations incomparisonwithmeasuredparametersandsimplifiedliteraturemodels.

11:45 ThermalcomfortinClassrooms:AcriticalreviewManojKumarSingh,RyozoOoka,HomBRijalClassrooms play an important role in every student’s life as the quality of thermalenvironmentsalsoinfluencesastudent’sperformanceandwell-being.Itiswellknownthat at each educational stage, curricula demand different learning approaches andtypesofsystematicthinking,requiringincreasinglevelsofconcentration.Theabsenceofanystandardorreferencedocumentrelatingtothedesignofappropriateclassroomsbased on educational stages is worsening the situation. Total 81 research articlesselectedfromtheScopusdatabasewereconsideredforthisstudy.Itwasfoundthatateacheducationlevelinthestudiedschools,studentswerehighlydissatisfiedwiththeprevailingindoorthermalenvironments.Primaryschoolstudentswereleastsensitivetooutdoortemperaturechanges.Therearerelativelyfewpublishedarticlespublishedon thermal comfort in classrooms. Based on the reported findings, no consistenttemperaturechangewasfoundnecessarytorecordashiftofonethermalsensationvote by students in classrooms. This study proposed different adaptive comfortequations foruse in theestimationof indoor comfort temperature in classroomsatdifferenteducationalstage.Moreover,thestudyprovidesrobustevidencethatthereisaneedforaseparatesetofdifferentguidelinesorstandardsforstudentsofdifferentagesindifferentstagesoftheireducation.

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12:00 ThermalcomfortinclassroomsinMexico´shotandhumidclimateMaellaGonzálezCetz,GabrielGómezAzpeitiaTherearenodesignstandardswhichconsidertheclimaticdiversityofMexicoregardingthe design of school buildings. At present, there are no thermal comfort studies inclassroomenvironmentsofhotandhumidclimates inthecountry.AfieldstudywasconductedfollowingtheASHRAE55methodologyandadaptivecomfortapproach inthree classroomswith natural ventilation (NV) and 2with air conditioning (AC) in ascholarbuildingfromMerida,Yucatan. Atotalof3,369datasetsfrom255studentswere collected for a sixmonthperiod. Theneutral temperaturesobtainedby linearregression were of 28.03°C in NV and 27.28°C in AC. A logistic regression analysisrevealedpreferredtemperaturesof24.21°CinNVand24.70°CinAC.Theacceptablerangesobtainedbythermalsensationanalysissuggestedrangesof25.43°Cto30.62°CinNVand23.01°Cto31.55°CinAC.ItisnecessarytoconductmorethermalcomfortsurveysinschoolsinMexicowhichaddresstheassociationbetweenthermalcomfortandusers’performanceandhealth.

12:15 Thermalcomfortandheatstressincross-laminatedtimber(CLT)schoolbuildingsduringoccupiedandunoccupiedperiodsinsummerTimothyO.AdekunleThisstudyinvestigatesthermalcomfortandheatstressinCLTschoolbuildingsduringoccupied and unoccupied periods in summer by evaluating Wet Bulb GlobeTemperature Heat (WBGT) index and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Asstructuraltimberisincreasinglyusedfortheconstructionofvariousbuildingsandsuchbuildingsaresusceptibletosummertimeoverheatingasdiscussedinexistingstudies,the study aims to understand the heat stress index and temperatures atwhich thevulnerableoccupantswillbe subject toheat stress inCLTschoolbuildings.ThecasestudyisaneducationalbuildinglocatedintheNortheastregion,USA.ThesurveywasconductedfromJune-August2017.Theenvironmentalparameters(temperature,RH,dew-pointtemperature-DPT)weremeasuredat15-minuteintervalsbutmeasurementstakenatevery60minuteswereconsideredinthisstudy.TheWBGTandUTCIwerealsocalculated for comparison. The external temperature was collected from a nearbyweather station. The buildingwas occupied from08:00-17:00 and unoccupied from18:00-07:00.Theresultsshowedtheaveragetemperatureinthemainhallonthelowerfloor(adouble-volumespace)was21.2°C.Theaveragetemperatureintheclassroomontheupperfloorlevelwas24.1°C.TheaverageWBGTvariedfrom18.8-20.0°CwhiletheaverageUTCIvariedfrom21.9-24.0°C.Thefindingsshowedthevulnerabilityoftheoccupants to summertime temperatures in the spaces on theupper floor especiallywhenthebuildingisnaturallyventilated.ApplyingtheWBGTindexandUTCIheatindextodeterminetheheatstressthresholds,thestudyrecommendstheWBGTof19.3°C(occupied)and20.0°C (unoccupied); theUTCIof23.4°Cand24.0°C foroccupiedandunoccupiedperiodsrespectively.Overall,thestudyhighlightsWBGTof19.8°CandUTCIof23.9°CaspossibleheatstressindicatorsforthevulnerableoccupantsinCLTschoolbuildings.The investigationrevealedahigherUTCIheatstress index thantheWBGTindexforoccupantsbecausehigherwindspeedsatwarmtemperaturesdonothaveasignificantimpactonWBGT.

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12:20 The impact of the quality of homes on indoor climate and health: ananalysisofdatafromtheEU-SILCdatabaseAshokJohn,AndreasHermelink,NicolasGaliotto,PeterFoldbjerg,KatrineBjerreMillingEriksenandJensChristoffersenTodayoneoutofsixEuropeans(84millionEuropeans,ortheequivalentofGermany’spopulation),reportdeficienciesregardingthebuildingstatus.Insomecountries,thatnumber is as high as one out of three. This puts these buildings in the ‘UnhealthyBuildings’category,whichisdefinedasbuildingsthathavedamp(leakingroofordampfloor,wallsorfoundation),alackofdaylight,inadequateheatingduringthewinteroroverheatingproblems.10%ofEuropeansreporthavingpoorperceivedgeneralhealth.Andtheprobabilitythatapersonreportspoorhealthincreaseupto70%ifthatpersonalsolivesinanunhealthybuildingvs.ahealthyone.Theresultsofthisstudyshowacorrelationbetweenpoorhealthandthespecificunhealthybuildingfactors:•1.7timesreportpoorhealthinadampbuilding;•1.5timesreportpoorhealthwhenlivinginabuilding with insufficient daylight; • 1.3 times report poor health when perceivingoverheating; • 1.7 times report poor health when living in uncomfortably coldtemperatures.Thepaperisbasedonananalysisofthecorrelationbetweenhealthandbuildings in 27 EU member states using the Eurostat database EU-SILC (Survey onIncomeandLivingConditions).ThepresentedresearchisbasedonEU-SILCrawdata.For the purpose of the study, Eurostat approved the research proposal behind theanalysisandgaveaccesstothedatatoEcofysGermanyGmbH.

12:35 WhattheIndoorAirTemperaturesinHousesinThreeAustralianCitiesTellUsDongChen,ZhengenRen,MelissaJames

This study analysed over 1.8 million measurements of air conditioner powerconsumptionandindoor/outdoorairtemperaturesin129housesinAdelaide,Brisbaneand Melbourne from 2012 to 2014. It was found that the preferred indoor airtemperaturerange,atwhichoccupantsaremostunlikelytooperateairconditioners,increasesforwarmerlocalclimates.Ineachcity,theairconditionerswitchonandoffindoortemperatures,andtheindoortemperatureswhenairconditionerisinoperationcanbegroupedintothreeprevailingoutdoortemperatureranges:thelowrange,theshoulderrangeandthehighrange.Occupantsarenotverytolerantatthelowandhightemperature ranges, while they are more adaptive with the shoulder temperaturerange.ThisfindingsupportsthesimplifiedstaticthermostatsettingapproachusedintheAccuRatesoftwareforhouseenergyrating,thoughtheexistingthermostatsettingsshould be adjusted with more research in understanding thermal comfort and airconditioneroperationbehavioursinresidentialhouses.

12:50 DISCUSSION13:00 LUNCH

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SESSION6:ComfortinDifferentConditions 14:00-15:30InvitedChairs:EduardoKrügerandCaoBin

14:00 AdaptiveMechanismsforThermalComfortinJapaneseDwellingsH.B.Rijal,M.A.HumphreysandJ.F.Nicol

InordertoquantifytheseasonaldifferencesinthecomforttemperatureandtodevelopadomesticadaptivemodelforJapanesedwellings,thermalmeasurements,athermalcomfortsurvey,andanoccupantbehavioursurveywereconductedfor4yearsinthelivingandbedroomsofdwellingsintheKantoregionofJapan.Wehavecollected36,114thermalcomfortvotesfrom244residentsof120dwellings.Theresultsshowthattheresidentsarehighlysatisfiedwiththethermalenvironmentoftheirdwellings.Peopleare highly adapted in the thermal condition of the dwellings, and thus the comforttemperaturehaslargeseasonaldifferences.Anadaptivemodelforhousingwasderivedfrom the data to relate the indoor comfort temperature to the prevailing outdoortemperature. Such models are useful for the control of indoor temperatures. Theadaptive model of thermal comfort is highly supported by the various adaptivemechanisms.

14:15 ThermalComfortforOccupantsofNursingHomes:AFieldStudyFedericoTartarini,PaulCooperandRichardFleming

Theprimaryaimofthisresearchwastoassessthequalityofthethermalenvironmentof sixAustraliannursinghomes, and tounderstandandquantify the impactsof theindoor thermal environment on theperceptions and comfort of staff, residents andotheroccupants.Theimpactofthethermalenvironmentonperceptionsandcomfortofbuildingoccupantsof sixnursinghomeswasdetermined through:1) a long-termbuildingevaluationsurvey(staffmembersonly);and2)apoint-in-timethermalcomfortstudy, involving 322 residents and 187 non-residents. In addition, a combination ofspot-measurementsandlong-termmonitoringofindoorairtemperatureswasusedtoassess theoverall qualityof the thermalenvironment in thenursinghomes.Resultsshowedthatsomefacilitiesdidnotprovideathermallycomfortableenvironmentforoccupantsthroughbothsummerandwinterseasons,whileresultsfromthepoint-in-timestudyshowedthatresidentspreferredwarmertemperatures(0.9°C)andgenerallyworemore clothes than non-residents. The article also presents a discussion of theapplicability of adaptive thermal comfort approaches to assessment of the indoorenvironmentinnursinghomesanddifferencesbetweentheperceptions/preferencesofresidentsversusstaff.

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14:30 Theinfluenceofoutdoortransientconditionsonthedynamicresponseofpedestrianthermalcomfortinhigh-densitycitiesKevinKa-LunLau,YuanShi,EdwardYan-YungNgInhigh-densitycities,thehighlyvariableenvironmentalconditionswithinshortwalkingdistancesresultinaconsiderableinfluenceonpedestrians’thermalcomfortwhentheytravel within the urban environment. Conventional studies adopted the “static”approachwhich is insufficienttoconsiderthetransientnature,andhencerequiresanewapproachtoincorporatethedynamicresponseofhumanthermalcomforttoinformurbangeometrydesign.Thisstudyaimstoinvestigatehowpeople’sthermalsensationandpleasurerespondtothechangingenvironmentalconditions.Subjectswereaskedtoperformtwowalkingrouteswiththermalsensationvote(TSV)andthermalpleasurevote(TPV) asked at designatedpoints.Meteorological parametersweremeasured for thecalculationofphysiologicalequivalenttemperature.Parametersofurbangeometrywerealsoacquired from fieldmeasurementsandgeographical information system.Resultsshowed that TSV and TPV showed remarkabledifferencesunder partially cloudy andclear sky conditions. Their relationship also showed the possible effect of thermalalliesthesia due to the higher magnitude of response of TPV. Results of theautocorrelation analysis implied theexistenceof potential thresholds for the level oftolerance to unfavourable thermal conditions. Further work includes the design ofwalking routes to define such thresholds and the development of practical designrecommendations.

14:35 From indoors to outdoors and in-transition; thermal comfort acrossdifferentoperationcontextsMarialenaNikolopoulou,AlkisKotopouleasandSpyridonLykoudisThis paper focuses on the investigation of thermal comfort conditions in three verydifferentoperationalcontextsusingmeta-analysisofdifferentstudieswithinasimilarclimaticcontextintheUK.Thisincludesextensivesurveysindoorsfromoffices,outdoorsfromurbanareas,aswellasindoorsfromairportterminals.Recentresearchinairportterminalbuildingshashighlightedthatthereareverydifferentusergroups,withdiverserequirements for thermal comfort in such facilities. The paper investigates thehypothesisthatstaffworkinginthedifferentareashaveneedsmoresimilartothoseofstaffworkinginoffices,whilepassengersusethebuildingasatransitionareawithverydifferent requirementsandhencecloser to theoutdoorenvironment. Analysingandcomparingthethermalcomfortconditionsfromthedifferentcontexts,itexplorestheroleofadaptationforthermalcomfortattainmentandsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentand the similarities of very different operational contexts in terms of their thermalcomfort characteristics. Finally, the paper highlighted techniques for the potentialtransformation of thermal comfort scales, which can enable comparison betweendifferenttypesofsurveysandinformthewiderthermalcomfortdebate.

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14:50 Thermalcomfortindwellingsinthesubtropicalhighlands–CasestudyintheEcuadorianAndesIsabelMino-Rodriguez,IvanKorolijaandHectorAltamiranoThermalcomfortindwellingslocatedindifferentweatherconditionshavebeenlargelystudied. The indoor environmental criteria have beenwell defined formechanicallyconditionedbuildingsinmid-latitudesandnaturallyventilatedspacesinthesubtropics.Thesubtropicsareknownforbeinghot-humidenvironmentsatlowaltitude.However,thehighlandsinthetropicshaveasubtropical-highlandclimatecharacterisedbynarrowannual temperature oscillation, noticeable diurnal temperature variation and highlevelsofsolarradiationandprecipitationduetoitslatitudeandaltitude.FieldthermalcomfortstudiesinhousingintheHighlandsrevealsuptoa90%ofuser’ssatisfactiontotemperaturebelow18°C.IndoortemperaturesindwellingsintheAndeshighlandscanbeevenlowerthan18°Casbuildingsareuninsulatedandoperateunderfree-runningconditionsthroughouttheyear.Thisstudyseekstoidentifythethermalcomfortrangeandthedifferenceinresidents’perceptionofinhabitantslivingbetween2300mand3100 m above sea level, in the Andes highlands. 195 thermal comfort votes werecollectedduringthedryseason.Resultsshowthatpeoplelivinginthehigh-altitudearemore sensitive to draught and prefer lower temperatures (16°C – 24°C), whileinhabitantslivinginthelow-altitudefindtemperaturesabove26°Cpleasantandpreferhigherairmovement.

15:05 Thecourtyardpattern’sthermalefficiency:LimitsandsignificanceofimpactOmarAl-Hafith,SatishBK,SimonBradburyandPieterdeWildeThe courtyard pattern has been advocated as a thermally efficient design for hotregions.Manystudieshavebeenyieldedthesuggestionofre-introducingthisbuildingpatternforitsthermalefficiency.However,ithasnotbeenwidelyinvestigatedtowhichextent courtyards actually provide thermal comfort for people. By examining thethermalbehaviourof360courtyards,thispaperinvestigatestheimpactofcourtyards’geometryandorientationonitsthermalconditionsandoccupants’thermalsensation.Baghdad was used as a case study due to its hot climate and traditional use ofcourtyards.Acomfortabletemperatureforhotclimatedefinedbyapreviousstudywasusedtojudgethetestedcourtyards.CalibratedEnvi-metsimulationmodelshavebeenused to determine courtyards’ thermal conditions. The results show that the mosteffective design parameter on courtyards’ thermal efficiency is the courtyard’sWidth/HeightandthemosteffectiveclimaticfactoristheMeanRadiantTemperature.The thermal efficiency increases by having deep and small courtyards. If properlydesigned, courtyards can provide 4-7 ºC less Globe Temperature than the outdoortemperature,while improperly designed ones can be 20ºC higher than the outdoortemperature. In all cases, courtyard spaces cannot provide thermal comfort if theoutdoorGlobeTemperatureexceeded38ºC.

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15:10 Impactofphysicalcharacteristicsoncomfortandwell-beinginselectedneighborhoodsofmetropolitanLagos,NigeriaMokoladeB.Johnson,AnthonyC.O.IwekaandMichaelAdebamowo

Peopleandtheirsurroundingsareprincipalfactorsthatimpactcomfortandwell-beingin urbanenvironments. Past research asserts that approximately half of theworld’spopulationpresentlyresideinurbanareas.However,duetorural-urbaninflux,pressureonexistingbasicinfrastructureandamenitiesareontherise,asituationwhichfurthercompounds problems of residential inadequacy, urban heat island, crowding,environmentalpollution,andotherunderlyingsocietalchallengeswithdirecteffectsonurbanite’swell-being.Notwithstandingtheseglitches,there ispaucityof informationon how physical characteristics impinge on urban comfortwhich is critical forwell-being.Thispaperexplorestheimpactof‘physico-urban’characteristicsoncomfortandwell-being and its implication on city planning. The study employed amulti-layeredmethodology through historical exploration and quantitative survey technique withquestionnairetoresidentsoftwo(2)purposivelyselectedmunicipalsofMetropolitanLagos.FindingsshowthatintheIkejaandLagosIslandlocalities,inadequatecarparksconstitute the main open spaces, there is a general lack of purpose built, peopleoriented,andaccessibleopenneighborhoodspacesdesignedforcitizen’scomfortandwell-being benefits. A reformation of existing conditions can positively influencecomfort,healthandphysicalwell-beingofsusceptibleurbandwellersinasustainablemanner.

15:15 DISCUSSION15:30 SPECIALSESSIONontheASHRAEdatabaseChairedbyRicharddeDear

16:00 TEABREAK

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WORKSHOP4:TheDiversityFactors 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:DolaanaKhovalygandFergusNicol HodgsonRoom16:30 ResponsesofGermansubjectstowarm-humidindoorconditions

MichaelKleberandAndreasWagnerInsummerof2016and2017experimentswithatotalof300participantshavebeenconducted in a German test facility. Each participant experienced two out of ninedifferent combinations of operative temperature (26°C, 28°C, 30°C) and relativehumidity(50%,65%,80%)inordertoexamineanelevatedhumidityratiobetween10and21g/kg.Questionnaireswerefilledoutinspecificintervalsandcertainphysiologicalparametershavebeenmeasuredcontinuously.Thesubjectsworetheirownsummerclothing(averageclo=0.50,SD0.09)andwererecruitedfrommaleandfemalepersonsintwoagegroups:18to32yearsand50to80years.Resultsindicatethatresponsesaredependentonbothtemperatureandhumidityaswellasonotherfactorslikethermalhistory.A linear regressionmodelusingoperative temperatureandhumidity ratio ispresentedtodescribethepercentageofacceptabilityandisusedtoderiveanextendedcomfort zone for seated activity in summer conditions (met = 1.1 and clo = 0.5).Differentresponsesarecomparedtoonesofotherstudies.Thermalacceptabilityforexample proves to be significantly lower with the German subjects than withparticipantswhoareadapted toahot-humidclimate.PMVshowsoverestimationofthermalsensationatthelowertemperaturesandunderestimationatthehigherones.

16:45 Comfort,climaticbackgroundandadaptationtime:firstinsightsfromapost-occupancyevaluationinmulticulturalworkplacesLuisaPastoreandMarilyneAndersenOneoftheeffectsofglobalizationandworkmobilityistheincreasingmulticulturalismintheworkplace.Whilecontemporarydesignpoliciesforenergyefficiencyandcomfortregulations are moving towards the adoption of models customized for localcommunities, consideration on the co-existence of people with different origins isunderestimatedinthecurrentcomfortdebate.Theaimofthisstudyistoshowwhetherbuildingoccupants’comfortratingcanbeaffectedbytheirclimaticbackgroundaswellas their duration of living in the current country of residence. A post-occupancyevaluation (POE) was carried out in two office buildings located in Switzerlandaccountingforahighrateofinternationalemployees.Questionnairesweredistributedamongthebuildingoccupantswiththeaimto investigate,amongotherthings,theirsatisfaction with temperature, air quality, lighting, noise, view to the outside andprivacy.Withregardtothermalcomfortandairquality,theresultsshowthatindeedpeople’sratingvariedsignificantlyaccordingtotheirclimateoforiginaswellaswiththetimespanspent inthecountry.However,nostatisticallysignificantdifferenceswerefound in terms of their satisfaction level with the other above-mentioned comfortfactors.Overall,thestudyprovidesnewinsightsontherelationshipbetweencomfortperception, cultural background and people’s adaptive behavior, raising questionsabouttheappropriatenessofcurrentcomfortmodelsanddesignstrategiestoachieveadequateenvironmentalconditionsinworkplaces.

17:00 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP5:Measuringcomfortintherealworld 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:AtzeBoerstraandAdrianPitts SandbyRoom16:30 Datacollectionmethodsforaccuratespatialusewithinrooms

NickVanLoy,AnnBosserez,GrietVerbeeck,ElkeKnapen

DwellingsinBelgiumarecomparativelylargerthanresidencesinothercountriesandthe occupancy rate of the living spaces is rather low. Both occupant presence andbehaviourhavealargeimpactontheactualenergyconsumption.Roomsaregenerallyfullyacclimatizedwhileonlypartofthemisusedeffectivelywhichimpactstheenergyconsumption of the dwelling. This paper discusses spatial use within rooms and amethodology tomonitor theeffective spatialuseofdwellings.Better insights in theeffectivespatialusecanbeusedto increasethespaceandenergyefficiency,e.g.byadaptingthedesignofthehouseaswellasthesystemsforheatingandventilationtotheactualspatialuse.Inanin-depthcasestudy,thespatialusepatternswithinthreesinglefamilyhousesaremonitoredduring9consecutivedaysineachseason.Duringthemonitoringperiod,alowcost,highlyaccurate,ultra-wideband,indoorlocalisationsystemwasusedtomonitortheexactlocationoftheresidentswithinthedwelling.Inaddition, the temperature, relative humidity and light intensity in each room wasrecorded.Eachhour,theresidentswereaskedtofill inasurveyonthermalcomfort,activityandoperationofwindowsorheatingsystems.

16:45 ThermalComfortAssessmentBasedonMeasurementandQuestionnaireSurveysinaLargeMechanicallyVentilatedSpaceAliAlzaid,MariaKolokotroni,HazimAwbiThispaperpresentsathermalcomfortstudyinalargeoccupiedoffice(floor-to-ceilingheight >5m) ventilated by a simple mixing ventilation system. The evaluation wasconductedduringthesummerseasonsof2016and2017usingthreedifferenttools;(a)long term monitoring, (b) short term detailed measurements and (c) occupantquestionnaire.Longtermmonitoringincludedairtemperatureandrelativehumidityatseverallocationsandheightswithinthespacewithexternalconditionsretrievedforma weather station on the roof of the building. The short term spot measurementsincluded air temperature, relative humidity and air speed each at three verticaloccupancyheightsandthe inletdiffusers.Thesurveys involvedcollectiondatausingquestionnaires developed based on ISO 10551. Analysis of long term data usingtemperaturecloudsindicatethatthebuildingcanbeapproximatedtobefreerunning.A comparison between the measurement (analysed using PMV/PPD and adaptivethermal comfort) and the questionnaire surveys’ results show good agreementbetweenpredictionsandoccupantevaluation.Theexistingventilationsystemwasabletomeet therequirement for thermalcomfort in this largeenclosure.However,withregardstotheairmovement,itdidnotachievetherecommendedlevelsandthishasaffectedoccupantresponses.

17:00 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP6:DomesticComfortandHealthatLowtemperatures 16:30-18:00InvitedChairs:LyrianDanielandDennisLoveday FlitcroftRoom

16:30 ResidentialwintertimecomfortinatemperateAustralianclimateLyrianDaniel,EmmaBakerandTerenceWilliamson

Thereisagrowingrealisationamongpolicy-makersandresearchersthatAustraliahasavastlyunder-recognisedcoldhousingphenomenon.Overshadowedbythedominanceofconcernforsummerheatwavesandcooling,todatelittleAustralianworkhasbeenundertakenonwinterhousingconditions.Inrespondingtothisresearchandevidencegap,thispaperpresentsthefindingsfromawintertimethermalcomfortfieldstudyinmetropolitan Adelaide, South Australia between July and October 2017. Participanthouseholdswereselectedfromalargerrandomsampleof4,500Australianhouseholdsin the Australian Housing Conditions Dataset (AHCD). Data for this field study wascollectedfrom19householdsintheAHCDwhoself-identifiedasunabletokeepwarmin cold weather in their homes. On average, internal temperatures in the sampledwellingswerewellbelowstandardthermalcomfortlevels.Interestingly,findingsalsoindicatethatresidentsreportedbeingcomfortableattemperaturesmuchlowerthanacceptednorms.Overallhowever,theyreportedverylowsatisfactionwiththeirindoorthermalenvironment.Severalhypothesesareputforwardaspossibleexplanationsofthesefindingsbutwillneedtobesubjecttofurtherresearch.Nevertheless,thefindingsfrom this paper position indoor cold as a forefront concern for Australian housingresearchandpolicydevelopment.

16:45 EnergyandthermalperformanceofapartmentbuildingsinAlbania:thecaseofapost-communistcountryJonidaMurataj,RajatGupta,FergusNicol

This paper undertakes a comparative evaluation of the energy and thermalperformanceofapartmentbuildings inAlbaniabuiltbothPre-90andPost-91(ayearthat marks the change of the political system from communism to democracy inAlbania).Buildingsurveys,occupantsurveysandcontinuousmonitoringofoutdoorandindoorenvironmentalconditionsduringthesummerandwintertoallowforseasonalvariations,wereconductedin29casestudyflatsrandomlyselectedtorepresentbothperiods.Electricitybillswerealsoprovidedforafullyear.Itwasfoundthatelectricityconsumptionhasbeen22%lowerinflatsbuiltPre-90andthattheaveragetemperatureinlivingroomswerefoundtobeverycloseto29°Cinsummerand16°CinwinterinbothPre-90andPost-91.Notwithstandingthatmeasuredaveragetemperaturesweresimilar in the two building cohorts, higher range and variance on mean indoortemperaturehasbeenfoundinsummerintheflatsbuiltPre-90,whichhasaffectedthethermal sensation votes of occupants living in them. Itwas found that over 60%ofresidentslivinginapartmentbuildingsbuiltPre-90werefeelingcoldinwinterandhotinsummer,comparedto30-40%ofresidentslivinginapartmentbuildingsbuiltPost-91,whofeltcoldinwinterandhotinsummerrespectively.Althoughthefindingscannotbe treated as statistical generalization, the analysis provides an in-depth contextualinsightintoenvironmental,thermalandenergyperformancesofflatsinAlbania,whichwouldhelpinformfutureenergyretrofittingprogrammes.

17:00 DISCUSSION

18:00 ENDOFWORKSHOPS

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19:00 DINNER

AfterDinnerEvent 20:30-21:30Hosts:AtzeBoerstra,WoutervanMarkenLichtenbeltandCraigFarnham

20:30 QUIZNIGHT

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SUNDAY15THAPRIL2018

WORKSHOP7:HealthPhysiologyandComfort:RealLifeimpacts 09:00-10:30InvitedChairs:WoutervanMarkenLichtenbeltandYingxinZhu FlitcroftRoom

09:00 Creatingcomfortandcultivatinggoodhealth:Thelinksbetweenindoortemperature,thermalcomfortandhealthRachelBillsThere isagrowingbodyofevidencethatsuggestshumanthermalrequirementschangeaswithage.Thisstudyaimstodeterminetheconditionswhichwillprovidebothacomfortableandhealthyenvironmentforthe increasingnumberofolderpeopleinAustralia.Alongitudinalstudyofthermalcomfortanditsrelationshiptohealthin18olderhouseholdswasundertakeninAdelaide,SouthAustraliaduring2015and2016.Thecomfortvotesurveyincludedmeasuresofthermalcomfortaswellasachecklistof symptomsexperienced in the last24hours.Thesesurveyswerematchedtoenvironmentalmeasurementsfromthehomes.Resultsshowtwoimportant relationships between thermal conditions and health: 1. A quadraticrelationship exists between reported symptoms and minimum and maximumindoor temperatures in the24hoursproceeding the reported symptoms.Thesedataindicatethatbothlowandhighindoortemperaturesmayberelatedtothehealthoftheoccupants;2.Aquadraticrelationshipalsoexistsbetweenthethermalsensation vote and the reportingof symptoms. This researchpresents evidencethatevenwithAdelaide’srelativelymildwinters,coldtemperaturescanhaveanimpact onhealth, aswell as themore extreme summer temperatures. This hasimplicationsforhealthyhousingdesignforanageingpopulation.

09:15 HealthResponsesofAcclimatizedConstructionWorkersinSummerSeasonwithhighambienttemperature:AcasestudyinChongqing,ChinaSadiaYasmeen,HongLiu,ChenLuandHeJiazeHeatstressandlaborhealtharetwomostconcerningmattersintheconstructionfield.Theobjectivesofourresearchweretoobservephysiologicalresponsesofconstructionworkersduringhotsummerandidentifytheworkerheattolerancelevel.Environmentalparameterstogetherwithworkers(10subjects)physicalresponses(i.e.heartrate,skintemperature)werecollected.Laborsavoidedworkduringthehottestperiodofaday(appx. 10:30 A.M. to 3:30 P.M.). Therefore, they worked continuously without feltfatiguethoughinsomecasesWBGTwashigherthanthenormallimitandwithahighworkload.Workersheattolerancelevelwasfoundtobegoodbecauseallofthemwerelocalpeopleandacclimatizedwiththehotweatherforat least7years.Theworkersrestingtimeheartraterangedfrom58-87bpm.Naturalwindandartificialwind(fan)wereusedascoolingmethodsattheendofeachdayworkfor15minutes’resttime(on-siteshadedplace).Underartificialwind,skintemperaturegraduallydecreasedonaverage 1°C but in natural ventilation, the result fluctuated. Heart rate in bothconditionsdecreasedaround15-20bpmwithin2-3minutesandthenremainedalmoststeady.Ourstudysuggeststhatalabor-friendlyworkschedulemayreducelaborheatstress.

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09:30 Canregularexposuretoelevatedindoortemperaturepositivelyaffectmetabolisminoverweightelderlymen?HannahPallubinsky,BasDautzenberg,EstherPhielix,MarleenA.vanBaak,PatrickSchrauwenandWouterD.vanMarkenLichtenbeltThermoneutralityof indoorenvironments is suspected tobe involved in the current‘diabesity epidemic’. Regular exposure to elevated temperaturemight have positiveimplicationsformetabolicandcardiovascularhealth.Thisstudyinvestigatedtheeffectofprolongedexposuretoelevatedambienttemperature(passivemildheatacclimation,PMHA)onfastingplasmaglucose(FPG)andinsulin(FPI)values,thermophysiologyandthermalperceptioninanoverweightpopulation.11overweightelderlymen(65.7±4.9y,BMI 30.4±3.2kg/m2, HOMA-IR 4.3±2.4) underwent PMHA (10d, 34.4±0.2˚C, 4-6h/d).Pre-andpost-PMHA,FPGandFPIsamplesweretaken.Atemperature-ramp-protocolwas conducted to assess adaptation of thermophysiological parameters pre-/post-PMHA.Thermalsensation(TS)andthermalcomfort(TC)wereevaluatedduringPMHA,at1-hour intervals.FPG,FPI,HOMA-IRandTcoredecreasedsignificantlyafterPMHA(DFPG:-0.27mmol/L, P=.036; DFPI:-12.69pmol/L, P=.026; DHOMA-IR:-0.7, P=.012;DTcore:-0.17±0.19˚C,P=0.017).Insulinsensitivity,Tskinandsweatingdidnotchange.MAP decreased (D-2.91±2.67 mmHg, P=0.007); heart rate tended to decrease (D-2.98±3.50bpm,P=0.065)postPMHA.TSincreasedwhileTCdecreasedduringtheday,butbothremainedunchangedpost-PMHA.ThisstudyisthefirsttoshowthatPMHAinduces significant thermophysiological and cardiovascular changes and may affectglucosemetabolisminoverweightelderlymen.

09:45 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP8:PersonalComfortSystems 09:00-10:30

InvitedChairs:SallyShahzadandGailBrager HodgsonRoom

09:00 Self-LearningFrameworkforPersonalisedThermalComfortModelYiqiangZhao,KateCarter,FanWang,OlaUdukuandDaveMurray-RustThispaperpresentsanovelself-learningframeworkforbuildingpersonalisedthermalcomfortmodel.Theframeworkisbuiltwiththeunderstandingthateachoccupanthasa unique thermal comfort preference. Current thermal comfort models focus onanalysingaveragedataforgroupsofpeopleindifferenttypesofbuilding,ratherthanconsidering individual thermal preference. We argue that building a personal levelcomfort model using learning algorithms may provide the basis to representpersonaliseddynamicthermaldemands.Bybringingmorepersonalinterestanddata,theground-uppersonalisedmodelmayhelpusbetterunderstandtheinternallinksofpersonalfactorsfrompsychology,physiologyandbehaviouralaspects.Furthermore,wedeveloped an Smart Thermal Comfort (STC) environment sensors and mobileapplicationtoefficientlycollectdistributedpersonaldataandmakeitopen-sourcedforotherresearcherstouse.Theaimofthispaperistorethinkcurrentcomfortstudiestostandardizethemethodsinmodellingpersonalisedthermalcomfort.Bysummarisingthe past five years’ papers on personal thermal comfortmodel, this paper criticallyevaluates the methods used for personal data collection and learning algorithms.Finally, we conclude an Personal Thermal Comfort (PTC) framework includingdistributed personal measurement tools and machine learning algorithm forpersonalisedthermalcomfortstudy.

09:15 DynamicDecisionandThermalComfort:CFDandFieldTestAnalysisofaPersonalisedThermalChairSallyShahzad,JohnKaiserCalautit,BenRichardHughes

Thedynamicaspectofthermalcomfortisoverlookedinresearch,resultingintheaimtoprovidea steady thermalenvironment to satisfy theoccupants. In this study, thethermaldecision(combinationofthermalsensationandpreference)oftheoccupantsweremeasuredbeforeandafterprovidinglocalisedpersonalcontrolofathermalchairintheworkplace.Fieldteststudiesofthermalcomfort(environmentalmeasurementsand survey questionnaires) were followed by a numericalmodelling of the thermalperformanceofthethermalchairwithheatedseatandbackrestusingthecommercialComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)toolFLUENT17.The3DsteadyReynolds-averagedNavier–Stokesequationsweresolved incombinationwiththek-εturbulencemodel.Theeffectofvarying theseatandbackrest temperaturesettings (low,mediumandhigh)onPredictedMeanVote(PMV)atdifferentlocationswereinvestigated.Overall,theresultsindicatedthatthermaldecisionoftheoccupantsisdynamicanditissubjectto change. This study suggests the application of localised personal control of thethermalenvironmentinordertoprovidethermalcomfort.Inthisway,theoccupantcanfind theirowncomfortatanygiven timeaccording to their immediateanddynamicrequirements. The implication of this finding needs to be considered as part of theenvironmentaldesignofabuilding.

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09:30 ‘Intelligent furniture’: the potential for heated armchairs to deliverthermalcomfortwithenergysavingsintheUKresidentialcontextShiyuPan,ZiqiaoLi,DennisLovedayandPeterDemianPersonalheating (orcooling)has longbeenconsideredameans for reducingenergydemandandprovidingthermalcomfort,mostcommonlyintheformofheatedseats.In this paper, findings are reported of what may be the first investigation of thepotential for heated furniture to maintain occupant thermal comfort in the UKresidentialcontext.Inathermally-controlledenvironmentalroom,athermalmanikinwas seated in a living-room armchair equipped with an electrically-heated blanket.ResultssuggestedthatthemanikintotalheatfluxrecordedforthePMVrange-0.5to+0.5withoutheatedblanket couldbeachieved ina room0.7oC coolerbutwith theblanketoperating as compensation.Chest/back radiant asymmetry across thebody,andsurfacecontacttemperaturesof theblanket,werebothfoundtobewell-withinacceptable limits. The implication for residential energy usage was analyticallysimulatedusinganapartment(‘flat’)asacasestudy.Thisshowedthatenergy-savingpotential was dependant on the building’s thermal performance, the building’sdimensionsandoccupantbehaviours.Whenextrapolated to theUKhousingstock itwasfoundthataround5.6TWhofenergymightbesavedbyusingheatedarmchairsintheUKinsteadofwholehouseheatingsystems.‘Intelligentfurniture’, intheformofheated armchairs, can potentially contribute to energy saving in the UK residentialcontext,andfurtherinvestigationiswarranted.

09:45 DISCUSSION

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WORKSHOP9:UsingStatisticsforThermalComfortData 09:00-10:30

InvitedChairs:JaneGalbraithandRexGalbraith SandbyRoom

09:00 Movingbeyondaverages:variationsinreportedthermalcomfortStephanieGauthierandDespoinaTeli

Thermalcomfortresearchcharacterisesgroupthermalperceptionusingaverages.Thisapproach overlooks the value of analysing variation as a dependent variablecharacterisinggroups’stateofcomfort.Inthispaper,wereviewedtheresultsof219surveyscarriedoutinfiveschoolsintheUKandinSwedenbetween2011and2016.Results show that pupils’ thermal sensation and preference votes varied more atmoderate indooroperativetemperature.Thisresultsuggeststhatpupilsmayhaveagreaterrangeofadaptiveopportunities,includingclothing,inmoderateenvironments.Substantively, reviewing the spread of the thermal comfort is critical to unpickbehavioural, psychosocial and physiological mechanisms. Furthermore, results aresignificantlydifferentwhileanalysingthecentraltendencyorspreadofcomfortvotes.Forexample,thereisnodifferenceincomfortvotes’centraltendencybetweensurveyscarried out during the heating seasons and the non-heating seasons but there is asignificant difference in the spread, indicating the need for multilevel analysis.Methodologically,reviewingthespreadofthermalcomfortisalsocriticaltoestablishthe data analysis method. With recent advances in surveys’ tools allowing largerdatasetstobegatheredatindividualandgrouplevels,itisessentialtoreviewtherangeofanalysismethods.

09:15 Introducingthermalcomfortattitudes,psychological,socialandcontextualdriversinoccupantbehaviourmodellingwithBayesianNetworksVerenaM.Barthelmes,RuneK.Andersen,YeonsookHeo,HenrikKnudsen,ValentinaFabi,andStefanoP.CorgnatiTheacknowledgmentofoccupantbehaviourasakeydriverofuncertaintyinbuildingenergy analysis is today well established. Existing literature highlights the need ofcarefully addressing human-related interactions with the building envelope andsystems.Inresponsetothisneed,researchershaveproposedanumberofstochasticmodelsthataimatreflectingoccupantbehaviourpatternsinbuildingenergysimulationto bridge the gap between simulated and real energy consumptions in buildings.However,mostproposedapproachesformodellingoccupantbehaviourconsidertime-related factors and physical parameters such as indoor or outdoor environmentalvariableswhilelessattentionispaidtootherinfluentialfactorssuchaspsychological,socialandcontextualdriversorindividualthermalcomfortattitudesandpreferencesoftheoccupants.Tounderstandoccupantbehaviourinacomprehensivemanner,thesefactors should be carefully addressed in upcoming occupant behaviourmodels. TheBayesianNetworkframeworkpresentsapromisingenvironmentforhierarchicallyandflexiblystructuringalargenumberofexplanatoryvariablesthatdrivetheoccupanttoperformacertainaction.Thispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofatheoreticalmodelofoccupant’swindowcontrolbehaviourwithanextensivesetofdriversandhighlightsthecapabilityandusabilityofBayesianNetworkstodevelopsuchmodelsbasedonfieldmeasurements and information collected through surveys compiled by the buildingoccupants.

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09:30 RegressionDilution,BayesianAnalysisandAdaptiveThermalComfortHarryR.Kennard,DavidShipworth,GescheHuebner,J.FergusNicolThe adaptive approach, as realised in adaptive thermal comfort standards, is anempiricallybasedestimationofthegradientofanordinaryleastsquares(OLS)linearregression model of operative temperature at neutral comfort vote (the neutraltemperature), and external temperature. The neutral temperature itself may bedeterminedbyanOLSregressionofcomfortvotesagainstoperativetemperature.Thusthe strength of the adaptive model’s relationship rests on the estimation of tworegression gradients. Correct estimation of these gradients is therefore essential incorrectimplementationofadaptivestandards.Shouldtheseindependentvariablesbemeasured with error, the gradient of the regression will be systematicallyunderestimated, in a phenomenon known as regression dilution. This paper uses aBayesianmethodwhichisnoteffectedbyregressiondilutiontoreanalyseSCATsdataforthermalcomfortinfree-runningUKoffices.FollowingadiscussionoftheprobableuncertaintiespresentinthevariablesthatunderpinadaptivethermalcomfortstandardEN15251, thebroader implicationsofregressiondilutionareoutlined.Applicationofthisapproachservestohighlighttheimportanceofconceptualclarityandspecificationofthemeasureandsofoperativetemperatureandexternaltemperatureonwhichthegradientoftheregressionslopeoftheadaptiverelationshipiscriticallydependent.


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SESSION7:Sleep,IEQandEnergy 11:00-13:00InvitedChairs:SusanRoafandKevinLomas

11:00 RoomtemperatureduringsleepFergusNicolandMichaelHumphreysThere ispressure in theUKto limit thetemperatures inbedroomstobelow26oCtoavoidoverheating.Thisshortpaperlooksatthetemperaturesinbedroomsandusesdatafromcomfortsurveyscombinedwithmodelswhich linkcomforttothethermalenvironment.Evidenceisgiventhatpeoplesleepcomfortablyattemperaturesof29-31oCintheirpersonalspacewithinthebedandtheyusebedclothestoallowthemtoattain these temperatures. The effect of the use of a mattress and the adaptiveopportunities afforded by the bedclothes and sleepwear are briefly explored as aremethodsusedinhotclimatestooffsethighbedroomtemperatures.

11:15 AresearchontheeffectsofindoorenvironmentonsleepqualityNanZhang,BinCaoandYingxinZhu

Sleepisanimportantbehaviourforhumanstomaintaingoodphysicalandpsychologicalstatusafteraday’swork.Indoorenvironment,alongwithmanyotherfactorssuchasemotionandbodycondition,candisturbourdailysleep.Toexploretheeffectsofindoorenvironmentonsleepqualityquantitatively,afieldstudywasconductedinuniversitydormitories.Thefieldstudyincludedthemeasurementofenvironmentalparameters(ambient temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature, airflow velocity,noise level, illumination intensity, concentrationofCO2andPM2.5),measurementofphysiological parameters (heart rate and wrist skin temperature), and subjectivequestionnaire (before and after sleep). Environmental and physiological parametersduringnocturnalsleeparedifferentwiththoseduringnon-sleeptime.Thesatisfactionrange of different environmental parameters for occupants’ to fall asleep wereanalysed.Subjectsfeelmoreneutralandlesssensitivetothermalenvironmentduringsleep. Multiple-factor analyses were applied to figure out the impacts of differentenvironmentalfactorsonsleepingenvironmentsatisfaction.Thisstudyindicatesthatseveralenvironmentalfactors,whichmaydisturbsleep,areinterrelatedandneedmoretransactionalanalysisandresearch.

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11:20 Theassessmentoftheenvironmentalqualitydirectlyperceivedandexperiencedbytheemployeesof69EuropeanofficesA.Marchenko,S.Carlucci,L.Pagliano,M.Pietrobon,T.Karlessi,M.Santamouris,N.DelaereAnumberofscientificstudieshaveshownthattheperformancecapacityandemployees’satisfaction, enjoyment and health are directly affected by how building occupantsperceivetheenvironmentalconditionsthatcharacterizetheirworkingenvironment.Thephysical well-being and comfort perception of employees directly impacts theirproductivityandsatisfaction.However,severalresearchershaveshownthat,innumerousoffice environments, indoor environmental conditions are far frombeingperceived ascomfortable. Often the main causes are faultily commissioned and operated buildingmanagement systems, the lack of appropriate and coherent quality managementproceduresanderrorsindesignorconstructionofthebuildingsystems.Inordertoidentifycritical conditions and provide a set of improvementmeasures, a data collection andanalysistoolhasbeendeveloped.ItiscalledComfortmeterandisused,inthispaper,toanalyze 69 office environments distributed throughout Europe. The tool enables theevaluationoftheperformanceofabuildingasdirectlyexperiencedbyitsoccupants.Theevaluationcoversthethemesofthermal,visualandacousticcomfort,indoorairquality,individual control possibilities and the quality of the office environment. It providesdetailed outcome and practical advice to create a healthier working environment foremployees.Inordertousethetool,itisrequired,first,toadministrateanonlinesurveyamong the employees. Then, the employees’ responses are gathered and stored in adatabase. Next, the stored data are statistically analyzed to objectify the occupants’subjectivecomfortexperience.Finally,areportisgeneratedandpresents(i)acomparativeanalysisofthebuildingperformance,(ii)astructuredandeasy-to-understandoverviewofthecurrentcomfortsatisfactionasperceivedbyoccupants,(iii)anindicationofpossibleareasofimprovementaswellas(iv)asuggestionofthemeasuresnecessarytoraisethecomfortleveland,eventually,theoccupants’satisfactionandproductivity.

11:35 Areal-worldempiricalinvestigationofindoorenvironmentandworkplaceproductivityinanaturally-ventilatedofficeenvironmentRajatGuptaandAlastairHowardMost studies on indoor environments and productivity in buildings have beenconductedincontrolled,staticconditionsoftennotrepresentativeoftherealworld,andhaveusedself-reportedassessmentsofproductivity.Thispaperusesacasestudy-based, real-world approach to empirically investigate the relationship between theindoor environment and workplace productivity in a naturally-ventilated officeenvironment in central London. A range of environmental parameters (indoortemperature,relativehumidity(RH)andCO2)weremonitoredcontinuously,alongsideoutdoortemperaturesandRHsforsixmonthscoveringbothheatingandnon-heatingperiods. Transverse (BUS survey) and longitudinal surveys (Online survey) recordedoccupant perceptions of their working environments, thermal comfort and self-reportedproductivity,whileperformancetasksweredesignedtoobjectivelymeasureproductivityovertimeinvariousenvironmentalconditions.Statisticalanalysisofthedatashowsthatmeanindoortemperaturesweremorestronglycorrelatedwithmeanoutdoor temperatures in thenon-heating season (May-July)whencompared to theheatingseason(Feb-Apr),probablyduetoopeningofwindows.IndoorRHwasfoundtobelow(<30%)whileCO2levelswerehighintheheatingseason(peaks>2500ppm,higherdiurnalranges,higherdailyaverages).Resultsfromonlinesurveysshowedthatproductivitywas reported todecreasewhen therewas an increase inmean indoortemperatureandCO2levels.Negativebutweakcorrelationswerefoundbetweenthe

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performance task scores and CO2 levels. Insights from the study can be used tooptimiseindoorofficeenvironmentstoimprovestaffproductivity.

11:50 Thermal comfort and air quality: one-yearmeasurement, analysis andfeedbacktousersofaneducationalbuildingSébastienThomas,SamuelHennautandPhilippeAndréWhereasthermalcomfortandairquality inbuildingsareoftenmeasuredlocallyandoverashort-termperiod,thecomplaintsofusermayoccureverywhereinthebuildingregardless the time of the day or the season. The dynamic nature of indoorenvironmentsmakeithardtocloselyassessandcomparethecomfortconditionsintheday-to-day lifewithin all the spaces of a building over time. In this study, thermalcomfort and air quality have beenmeasured in four teaching rooms in a universitybuildinglocatedinBelgium.Theanalysisgivesaletter(A-B-CorD)forthecomfortandtheairqualityforeachroom.Thecomputedlevelofthermalcomfortandair-qualityisshowntousersonayearlyandmonthlybasisviatheTVscreenlocatedinthebuilding.Thevulgarisation,orsharingoftheresultswiththebuildingoccupantsmakestheusersawareoftheirownimpactoncomfortconditionsandtheoptionsavailableforthemtoimprovethemthroughtheirownactions.Thewholeyeargathereddataillustratesthevariousoccupancypatternsandhighlightstheopportunitiestoimprovecomfort:.Onthe one hand, the results shown a low air quality, the CO2 thresholds have beenmodified.Ontheotherhand,thesummercomfort,wasfoundtobepoorintworooms.This argueswith the landlord todo something to improve the comfort especially intheserooms.

12:05 Theinfluenceofbuildingenvelopedesignonthethermalcomfortofhigh-riseresidentialbuildingsinHongKongYuTingKwok,KevinKa-LunLau,EdwardYanYungNg

Combined effects of climate change and rapid urbanisationmake buildings in high-densitycitiesvulnerabletooverheating,andthusinducehighcoolingenergydemand,especiallyduringthemorefrequentlyoccurringnear-extremeconditionsinsummer.Itis necessary to minimise building energy consumption without compromising thecomfort of occupants by adopting climate-adaptive building envelope designs. Byemployingthesummerreferenceyearweatherdataforbuildingsimulations,thisstudyexamines how the indoor thermal comfort of free-running high-rise buildings insubtropicalHongKongmaybeaffectedbymodificationsofthewallU-value,thedepthofwindowoverhangshading,andthewindow-to-wallratio(WWR).Resultsshowthatbetter insulated flats experience less extreme thermal conditions but maintain awarmer-than-comfortable indoor environment, while flats with appropriate shadingenjoyanet improvement in thermal comfort,especially foreastwardandwestwardfacingflats.WhenconsideringtheWWR,thermalcomfortcanbemaximisedbyplacingwindowsstrategicallytofacilitatecross-ventilation.Nevertheless,noneofthemodelsareabletoachievecomfortableconditionsforover40%ofthesummertime.Furtherworkisrequiredtoexplorethepotentialofcombinedpassivestrategiesormixed-modeventilation in optimising building performance and providing thermal comfort foroccupantsunderfutureclimatechange.

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12:20 AnExergeticInvestigationontheEffectofLong-termThermo-physicalExposureonThermalPerceptionMasanoriShukuya,RintoNagaiandHomB.Rijal

People are exposed to ever-changing thermal environment. In due course theysubconsciouslydeveloptheirrespectiveperceptionandcognition.Withsuchgeneralfactinmind,wedesignedatwo-stagesubjectiveexperimentfocusingonhotandhumidsummerweatherinYokohama,Japan,andanalysedtheexperimentalresultsfromtheexergeticviewpoint.Atthefirststageexperiment,thirty-eightsubjectswereaskedtocarrygrey-colouredglobe-temperaturesensorsandothersforoneweek.Atthefollow-upsecondstageexperiment,weaskedthemtovisitandstayforawhileinthreeroomsofdifferentthermalconditions,andtoanswertheirthermalpreferenceandcognitivetemperature. The subjectswere divided into two groups according to their thermalhistory.Theirperceptionandthermalhistoryweretheninvestigatedintermsofhuman-bodyexergy consumption rateandalso thermal radiantexergy, towhich theywereexposedinnaturallyventilatedandmechanicallyconditionedrooms.Therelationshipbetweenthehuman-bodyexergyconsumptionrateandthepreferencevotesmadebythetwogroupswerenotdifferentmuch,but therewasadistinctivedifferencewithrespect to thermal radiant exergy input rate. The result suggests that the thermo-physical exposure becomes the memory of thermal history and it affects theirrespectivethermalperception.

12:25 DISCUSSIONSANDROUND-UP13:00 LUNCH

ENDOFTHECONFERENCE

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PAPERSappearingintheproceedingsbutauthorsunabletopresent EffectofOperationalenergyvariationson life cycleenergy:Anevaluation inresidentialapartmentsAkshayKumarBishnoi,SoumyaR.,Dr.RajasekarElangovanThispaperdealswithcharacterizationofoperationalenergyinagroupofapartmentbuildingsand its impact on the life cycle energy (LCE) predictions. Field investigations covered eightapartmentbuildingswith656residentialunitsrepresentingthreespatialtypeslocatedinahot-humidclimaticzoneofIndia.Theresidenceswerepredominantlynaturallyventilated,butusedair-conditioners during peak summer. Data collected include monthly electrical energyconsumptionforfour-yeardurationandprimaryfieldsurveysfocusedonthecharacteristicsofconnected appliance loads, operational patterns, type of air-conditioning system and theiroperatingconditions.Theoverallaverageenergyperformance index (EPI)of the residentialunits is 32.4 kWh/m2/year. Comfort conditioning had amajor contribution in operationalenergy use which is evident from a strong correlation (r2=0.85) between monthly energyconsumptionandmonthlymeanoutdoortemperature(Tout-µ).Themagnitudeofvariationinenergyconsumptionamongresidentialtypesisfoundtobelesserduringwinterthansummerattributed to the diversities in air conditioner usage during this season. Factors such asorientation,heightatwhichtheresidenceislocated,mutualshadingbyadjacentbuildingsandoperational patterns had a statistically significant impact on the operational energyconsumption.However,theimpactofsubjectivepreferencesandoperationalcharacteristicshadamuchstrongerimpactontheenergyuse.Statisticalclusteranalysisofthedataindicatedthepresenceofthreedistinctclustersrepresentinglow,midandhighconsumptionresidences.Theresidentialunitswerefoundtobedistributedintheseclustersirrespectiveoftheirspatialtypology.Lifecycleenergyperresidentialunitis1688.4x103MJoutofwhichEEcontributes627.7x103MJ(37%)andoperationalenergycontributes1060.7x103MJ(63%)fora50-yearlifespan. MeanLCEof low,mediumandhighconsumptionclustersare1424.9x103MJ/home,1931.1x103MJ/home and 2386.3x103MJ/home respectively. The results indicate a stronginfluenceofsubjectivevariationsinbuildingoperationsonthelifecycleenergy.

MethodtodetermineIndoorsThermalComfortRangeforMexico’sclimatesLuisArmandoCanul-Euán,LuisGabrielGómez-AzpeitiaandGonzaloBojórquez-MoralesThe research sought to establish a method to define a thermal comfort range standardcorrelatingthethermalcomfortrangeofdifferentstudieswithadaptiveapproachcarriedoutin interior spaces with the external thermal oscillation. The value of the coefficient ofdetermination(R2)wasthevalidationparameter.Thesamplesizewas38studiesconductedinMexico,with6,744surveys.Themethodology isbasedonaproposalmadebyHumphreys,NicolandRoaf:foreachdaysurvey,subtractfromtheoperatingtemperature(Top)itsmeanvaluetoformthevariable(δTop)andfromthethermalsensation(ts)itsmeanvaluetoformthevariableδts.Next,apolynomialregressionanalysisofδtsinδTopwasperformedtoobtainanadjustedregressioncoefficient.Thethermalcomfortrangeperstudywasobtainedfromtheinverse of the regression coefficient. Additionally, two alternative values of the regressioncoefficientwere calculated: through thequotientof the standarddeviationsof theδtf andδTop,andofthequotientoftheδtsandδTopranges.TheresultsindicateagreatercorrelationbetweentheOSC_ẟDBTextandthecomfortrangeoftheinverseofthestandarddeviations.ThevalueofR2was0.4408.

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AstudyonseasonalindoorthermalenvironmentincondominiumsundertheuseofHEMSsystemRajanKC,H.B.Rijal,M.Shukuya,K.YoshidaEnergymanagement in an effectiveway is important in building sectors including residentialbuildings. So, the uses of smart devices and energy management system have dragged theattentionofdevelopersandbuyersinhousingindustries.TheuseofHomeEnergyManagementSystem(HEMS)isincreasing.TheJapanesegovernmentalsoaimstosetupHEMStoallofthenewdwellingby2030.Thermalcomfortisassociatedwiththetrendofenergyuseinabuilding.Inordertofindoutthethermalenvironmentoftheoccupantslivinginsmarthouses,weconductedameasurement survey in a condominium equippedwithHEMS. Indoor air temperature andrelativehumiditywasmeasuredforoneyear.Theresultshowedalargevariationinindoorairtemperatureandrelativehumidityduringthestudyperiod.Theoccupantsbehaveddifferentlyaccordingtoflats,floorandseasons.TheindoorairtemperatureinsummerwasobservedhigherasrecommendedinJapan.Duetohighinsulatingmaterialsusedinthebuilding,theindoorairtemperature was not low even in winter. The result indicates that the occupants behaveddifferentlytoadjusttheindoorthermalenvironmentevenduringtheuseofHEMS.

Thermalenvironmentrangesprovidinggoodsleepqualityinbedroomsduringsummer–AnalysisofuniversitystudentsinOsakaNorikoUmemiya,HironaBessho,TomohiroKobayashi,YoshikiTachibanaandYusukeNakayamaAquestionnairesurveyandbedroomthermalenvironmentmeasurementswereconductedfor 24 university students for 581 nights in the peak of summer for three years to clarifysubjectiverangesofthermalcomfortandgoodsleepquality.Resultsrevealedthefollowing.1)Thermalcomfortdecreasedasthestandardeffectivetemperature(SET*)increasedwhenSET*wasmorethan21°C.2)TheSET*rangeatwhichmorethan80%votedinthreecentralcategories of seven-point thermal sensation scale was 19.3–22.7°C, ‘thermally acceptable’temperatureswere17.7–28.0°C.Thegoodsideofthesoundsleepevaluationscalewas20.1–23.7°C.3)SubjectivesleepqualitydecreasedgraduallywhenSET*exceeded22°C.However,sleepqualityrelatedtoDrowsinessandFatiguerecoveryincreasedwhenSET*exceeded26°C.5)Theratioof‘thermalcomfort’forairconditioner (AC)non-usenightspeakedwhenSET*was20°C,althoughitpeakedat25°CforACusenights.6)SubjectivesleepqualitydecreasedasSET*increasedforACnon-usenights,althoughitpeakedat25°CforACusenights.

DefiningThermalComfortinDesert(Hot-Arid)Climates:AThermalComfortFieldSurveyinBaghdad,IraqSaifRashid,OliverKornadtandConradVoelkerIndoorairmeasurementswereconductedin6housingunitsinBaghdadbetween2014and2016.Adeeper lookatthemeasureddatashowedthatairtemperaturesduringspringandautumncompliedwiththeadaptivecomfortmodel.Ontheotherhand,abigvariationwithinthesameseasonwas foundduringwinterandsummerperiods.Toverifywhethercomfortmodels apply for the climate in Baghdad, a field surveywas conducted to define comfortconditionsduringcriticalwinterandsummerperiods.ThewintersurveywasconductedintwoidenticalclassroomsattheUniversityofBaghdadinDecember2016andJanuary2017with233responses.Thesurveywasrepeated11timesunder5differentairtemperaturesettings.The survey in summer was a longitudinal survey with 149 responses to evaluate. It wasconductedinAugust2017;itwasrepeated14timestotesttheresponsesunder7differentindoorenvironmentalconditions.Theresultsofthefieldsurveysshowedavariationinthermalsensationwhencomparedwiththepredictedmeanvote.

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MethodologicalframeworkforevaluatingliveabilityofurbanspacesthroughahumancentredapproachDanieleSantucci,UmbertoFugiglando,XiaojiangLi,ThomasAuerandCarloRattiThequalityofurbanspacesisfundamentaltotheliveabilityofcities.Inpastdecades,manystudiesatdifferentscaleshavedevelopedmethodologiestoevaluatecomfortconditions inpublicspaces,asthisaspectisessentialformakingcitiesmorewalkable.Inthiscontext,thepresentstudydevelopsamethodologyforevaluatingqualityofcitiesthroughadatasetthatcollectsmillionsofanonymouspedestriantrajectoriesthroughsmartphoneapplications.Thisdata,whichincludesabout1milliontripsintheBostonareaofover60,000anonymoususersfrom May 2014 - May 2015, estimates human walking activities. Presence is used as anindicatorforwalkabilitybyrelatingittoadditionallayerstoprovideanaccuratemodeloftheurbanmorphology.Theaimofthispaperistopresentacasestudyonhowhumanwalkingactivities can be sensed, quantified and applied to determine the impact of the urbanmorphologyand itseffectsonclimateatamicro-scale.This studyalso revealshowpeopleflowsreacttohighlyfluctuatingmicroclimaticconditionsandhowpedestriansrespondtothevariabilityoftheurbanenvironment.Together,theseapproacheswillaffectmultipleaspectsofhumanlifeincludinghealthandwellness,infrastructureandqualityoflifeincitiestocreateliveableandhealthiercities.

Assessment of transient thermal comfort characteristics in an undergroundmetrostationKapilSinhaandE.RajasekarThis paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation of an undergroundmetrostationlocatedinacompositeclimatezoneofIndia(NewDelhi).Theevaluationcomprisedreal-time monitoring of indoor thermal comfort during winter and summer seasonsaccompanied by subjective thermal comfort surveys. This study extends the existing fieldstudyprotocols totransportbuildings,whicharecharacterisedbydynamicpassenger flow.Parameterssuchasdrybulbtemperature(Ti),globetemperature(Tg),relativehumidity(RH)andairvelocity(Va)weremeasuredusingathermalcomfortmonitoringsystem.Inaddition,spatialvariationofTi,TgandRHweremonitoredusinglab-assembledArduinokits.Subjectivesurveys comprised of transverse responses collected from 360 users and 360 sequentialthermal experience responses collected form 60 users. The subjective responses werecollectedseparatelyforboardingandalightingsequencesusinganandroid-basedapplicationdevelopedby the team. Transient thermal comfortwas estimatedusing RelativeWarmthIndex(RWI).AcomparativeanalysisofmeanRWIindicatesagradualanduniformchangealongthealightingsequenceofpassengerflow.However,thevariationofmeanRWIisnon-uniformandundulatedalongtheboardingsequence.RWIvariedfrom0.26atplatformto0.45atthewalkwayalongthealightingsequence.Itvariedfrom0.3atconcourseto0.51attheticketlobbyalongtheboardingsequence.Theneutraltemperature(Ti)obtainedthroughthermalsensationvote(TSV)is30.3°C.ThevariationinTSVbetweenalightingandboardingpassengerswerefoundtobestatisticallysignificantatplatform,concourseandwalkway.AstrongpositivecorrelationwasobtainedbetweenTSValightingandRWI(R2=0.52)aswellasTSVboardingandRWI(R2=0.53). An RWI value of 0.14 corresponded with mean neutral TSV for the alightingsequencewhileitwas0.33fortheboardingsequence.ThepassengersexhibitedhigherleveloftolerancetoheatdiscomfortthanthatpredictedbyRWI.Acceptablethermallimitsalongthealightingandboardingsequenceofthemetrostationarepresented.

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EvaluationofSeasonalThermalEnvironmentofTemporarySheltersBuiltinNepalafterMassiveEarthquake2015RitaThapa1,HomBahadurRijal2,MasanoriShukuyaTwomajorearthquakesstruckinNepalon25thApriland12thMay2015.Especially,wholosttheirpermanenthouseinthishardesthithasbeenlivingundermakeshifttents.InNepal,thereis no such research has conducted yet based on differentmaterials used as insulations intemporaryshelters.Thus,thispaperinvestigatedtoevaluatetheseasonalindoorenvironmentof temporary shelters where using various local materials used as insulations. Thermalmeasurementswereconductedfor26daysinwinterforsevenshelters(S1-S7)and24daysinsummerforthreeshelters(S1-S3)locatedinLalitpurdistrict.Theindoorairtemperaturesforall shelters are highly dependent on outdoor air temperature in winter and summer. ThefluctuationsofindoorairtemperatureofshelterS3andS7ishigherthanothersheltersinbothseasons.Theresultmightbeduetolowthermalinsulationsintheseshelters.Themeanindoorairtemperatureduringthesleepingtimeis5.4°CinS7and10.1°CinS1inwinter.Themeanindoorairtemperaturesareconsiderablylowinwinterandhighinsummerwherepeoplearecompromisingtheseharshindoorenvironmentsbyadaptingtheirclothingbehaviours.

EvaluationofsubjectiveoccupantthermalcomfortintheselectedbuildingsinuppereastregionofGhanaFrederickW.Manu,ChristianKorantengandLeonardK.AmekudziInternational thermal comfort standards such as the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE)standard 55-2013, European Norn (EN) standard 15251-2007 and International StandardsOrganization(ISO)standard7730-2005havenotbeenfoundtobetruereflectionoftheresponsetothermalenvironmentsofpeopleinthetropics.ThishasbeenreportedbyresearcherssuchasBoudenandGhrab(2005),andDhakaetal.(2015).ThishasleftagapinunderstandingofthermalcomfortintropicalregionssuchasGhanainareallifesituation.Thegoalofthisstudyistoassessthesubjectiveoccupantthermalcomfortin12selectedbuildingsinurbanandperi-urbanareasofBolgatanga,UpperEastRegionofGhana.Furthermore,thespecificobjectivesofthestudyareto assess prevailing environmental parameters, thermal comfort voting anddistribution, anddeduceacomforttemperature.ThestudyareawascarriedoutintheSavannahclimaticzoneofGhanainthe6warmestmonthsof2015.Alongitudinalthermalsensationsurveymethodwasadapted with the intention of deriving long term data from relatively small number ofrespondents.Thesamplesizeofthesurveywas144occupantswith2respondentsforamonthfrom each household. A thermal sensation questionnaire formulated comprised biodata,ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale with a pictograph, and the McIntyre thermalpreferencescale.Fromtheanalysis,itwasfoundoutthat88%oftherespondentsfoundtheirthermal indoor conditionsacceptablewitha neutral temperatureof30.3°Cderived throughlinearregression.

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