Year 2010, Volume 5, Issue 39

The CENTROFIN NewsletterWavelength

Piracy update (News online)

16 July 2010 - ITF Seafarers

Fewer pirate attacks but almost 600 crew capturedSomali pirates are continuing their attacks on shipping over a wider area, but the latest figures from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) show that piracy declined in the first two quarters of 2010 compared with the same period a year ago. The IMB collects data recorded through its Piracy Reporting Centre (PRC).

The PRC recorded 196 incidents in the first half of

2010 compared with 240 in 2009. The latest

figures include 31 vessels hijacked, 48 fired

upon and 70 boarded. In this period, one

crew member was killed, 597 taken

hostage and 16 injured.

In this issue

pg 12

pg 14

pg 10

pg 8

pg 4

pg 6

pg 2

Origin of the Ocean

cont'd on pg 11

TO THE MASTER: Please circulate copies of this Bulletin to the CREW.

To reach our Seafarers

Oil in Gulf Poses Only Slight Risk, U.S. Says

The government is expected to announce that three-quarters of the oil from the Deepwater Horizon leak has already evaporated, dispersed, been captured or otherwise eliminated -- and that much of the rest is so diluted that it does not seem to pose much additional risk of harm.

Read More:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/science/earth/04oil.html?emc=na

BWM - EPA

Decision Making Theory

Icebergs across the North Atlantic

Notes on Nature

Leadership Skills

WHERE in all the hyperbole surrounding the Deepwater Horizon is the voice of reason?

'Gushing'!, 'Spewing'!, 'Ecological disaster'! 'Devastation'! and to convince the public otherwise is at best cheapHow is it that any time oil is released into the sea emotive sensationalism, at worst a form of dishonesty.words are dragged out of the dictionary by journalists and second rate politicians? How is it that rational people are It does not help the forces of reason either when grotesque bamboozled by these exaggerations? How is it the press comparisons are made by heretofore respectable cannot report honestly on the ample evidence that oil spills champions of the environment such as Erin Brockovich (for are not long term in impact and never cause lasting whom I once held a huge respect) who has been wheeled in environmental damage? to whip up more hysteria by suggesting there are

similarities between an accidental release of oil into a An oil slick, if it is thick enough, has the power to smother significant volume of sea water and a long term and seabirds and the inter-tidal zones in the short term, but deliberate poisoning of groundwater by a utility company. once the source is stopped, the oil disperses by chemical This caused real human suffering by persistent deception and physical weathering, and diminishes by bio- even when the consequences of human ingestion of a truly degradation. toxic and deadly chemical were apparent.

Why is every oil spill an environmental disaster and the act Ms Brockovich's role, however, is not on the scene to clean of a criminal, instead of an industrial accident? Bhopal was up beaches, but “to connect 'victims' to lawyers”. So, as an environmental disaster (20,000 dead). Chernobyl was expected, it's actually all about money.an environmental disaster (More than 140,000 affected, untold numbers dead). Three Mile Island nearly was. Last time I looked, oil, a hydrocarbon, which also happens Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon, although to be the basis of most life-forms on this planet, is not in unpleasant, are not. Nature can and does recover from oil itself a deadly chemical at the exposure rates probable. within a short space of time in the marine environment and there is much supporting evidence for this worldwide,

The Voice of Reason Friday 28 May 2010 by Peter Holloway

Why oil spills are not the environmental disasters second rate politicians would have you believe

cont'd on pg 5

International Environmental

Regulations

Ballast Water Management (BWM) - EPA

Vessels greater than or equal to 300gt or having the capacity to hold or discharge more than 8cumtr of ballast water and operating (or planning to operate) on the navigable waters of the US, an EPA must be now be submitted, a Notice of Intent (NOI) relating to continued discharges incidental to the normal operation of the vessel. Penalties for failure to submit a timely NOI can be onerous.

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a system under the US environmental protection rules (Clean Water Act) to minimise pollution into US territorial waters (3nm). To implement this for shipping, a document called Vessel General Permit (VGP) has all the requirements laid out. These requirements are additional to international environmental rules such as MARPOL. The VGP establishes technology based effluent limits for all vessels and for 26 specific discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel. In addition to these discharges and some vessel specific requirements, extensive requirements are included for inspections, monitoring, reporting and record keeping.

Note that for most companies the VGP will require a detailed review of environmental protection systems, crew training and record keeping. The rules have been in force since the beginning of 2009. It should be noted that any non-compliance with the VGP constitutes a violation of the US environmental rules and may lead to prosecution.

BIMCO is working on developing a guide describing the new rules and what to be aware of seen from the seafarer's side. The guide is being prepared to help the ship to perform its duties in a way that fully comply with regulations in the US.

- pg 3 -

OWNERS and managers need to step up their preparation for implementation of the ILO Maritime Labour Convention 2006. The convention will come into force 12 months after 30 member states, representing 33% of global fleet gross tonnage, have ratified it.

The tonnage requirement has already been met, and the European Union is pressing its members to ratify it by next year. If this happens, then the MLC could come into force in 2011, a year earlier than was widely expected. But there are still a number of issues that need to be resolved and work that flag states, owners and managers need to do. There is concern about a widespread lack of information and understanding ofits requirements. Under the convention, following an inspection, a ship will be issued with a Maritime Labour Certificate, valid for five years, with one intermediate inspection. Temporary six-month certificates will be given for new buildings and newly acquired vessels.

Flag states are responsible for issuing part one of a Declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance, with part two being the responsibility of the shipowner, but certified by a flag state or recognised organisation such as a class society. Leading class societies are developing checklists for owners. Flag states are currently in the process of revising their requirements, but there is a reluctance to be the first.

1. Take into account that great love and great older and think back, you will be able to enjoy it a achievements involve great risk second time

2. When you lose, don't lose the lesson 12. A loving atmosphere in your home is the foundation 3. Follow the three Rs': for your life

+Respect for self 13. In disagreement with loved ones, deal only with the +Respect for others, and current situation. Don't bring up the past+Responsibility for all your actions 14. Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve

4. Remember that not getting what you want is immortalitysometimes a wonderful stroke of luck 15. Be gentle with the earth

5. Learn the rules so you know how to break them 16. Once a year, go someplace you have never been properly before

6. Don't let a little dispute injure a great relationship 17. Remember that the best relationship is one in which 7. When you realise you have made a mistake, take your love for each other exceeds your need for each

immediate steps to have it corrected other8. Spend time alone every day 18. Judge your success by what you had to give up in 9. Open arms to change, but don't let go of your values order to get it10. Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer 19. Approach love & cooking with reckless abandon11. Live a good, honourable life. Then when you get

INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIFEINSTRUCTIONS FOR LIFE DEFINITIONSCOMPETENCY

KSAA

Competency describes a cluster of knowledge, skill,

ability, or attitude an individual must possess or

obtain (or circumstances that must exist) in order to

perform one or more tasks in a particular job context.

Knowledge describes a body of information, usually

of a factual or procedural nature, applied directly to

the performance of a function/task.

Skill describes a present, observable competence to

perform a learned act (could be motor, psycho-

motor, and/or cognitive).

Ability describes a general more enduring capability

an individual possesses at the time when he/she

begins to perform a task.

Attitude describes an internal state that influences an

individual's choices or decisions to act in a certain

way under particular circumstances

Two charged in bilge dumping (21 Aug 2009)

THE US has charged two tanker crew members with illegal bilge dumping in US ports.

The US Department of Justice charged the Chief Engineers of the tanker YYY with violating federal pollution laws, making material false statements to the US Coast Guard and obstruction of justice.

The two are accused of maintaining false oil record books in 2006-8 that concealed deliberate discharges of oil contaminated waste.

They were responsible for the records when the tanker entered Texas ports, including Corpus Christi, Texas City and Houston, according the DoJ indictment.

Discharging bilge waste containing more than 15 parts per million of oil without treatment by an oily water separator violates US and international law.

Violations, which include making false statements, are punishable by up to six years in prison and a $250,000 fine. There have been nine convictions for such violations so far in 2009, according to one Washington law firm; that compares to 16 in all of 2008.

(Compliments ICSW Monthly News Update)

There are likely to be some differences between flag states and some will be in excess of the minimum requirements in the convention.

As well as shipowners and managers, manning agencies will have to be certified and regulated to ensure compliance. Even if an owner uses an agency from a country that has not ratified the convention, it will still have to show compliance.

The scope of the MLC is wide and takes in a broad range of aspects that will be subject to inspection and potential detentions for serious non-compliance. These include contracts and conditions of employment, including wages, working hours, rest hours, record keeping, leave entitlement, repatriation, compensation, crewing levels with more emphasis on fatigue, career and skill development, accommodation, recreational facilities, catering, medical facilities and training.

The ILO Convention requires much greater attention to human welfare issues and ships will be inspected by flag and port states on these issues.

There is a need for training for masters and superintendents. It is being stressed that inspections under MLC are not paper tick-box exercises, but will involve a detailed physical onboard inspection.

The list of potential inspection items is extensive. One class society told LLSM that it had identified 52 potential deficiencies and 26 detainable items. Some trial inspections have shown a range of areas that owners need to address.

A key aspect is that shipowners will be liable with respect to any financial loss to a seafarer serving under an employment agreement. P&I clubs are concerned about the potential liabilities arising from the convention.

There are specific concerns about possible detentions by port state control due to serious breaches and related costs, which would fall on P&I clubs.

A significant agreement was reached earlier this year between the International Shipping Federation and the International Transport Workers' Federation on the principles of a solution regarding liability and compensation for death, personal injury and abandonment under the Convention. It includes compulsory insurance or other form of financial security.

The deal will be incorporated under an amendment to the convention, but could have implications for P&I clubs.

Gearing up for the MLC

(Lloyd's List Ship Manager)

The International Labour Organisation's Maritime Labour Convention is due to come into force soon once a number of outstanding issues have been resolved

Ballast Water Management (BWM) - EPA

Vessels greater than or equal to 300gt or having the capacity to hold or discharge more than 8cumtr of ballast water and operating (or planning to operate) on the navigable waters of the US, an EPA must be now be submitted, a Notice of Intent (NOI) relating to continued discharges incidental to the normal operation of the vessel. Penalties for failure to submit a timely NOI can be onerous.

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a system under the US environmental protection rules (Clean Water Act) to minimise pollution into US territorial waters (3nm). To implement this for shipping, a document called Vessel General Permit (VGP) has all the requirements laid out. These requirements are additional to international environmental rules such as MARPOL. The VGP establishes technology based effluent limits for all vessels and for 26 specific discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel. In addition to these discharges and some vessel specific requirements, extensive requirements are included for inspections, monitoring, reporting and record keeping.

Note that for most companies the VGP will require a detailed review of environmental protection systems, crew training and record keeping. The rules have been in force since the beginning of 2009. It should be noted that any non-compliance with the VGP constitutes a violation of the US environmental rules and may lead to prosecution.

BIMCO is working on developing a guide describing the new rules and what to be aware of seen from the seafarer's side. The guide is being prepared to help the ship to perform its duties in a way that fully comply with regulations in the US.

- pg 3 -

OWNERS and managers need to step up their preparation for implementation of the ILO Maritime Labour Convention 2006. The convention will come into force 12 months after 30 member states, representing 33% of global fleet gross tonnage, have ratified it.

The tonnage requirement has already been met, and the European Union is pressing its members to ratify it by next year. If this happens, then the MLC could come into force in 2011, a year earlier than was widely expected. But there are still a number of issues that need to be resolved and work that flag states, owners and managers need to do. There is concern about a widespread lack of information and understanding ofits requirements. Under the convention, following an inspection, a ship will be issued with a Maritime Labour Certificate, valid for five years, with one intermediate inspection. Temporary six-month certificates will be given for new buildings and newly acquired vessels.

Flag states are responsible for issuing part one of a Declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance, with part two being the responsibility of the shipowner, but certified by a flag state or recognised organisation such as a class society. Leading class societies are developing checklists for owners. Flag states are currently in the process of revising their requirements, but there is a reluctance to be the first.

1. Take into account that great love and great older and think back, you will be able to enjoy it a achievements involve great risk second time

2. When you lose, don't lose the lesson 12. A loving atmosphere in your home is the foundation 3. Follow the three Rs': for your life

+Respect for self 13. In disagreement with loved ones, deal only with the +Respect for others, and current situation. Don't bring up the past+Responsibility for all your actions 14. Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve

4. Remember that not getting what you want is immortalitysometimes a wonderful stroke of luck 15. Be gentle with the earth

5. Learn the rules so you know how to break them 16. Once a year, go someplace you have never been properly before

6. Don't let a little dispute injure a great relationship 17. Remember that the best relationship is one in which 7. When you realise you have made a mistake, take your love for each other exceeds your need for each

immediate steps to have it corrected other8. Spend time alone every day 18. Judge your success by what you had to give up in 9. Open arms to change, but don't let go of your values order to get it10. Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer 19. Approach love & cooking with reckless abandon11. Live a good, honourable life. Then when you get

INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIFEINSTRUCTIONS FOR LIFE DEFINITIONSCOMPETENCY

KSAA

Competency describes a cluster of knowledge, skill,

ability, or attitude an individual must possess or

obtain (or circumstances that must exist) in order to

perform one or more tasks in a particular job context.

Knowledge describes a body of information, usually

of a factual or procedural nature, applied directly to

the performance of a function/task.

Skill describes a present, observable competence to

perform a learned act (could be motor, psycho-

motor, and/or cognitive).

Ability describes a general more enduring capability

an individual possesses at the time when he/she

begins to perform a task.

Attitude describes an internal state that influences an

individual's choices or decisions to act in a certain

way under particular circumstances

Two charged in bilge dumping (21 Aug 2009)

THE US has charged two tanker crew members with illegal bilge dumping in US ports.

The US Department of Justice charged the Chief Engineers of the tanker YYY with violating federal pollution laws, making material false statements to the US Coast Guard and obstruction of justice.

The two are accused of maintaining false oil record books in 2006-8 that concealed deliberate discharges of oil contaminated waste.

They were responsible for the records when the tanker entered Texas ports, including Corpus Christi, Texas City and Houston, according the DoJ indictment.

Discharging bilge waste containing more than 15 parts per million of oil without treatment by an oily water separator violates US and international law.

Violations, which include making false statements, are punishable by up to six years in prison and a $250,000 fine. There have been nine convictions for such violations so far in 2009, according to one Washington law firm; that compares to 16 in all of 2008.

(Compliments ICSW Monthly News Update)

There are likely to be some differences between flag states and some will be in excess of the minimum requirements in the convention.

As well as shipowners and managers, manning agencies will have to be certified and regulated to ensure compliance. Even if an owner uses an agency from a country that has not ratified the convention, it will still have to show compliance.

The scope of the MLC is wide and takes in a broad range of aspects that will be subject to inspection and potential detentions for serious non-compliance. These include contracts and conditions of employment, including wages, working hours, rest hours, record keeping, leave entitlement, repatriation, compensation, crewing levels with more emphasis on fatigue, career and skill development, accommodation, recreational facilities, catering, medical facilities and training.

The ILO Convention requires much greater attention to human welfare issues and ships will be inspected by flag and port states on these issues.

There is a need for training for masters and superintendents. It is being stressed that inspections under MLC are not paper tick-box exercises, but will involve a detailed physical onboard inspection.

The list of potential inspection items is extensive. One class society told LLSM that it had identified 52 potential deficiencies and 26 detainable items. Some trial inspections have shown a range of areas that owners need to address.

A key aspect is that shipowners will be liable with respect to any financial loss to a seafarer serving under an employment agreement. P&I clubs are concerned about the potential liabilities arising from the convention.

There are specific concerns about possible detentions by port state control due to serious breaches and related costs, which would fall on P&I clubs.

A significant agreement was reached earlier this year between the International Shipping Federation and the International Transport Workers' Federation on the principles of a solution regarding liability and compensation for death, personal injury and abandonment under the Convention. It includes compulsory insurance or other form of financial security.

The deal will be incorporated under an amendment to the convention, but could have implications for P&I clubs.

Gearing up for the MLC

(Lloyd's List Ship Manager)

The International Labour Organisation's Maritime Labour Convention is due to come into force soon once a number of outstanding issues have been resolved

(increasing global warming) by Activities to control and stop the Credit should be given to the huge spraying dispersant on oil that has spill are openly discussed, and the efforts to control the well. It should clearly emulsified, which is also a difficulties of controlling the well be remembered that some people complete waste of time and are equal ly apparent , but have lost their lives in this incident. money? somehow the politicians find it That is the already forgotten

more satisfying to rant that not tragedy, that an oiled fish has more This is not to minimise the enough is being done, without coverage than human life, buried immediate concerns that the explaining how much more could under a xenophobic outpouring of

The residents of Hinckley, if the Macondo oil well is uncontrolled be done, and that someone is to hysteria.film was based on fact, were lied (temporarily), and that there is a blame. It is a sad indictment of the * Peter Holloway is a maritime to, and they died because of it. No ban on fishing (temporarily) morals of politicians that common surveyor with extensive industry one is likely to die from exposure to because of the exaggerated sense and a balanced view will not experience working on oil spills the Deepwater Horizon oil leak perception that fish will be be allowed to prevail, and that and maritime casualtiesexcept the unfortunate riggers who contaminated, and that there may some understanding and an ·seem to have already become the be beaches and mangroves that appreciation of the vast scale of Article from Lloyd's Listforgotten victims, lost in a sea of will be oiled (temporarily), and the problem, and how much is http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/hysterical reporting in what may those who earn a living from actually being done, cannot be tankers/article169769.ecehappen to seabirds, coral reefs holidaymakers in the region will voiced. With three of the highest Published: Friday 28 May 2010(last time I looked these were have cancellations in 2010. So far specification oil rigs in the world © 2010 Informa plc. All rights mostly underwater) and fish, also the kind of smothering layers of oil recovering oil and drilling relief Reserved. Lloyd's is the registered underwater. that I have experienced in past wells, and an armada of support t rademark o f the Soc ie ty

spills has not materialised to any vessels it is undoubtedly the incorporated by the Lloyd's Act What the doomsayers and great extent, and if a higher largest spill response in the history 1871 by the name of Lloyd's'experts' do not report is that it is concentration of oil than sheen or of marine oil spills.unlikely that such levels of oil will globs does reach the shore it will be stopped by any booms in the affect some sea birds and this is The well will be controlled and the open sea, that the spill is not a regrettable. spill will disperse, as they always criminal act, but a result of an do. accident. It is almost certain that more birds are destroyed by vehicles than will be destroyed by this spill, but there is no oil major to blame for that.

Why the complete lack of rational t h i n k i n g a n d t h e i n s t a n t appearance of doomsday 'experts' prophesying envi ronmental catastrophe, which to date has never occurred at any oil spill?

For the gullible, photographs in the press have already shown a desiccated seabird which had died of natural causes long before the oil spill and a very healthy looking cod on a sea shore without a trace of oil on it. Again, where is the voice of reason? Where is the evidence that oil, which floats on the sea surface, kills these fish. Certainly oil can enter the water column below the surface of the sea as it disperses, but I am not aware of fish mortality from this.

It may be that the scale of the leak was underestimated but I would venture to say this is more a result of the insatiable demand for cheap oil that has driven exploration into these new and extreme working environments, and there has been complete transparency on what efforts are being made to kill the well, and how difficult the task is.

Where is the honest expert to explain that oil booms are an expensive waste of time and money in combating the spread of oil in even the most benign conditions? Why are the aircraft burning good aviation fuel

- pg 5 -

Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottomCreatures found where only microbes and viruses were thought to survive.Janet Fang

(Some loriciferans live in anoxic sediments.R. Danovaro)

Living exclusively oxygen-free was thought to be a lifestyle open only to viruses and single-celled micro-organisms. A group of Italian and Danish researchers has now found three species of multicellular animal, or metazoan, that apparently spend their entire lives in oxygen-starved waters in a basin at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The discovery "opens a whole new realm to metazoans that we thought was off limits", says Lisa Levin, a biological oceanographer at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.

Roberto Danovaro from the Polytechnic University of Marche in Ancona, Italy, and his colleagues pulled up the animals during three research cruises off the south coast of Greece. The species, which have not yet been named, belong to a phylum of tiny bottom-dwellers called Loricifera. Measuring less than 1 millimetre long, they live at a depth of more than 3,000 metres in the anoxic sediments of the Atalante basin, a place so little explored that Danovaro likens his team's sampling to "going to the Moon to collect rocks". Researchers have previously found multicellular animals living in anoxic environments, but Danovaro says that it was never clear whether those animals were permanent residents. The new loriciferans, which he and his team reported this week (

), seem to "reproduce and live all their life in anoxic conditions", he says.

The researchers identified an adaptation that helps these loriciferans to survive in their environment. Instead of mitochondria, which rely on oxygen, the creatures have organelles that resemble hydro-genosomes, which some single-celled organisms use to produce energy-storing molecules anaerobically.Angelika Brandt, a deep-sea biologist at Germany's Zoological Museum in Hamburg, says that the work by Danovaro's group is "highly significant". The discovery of metazoans living without mitochondria and oxygen, she says, suggests that animals can occupy niches that once seemed too extreme.

R. Danovaro et al. BMC Biol. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30; 2010

www.nature.com/regions/europe

gained or the time and effort expended to obtain it. As the amount of information increases to this certain point, knowledge is increasing and the time needed to make an effective decision is decreasing. Beyond this point, additional information may have the opposite effect -- it may only serve to cloud the situation, impede understanding, and cause the commander to take more time to reach the same decision he could have reached with less information. Therefore it is not the quantity of information that matters; it is the right information made available to the commander at the right time.

One theory of decision making sees it as an analytical process. The commander generates several options, then identifies criteria for evaluating these options, assigns values to the evaluation criteria, and rates each option according to these criteria. The basic idea is to compare multiple options concurrently to arrive at an optimal solution. Analytical

(Leadership Skills. From the Military to the Commercial every day use) decision making tends to be thorough, but time-consuming. Theoretically, experience is not necessary for effective analytical decision making --

Making sound and timely decisions is a key objective of the command and reasoning power is enough. control process. In military operations, several general principles of decision making apply. First, because war is a clash of opposing wills, we A second approach to decision making is based on intuition. This realise that we cannot make decisions in a vacuum. We must take our approach relies on an experienced commander's ability to recognize the enemy into account -- recognising that, while we are trying to impose our key elements of a problem, rapidly integrate them, and make a proper will on him, he is trying to do the same thing to us. Second, whoever can decision. Intuitive decision making thus replaces analysis with make and implement sound decisions faster, gains a telling -- often experience and judgment. The intuitive model credits an experienced decisive -- advantage. Third, a military decision is much more than a commander with the ability to grasp the situation in its entirety, an ability mathematical computation -- it requires intuition and analysis to sometimes called *coup d'oeil. Intuitive decision making strives to find the recognise the essence of the problem and creativity to devise a practical first solution that solves the problem, rather than waiting for the "best" solution. Such ability is the product of experience, education, intelligence, solution. The speedier intuitive model is consistent with the view that war boldness, perception, and character. Fourth, because all decisions must is ultimately an art rather than a science -- there is no absolutely correct be made in the face of uncertainty and every situation is unique, there is answer to any problem. The intuitive model works on the assumption that, no perfect solution to any problem in military operations -- so we should by drawing upon personal experience, the commander will generate a not agonise over finding one. Instead, we should adopt a promising workable first solution, and therefore does not need to develop numerous course of action with an acceptable degree of risk, and execute it before options. If time permits, the commander may evaluate his decision; if he an adversary can get oriented and take action. Finally -- in general -- the finds it defective, he moves on to the next reasonable solution. lower the echelon of command, the faster and more direct decision making can be. An individual unit commander can normally base Each model of decision making has its strengths and weaknesses; which decisions on factors that he observes firsthand. At successively higher is better depends on the nature of the situation, particularly on the time echelons of command, commanders are further removed from events by and information available. Typically, the analytical approach is more time and distance. As a consequence, in a well-trained force, imbued with appropriate for deliberate planning prior to military action, when the time initiative, the lower we can push the decision-making threshold, the is measured in hours or days and extensive information can be gathered swifter our decision and execution cycle will become. and processed. In this situation, modelling, simulation, and exercises

may be useful in allowing the commander to evaluate his potential The defining features of the command and control problem -- uncertainty courses of action. The intuitive approach is clearly more appropriate for and time -- exert a significant influence on decision making. As knowledge the fluid, rapidly changing environment of combat, when time and about a situation increases, our ability to make an appropriate decision uncertainty are critical factors. In practice, the commander usually will also increases. Knowledge is a function of information so, as the quantity incorporate certain analytical methods and decision aids into an of information increases, the effectiveness of the decision also should essentially intuitive process whenever the situation warrants and time increase. At some point in the process, however, when basic knowledge permits. has been gained and the quest for information focuses more on filling in details, we reach a point of diminishing returns. At this point, the potential *Literally, "stroke of eye" -- a quick view or survey. value of the decision does not increase in proportion to the information

A good plan violently executed now is better than a perfect plan next week

Decision Making Theory

General George S. Patton, Jr., U.S. Army

Road Marvels of a Pre-WW II era.

Jewel-cars built by extraordinary craftsmen. 'Wavelength' will present one car in each issue. We start with our first choice. Ed.

The Voice of Reason

Friday 28 May 2010 by Peter Holloway

from pg 1

(increasing global warming) by Activities to control and stop the Credit should be given to the huge spraying dispersant on oil that has spill are openly discussed, and the efforts to control the well. It should clearly emulsified, which is also a difficulties of controlling the well be remembered that some people complete waste of time and are equal ly apparent , but have lost their lives in this incident. money? somehow the politicians find it That is the already forgotten

more satisfying to rant that not tragedy, that an oiled fish has more This is not to minimise the enough is being done, without coverage than human life, buried immediate concerns that the explaining how much more could under a xenophobic outpouring of

The residents of Hinckley, if the Macondo oil well is uncontrolled be done, and that someone is to hysteria.film was based on fact, were lied (temporarily), and that there is a blame. It is a sad indictment of the * Peter Holloway is a maritime to, and they died because of it. No ban on fishing (temporarily) morals of politicians that common surveyor with extensive industry one is likely to die from exposure to because of the exaggerated sense and a balanced view will not experience working on oil spills the Deepwater Horizon oil leak perception that fish will be be allowed to prevail, and that and maritime casualtiesexcept the unfortunate riggers who contaminated, and that there may some understanding and an ·seem to have already become the be beaches and mangroves that appreciation of the vast scale of Article from Lloyd's Listforgotten victims, lost in a sea of will be oiled (temporarily), and the problem, and how much is http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/hysterical reporting in what may those who earn a living from actually being done, cannot be tankers/article169769.ecehappen to seabirds, coral reefs holidaymakers in the region will voiced. With three of the highest Published: Friday 28 May 2010(last time I looked these were have cancellations in 2010. So far specification oil rigs in the world © 2010 Informa plc. All rights mostly underwater) and fish, also the kind of smothering layers of oil recovering oil and drilling relief Reserved. Lloyd's is the registered underwater. that I have experienced in past wells, and an armada of support t rademark o f the Soc ie ty

spills has not materialised to any vessels it is undoubtedly the incorporated by the Lloyd's Act What the doomsayers and great extent, and if a higher largest spill response in the history 1871 by the name of Lloyd's'experts' do not report is that it is concentration of oil than sheen or of marine oil spills.unlikely that such levels of oil will globs does reach the shore it will be stopped by any booms in the affect some sea birds and this is The well will be controlled and the open sea, that the spill is not a regrettable. spill will disperse, as they always criminal act, but a result of an do. accident. It is almost certain that more birds are destroyed by vehicles than will be destroyed by this spill, but there is no oil major to blame for that.

Why the complete lack of rational t h i n k i n g a n d t h e i n s t a n t appearance of doomsday 'experts' prophesying envi ronmental catastrophe, which to date has never occurred at any oil spill?

For the gullible, photographs in the press have already shown a desiccated seabird which had died of natural causes long before the oil spill and a very healthy looking cod on a sea shore without a trace of oil on it. Again, where is the voice of reason? Where is the evidence that oil, which floats on the sea surface, kills these fish. Certainly oil can enter the water column below the surface of the sea as it disperses, but I am not aware of fish mortality from this.

It may be that the scale of the leak was underestimated but I would venture to say this is more a result of the insatiable demand for cheap oil that has driven exploration into these new and extreme working environments, and there has been complete transparency on what efforts are being made to kill the well, and how difficult the task is.

Where is the honest expert to explain that oil booms are an expensive waste of time and money in combating the spread of oil in even the most benign conditions? Why are the aircraft burning good aviation fuel

- pg 5 -

Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottomCreatures found where only microbes and viruses were thought to survive.Janet Fang

(Some loriciferans live in anoxic sediments.R. Danovaro)

Living exclusively oxygen-free was thought to be a lifestyle open only to viruses and single-celled micro-organisms. A group of Italian and Danish researchers has now found three species of multicellular animal, or metazoan, that apparently spend their entire lives in oxygen-starved waters in a basin at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The discovery "opens a whole new realm to metazoans that we thought was off limits", says Lisa Levin, a biological oceanographer at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.

Roberto Danovaro from the Polytechnic University of Marche in Ancona, Italy, and his colleagues pulled up the animals during three research cruises off the south coast of Greece. The species, which have not yet been named, belong to a phylum of tiny bottom-dwellers called Loricifera. Measuring less than 1 millimetre long, they live at a depth of more than 3,000 metres in the anoxic sediments of the Atalante basin, a place so little explored that Danovaro likens his team's sampling to "going to the Moon to collect rocks". Researchers have previously found multicellular animals living in anoxic environments, but Danovaro says that it was never clear whether those animals were permanent residents. The new loriciferans, which he and his team reported this week (

), seem to "reproduce and live all their life in anoxic conditions", he says.

The researchers identified an adaptation that helps these loriciferans to survive in their environment. Instead of mitochondria, which rely on oxygen, the creatures have organelles that resemble hydro-genosomes, which some single-celled organisms use to produce energy-storing molecules anaerobically.Angelika Brandt, a deep-sea biologist at Germany's Zoological Museum in Hamburg, says that the work by Danovaro's group is "highly significant". The discovery of metazoans living without mitochondria and oxygen, she says, suggests that animals can occupy niches that once seemed too extreme.

R. Danovaro et al. BMC Biol. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30; 2010

www.nature.com/regions/europe

gained or the time and effort expended to obtain it. As the amount of information increases to this certain point, knowledge is increasing and the time needed to make an effective decision is decreasing. Beyond this point, additional information may have the opposite effect -- it may only serve to cloud the situation, impede understanding, and cause the commander to take more time to reach the same decision he could have reached with less information. Therefore it is not the quantity of information that matters; it is the right information made available to the commander at the right time.

One theory of decision making sees it as an analytical process. The commander generates several options, then identifies criteria for evaluating these options, assigns values to the evaluation criteria, and rates each option according to these criteria. The basic idea is to compare multiple options concurrently to arrive at an optimal solution. Analytical

(Leadership Skills. From the Military to the Commercial every day use) decision making tends to be thorough, but time-consuming. Theoretically, experience is not necessary for effective analytical decision making --

Making sound and timely decisions is a key objective of the command and reasoning power is enough. control process. In military operations, several general principles of decision making apply. First, because war is a clash of opposing wills, we A second approach to decision making is based on intuition. This realise that we cannot make decisions in a vacuum. We must take our approach relies on an experienced commander's ability to recognize the enemy into account -- recognising that, while we are trying to impose our key elements of a problem, rapidly integrate them, and make a proper will on him, he is trying to do the same thing to us. Second, whoever can decision. Intuitive decision making thus replaces analysis with make and implement sound decisions faster, gains a telling -- often experience and judgment. The intuitive model credits an experienced decisive -- advantage. Third, a military decision is much more than a commander with the ability to grasp the situation in its entirety, an ability mathematical computation -- it requires intuition and analysis to sometimes called *coup d'oeil. Intuitive decision making strives to find the recognise the essence of the problem and creativity to devise a practical first solution that solves the problem, rather than waiting for the "best" solution. Such ability is the product of experience, education, intelligence, solution. The speedier intuitive model is consistent with the view that war boldness, perception, and character. Fourth, because all decisions must is ultimately an art rather than a science -- there is no absolutely correct be made in the face of uncertainty and every situation is unique, there is answer to any problem. The intuitive model works on the assumption that, no perfect solution to any problem in military operations -- so we should by drawing upon personal experience, the commander will generate a not agonise over finding one. Instead, we should adopt a promising workable first solution, and therefore does not need to develop numerous course of action with an acceptable degree of risk, and execute it before options. If time permits, the commander may evaluate his decision; if he an adversary can get oriented and take action. Finally -- in general -- the finds it defective, he moves on to the next reasonable solution. lower the echelon of command, the faster and more direct decision making can be. An individual unit commander can normally base Each model of decision making has its strengths and weaknesses; which decisions on factors that he observes firsthand. At successively higher is better depends on the nature of the situation, particularly on the time echelons of command, commanders are further removed from events by and information available. Typically, the analytical approach is more time and distance. As a consequence, in a well-trained force, imbued with appropriate for deliberate planning prior to military action, when the time initiative, the lower we can push the decision-making threshold, the is measured in hours or days and extensive information can be gathered swifter our decision and execution cycle will become. and processed. In this situation, modelling, simulation, and exercises

may be useful in allowing the commander to evaluate his potential The defining features of the command and control problem -- uncertainty courses of action. The intuitive approach is clearly more appropriate for and time -- exert a significant influence on decision making. As knowledge the fluid, rapidly changing environment of combat, when time and about a situation increases, our ability to make an appropriate decision uncertainty are critical factors. In practice, the commander usually will also increases. Knowledge is a function of information so, as the quantity incorporate certain analytical methods and decision aids into an of information increases, the effectiveness of the decision also should essentially intuitive process whenever the situation warrants and time increase. At some point in the process, however, when basic knowledge permits. has been gained and the quest for information focuses more on filling in details, we reach a point of diminishing returns. At this point, the potential *Literally, "stroke of eye" -- a quick view or survey. value of the decision does not increase in proportion to the information

A good plan violently executed now is better than a perfect plan next week

Decision Making Theory

General George S. Patton, Jr., U.S. Army

Road Marvels of a Pre-WW II era.

Jewel-cars built by extraordinary craftsmen. 'Wavelength' will present one car in each issue. We start with our first choice. Ed.

The Voice of Reason

Friday 28 May 2010 by Peter Holloway

from pg 1

- pg 7 -

Greenland. The remaining 10% come from the East Greenland glaciers and the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island (International Ice Patrol). By the time an iceberg reaches the Grand Banks, it has already lost approximately 85% of its' original mass. After being calved off the glaciers of western Greenland, icebergs are transported 1800 nautical miles over a 2-3 year period along the Baffin Island and Labrador

July 09, 2010 currents before reaching the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Once the icebergs reach the waters of the Gulf Stream, they melt rapidly.

From the first voyages across the North Atlantic, icebergs have been a Occasionally an iceberg can be transported across the Gulf Stream major threat to shipping interests. The most famous disaster was the waters in cold water eddy with minimal melting, though this is fairly rare.

thsinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15 , 1912. On her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, the vessel struck an iceberg approximately 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, Canada. Less than 3 hours later the Titanic sank beneath the surface, taking with her over 1500 passengers (http://www.titanicuniverse.com/).

There were many other ship-iceberg accidents before the Titanic. On thApril 14 , 1897, the French Brigt Vaillant collided with an iceberg near St.

Pierre (French territory south of Newfoundland). Seventy-eight lives were lost with only four survivors who were picked up seven days later

th(Hill, 2005). On February 19 , 1893, the SS Naronic struck an iceberg in a snowstorm across the Grand Banks, killing all 74 people onboard (Hill,

th2005). More recently, on March 18 , 2000, the Shrimp Trawler BCM Atlantic sank approximately 240 km east of Goose Bay, Labrador. The vessel struck a bergy bit (small iceberg) while in heavy snow. Everyone on the vessel was rescued safely (Hill, 2005).

However, it was the sinking of the Titanic that spurred the global marine community to create an iceberg patrol. The first ice patrol was sent by the United States Coast Guard in 1913 utilizing two Cutters. From then on, the International Ice Patrol (IIP) has been providing prudent iceberg information to vessels transiting the North Atlantic shipping lanes.

Across the Grand Banks, the most active months of the iceberg season (from March to May) create the most problems for shipping lanes across the North Atlantic. During a typical season, icebergs can migrate as far south as 39N across the Grand Banks. The farthest south an iceberg has been spotted was in 1926 near 30-20N/62-32W, approximately 150nm northeast of Bermuda. Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth south of the limit of all known icebergs as issued by the IIP, which usually means additional distance steamed for trans-Atlantic vessels proceeding to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England.

The International Ice Patrol (IIP) monitors the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic near the Grand Banks for icebergs year round. During the An iceberg is a large piece of ice that has broken away (or calved) from a th sticeberg season, which generally runs from February 15 to June 01 , glacier and is at least 5m above sea level. Icebergs are categorized by iceberg advisories and charts are issued by the IIP. These advisories size from very large (over 75 meters high and 200 meters wide) to delineate the southern limit of all known icebergs and show the growler (less than 1 meter high and less than 5 meters wide). icebergs' location and density. This information can be accessed by Approximately one-tenth of an iceberg's mass is above the surface. going to the IIP's website at www.uscg-iip.org. In the summer and fall Icebergs are usually 20% to 30% longer under water than above and months, when icebergs are usually north of 50N, the Canada Sea Ice t w i c e a s d e e p a s t h e y a r e l o n g a t t h e w a t e r l i n e Patrol (http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca) provides daily bulletins on the latest (mollybawn.com/icebergs.html). About 90% of icebergs found near iceberg limitsNewfoundland and the Grand Banks come from the glaciers of western

Iceberg season for the North Atlantic:

Icebergs Defined:

Advances in Iceberg Detection: Conclusion

Safely navigating ships away from icebergs:

Before the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the detection of icebergs was not Icebergs remain a major threat to shipping lanes across the North an exact science. If a master saw an iceberg, he would report the date, Atlantic. However, since the sinking of the RMS Titanic, there has been time, and location and submit the information to the Hydrographic better detection and monitoring of icebergs thanks to the IIP and Office. The Hydrographic Office (during the iceberg season) would continuing advances in radar and satellite technology. With produce weekly charts of iceberg locations and climatological tracks. RADARSAT-2 in place, smaller icebergs are now being detected. These Of course the coordinates of the icebergs were not exact in the early tools helps the IIP produce better iceberg warnings, which in turn allows 1900s as ships used celestial navigation to estimate their location. Also, for increased vessel safely while minimizing extra distance steamed currents and winds cause the icebergs to move on a daily basis, which and fuel consumed. Despite the improvements in technology that creates large discrepancies in their location. monitors and detects icebergs, vessels must continue to use extreme

caution during the iceberg season when navigating near the Grand In 1912, after the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the US Navy initially Banks.patrolled the North Atlantic for icebergs before the Coast Guard and the IIP replaced them in 1913 (Carlson, 2006). In 1943, the first trained ice observers were sent on an aircraft to detect icebergs. Shortly after that, References:in 1945, radar was also used in experiments to detect floating ice. In - Canada Ice Service, http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca, 2010.1995, RADARSAT-1, Canada's first earth observation satellite was - Carlson, Kathryn. 2006. Technology Timeline – Canadian Geographic.launched. The satellite images created by RADARSAT-1 are used to - Hill, Brian T., 2005. Database of Ship Collisions with Icebergs.detect white spots along the ocean surface (these are known as radar - International Ice Patrol, http://www.uscg-iip.org, 2010.targets). If a radar target is inconclusive, the IIP investigates further by - J.J. van der Sanden, 2003. Anticipated Applications Potential of flying over the coordinates of the given target to confirm if it is an RADARSAT-2 data.iceberg or not. RADARSAT-2 was launched in December 2007 and has - MacLellan, Ainslie., 2006. Tracking Monsters - Canadian Geographic.the capability to acquire better iceberg images with ultra-fine spatial - M o l l y B a w n , W h a l e a n d P u f f i n T o u r s , resolutions (J.J. van der Sanden, 2004). Reconnaissance flights are still www.mollybawn.com/icebergs.html, 2010.made on the average of five days every two weeks to confirm the - Titanic Universe, http://www.titanicuniverse.com/, 2010.southern limit of the iceberg area and to track individual icebergs (IIP).

About the AuthorJoshua J. Kearns – Marine Meteorologist at Weather Routing, Inc. Glens Falls, NY. Route Analyst and Forecaster for commercial ships and private yachts around the world. Graduated with B.S. in Meteorology from Lyndon State College. Joshua or Weather Routing,

Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth Inc. (WRI) can be contacted via email at wri@wriwx.com or phone at south of the iceberg limit issued by the IIP. This means added distance (518)-798-1110.and extra fuel consumed. During the peak of iceberg season, vessels must navigate south of the typical shortest routes, passing south of the icebergs, which typically reach as far south as 39N. The added distance means added cost to owners or charterers due to additional steaming time and more bunkers consumed, though this is a small price to pay compared to striking an iceberg and severely damaging or sinking the vessel.

However, vessels do travel through the iceberg limits at times. Icebergs are known to be located in groups (due to prevailing currents and winds as they break-up). Frequently there are broad areas within the iceberg limits where there are no known icebergs. Vessels have been known to transit across this area cautiously; however weather conditions must be ideal for this to occur. Especially in the spring and early summer, low visibilities due to fog frequently occur across the Grand Banks (fog across the vicinity caused by the interaction between the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream). Vessels will not risk travelling through the iceberg limits in these conditions, as visual detection would be extremely limited.

By Joshua J. Kearns, Marine Meteorologist, Weather Routing, Inc.

Trying to get people to reason in a way that is not natural for them is like trying to teach a pig to sing. You don't accomplish anything and you annoy the pig.

Wise men learn many things from their enemies.

The destiny of every human being is decided by what goes on inside his skull when confronted with what goes on outside his skull.

When you get to the fork in the road, take it.

E. Jeffrey Conklin & William Weil

Aristophanes

Yogi Berra

- pg 7 -

Greenland. The remaining 10% come from the East Greenland glaciers and the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island (International Ice Patrol). By the time an iceberg reaches the Grand Banks, it has already lost approximately 85% of its' original mass. After being calved off the glaciers of western Greenland, icebergs are transported 1800 nautical miles over a 2-3 year period along the Baffin Island and Labrador

July 09, 2010 currents before reaching the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Once the icebergs reach the waters of the Gulf Stream, they melt rapidly.

From the first voyages across the North Atlantic, icebergs have been a Occasionally an iceberg can be transported across the Gulf Stream major threat to shipping interests. The most famous disaster was the waters in cold water eddy with minimal melting, though this is fairly rare.

thsinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15 , 1912. On her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, the vessel struck an iceberg approximately 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, Canada. Less than 3 hours later the Titanic sank beneath the surface, taking with her over 1500 passengers (http://www.titanicuniverse.com/).

There were many other ship-iceberg accidents before the Titanic. On thApril 14 , 1897, the French Brigt Vaillant collided with an iceberg near St.

Pierre (French territory south of Newfoundland). Seventy-eight lives were lost with only four survivors who were picked up seven days later

th(Hill, 2005). On February 19 , 1893, the SS Naronic struck an iceberg in a snowstorm across the Grand Banks, killing all 74 people onboard (Hill,

th2005). More recently, on March 18 , 2000, the Shrimp Trawler BCM Atlantic sank approximately 240 km east of Goose Bay, Labrador. The vessel struck a bergy bit (small iceberg) while in heavy snow. Everyone on the vessel was rescued safely (Hill, 2005).

However, it was the sinking of the Titanic that spurred the global marine community to create an iceberg patrol. The first ice patrol was sent by the United States Coast Guard in 1913 utilizing two Cutters. From then on, the International Ice Patrol (IIP) has been providing prudent iceberg information to vessels transiting the North Atlantic shipping lanes.

Across the Grand Banks, the most active months of the iceberg season (from March to May) create the most problems for shipping lanes across the North Atlantic. During a typical season, icebergs can migrate as far south as 39N across the Grand Banks. The farthest south an iceberg has been spotted was in 1926 near 30-20N/62-32W, approximately 150nm northeast of Bermuda. Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth south of the limit of all known icebergs as issued by the IIP, which usually means additional distance steamed for trans-Atlantic vessels proceeding to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England.

The International Ice Patrol (IIP) monitors the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic near the Grand Banks for icebergs year round. During the An iceberg is a large piece of ice that has broken away (or calved) from a th sticeberg season, which generally runs from February 15 to June 01 , glacier and is at least 5m above sea level. Icebergs are categorized by iceberg advisories and charts are issued by the IIP. These advisories size from very large (over 75 meters high and 200 meters wide) to delineate the southern limit of all known icebergs and show the growler (less than 1 meter high and less than 5 meters wide). icebergs' location and density. This information can be accessed by Approximately one-tenth of an iceberg's mass is above the surface. going to the IIP's website at www.uscg-iip.org. In the summer and fall Icebergs are usually 20% to 30% longer under water than above and months, when icebergs are usually north of 50N, the Canada Sea Ice t w i c e a s d e e p a s t h e y a r e l o n g a t t h e w a t e r l i n e Patrol (http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca) provides daily bulletins on the latest (mollybawn.com/icebergs.html). About 90% of icebergs found near iceberg limitsNewfoundland and the Grand Banks come from the glaciers of western

Iceberg season for the North Atlantic:

Icebergs Defined:

Advances in Iceberg Detection: Conclusion

Safely navigating ships away from icebergs:

Before the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the detection of icebergs was not Icebergs remain a major threat to shipping lanes across the North an exact science. If a master saw an iceberg, he would report the date, Atlantic. However, since the sinking of the RMS Titanic, there has been time, and location and submit the information to the Hydrographic better detection and monitoring of icebergs thanks to the IIP and Office. The Hydrographic Office (during the iceberg season) would continuing advances in radar and satellite technology. With produce weekly charts of iceberg locations and climatological tracks. RADARSAT-2 in place, smaller icebergs are now being detected. These Of course the coordinates of the icebergs were not exact in the early tools helps the IIP produce better iceberg warnings, which in turn allows 1900s as ships used celestial navigation to estimate their location. Also, for increased vessel safely while minimizing extra distance steamed currents and winds cause the icebergs to move on a daily basis, which and fuel consumed. Despite the improvements in technology that creates large discrepancies in their location. monitors and detects icebergs, vessels must continue to use extreme

caution during the iceberg season when navigating near the Grand In 1912, after the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the US Navy initially Banks.patrolled the North Atlantic for icebergs before the Coast Guard and the IIP replaced them in 1913 (Carlson, 2006). In 1943, the first trained ice observers were sent on an aircraft to detect icebergs. Shortly after that, References:in 1945, radar was also used in experiments to detect floating ice. In - Canada Ice Service, http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca, 2010.1995, RADARSAT-1, Canada's first earth observation satellite was - Carlson, Kathryn. 2006. Technology Timeline – Canadian Geographic.launched. The satellite images created by RADARSAT-1 are used to - Hill, Brian T., 2005. Database of Ship Collisions with Icebergs.detect white spots along the ocean surface (these are known as radar - International Ice Patrol, http://www.uscg-iip.org, 2010.targets). If a radar target is inconclusive, the IIP investigates further by - J.J. van der Sanden, 2003. Anticipated Applications Potential of flying over the coordinates of the given target to confirm if it is an RADARSAT-2 data.iceberg or not. RADARSAT-2 was launched in December 2007 and has - MacLellan, Ainslie., 2006. Tracking Monsters - Canadian Geographic.the capability to acquire better iceberg images with ultra-fine spatial - M o l l y B a w n , W h a l e a n d P u f f i n T o u r s , resolutions (J.J. van der Sanden, 2004). Reconnaissance flights are still www.mollybawn.com/icebergs.html, 2010.made on the average of five days every two weeks to confirm the - Titanic Universe, http://www.titanicuniverse.com/, 2010.southern limit of the iceberg area and to track individual icebergs (IIP).

About the AuthorJoshua J. Kearns – Marine Meteorologist at Weather Routing, Inc. Glens Falls, NY. Route Analyst and Forecaster for commercial ships and private yachts around the world. Graduated with B.S. in Meteorology from Lyndon State College. Joshua or Weather Routing,

Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth Inc. (WRI) can be contacted via email at wri@wriwx.com or phone at south of the iceberg limit issued by the IIP. This means added distance (518)-798-1110.and extra fuel consumed. During the peak of iceberg season, vessels must navigate south of the typical shortest routes, passing south of the icebergs, which typically reach as far south as 39N. The added distance means added cost to owners or charterers due to additional steaming time and more bunkers consumed, though this is a small price to pay compared to striking an iceberg and severely damaging or sinking the vessel.

However, vessels do travel through the iceberg limits at times. Icebergs are known to be located in groups (due to prevailing currents and winds as they break-up). Frequently there are broad areas within the iceberg limits where there are no known icebergs. Vessels have been known to transit across this area cautiously; however weather conditions must be ideal for this to occur. Especially in the spring and early summer, low visibilities due to fog frequently occur across the Grand Banks (fog across the vicinity caused by the interaction between the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream). Vessels will not risk travelling through the iceberg limits in these conditions, as visual detection would be extremely limited.

By Joshua J. Kearns, Marine Meteorologist, Weather Routing, Inc.

Trying to get people to reason in a way that is not natural for them is like trying to teach a pig to sing. You don't accomplish anything and you annoy the pig.

Wise men learn many things from their enemies.

The destiny of every human being is decided by what goes on inside his skull when confronted with what goes on outside his skull.

When you get to the fork in the road, take it.

E. Jeffrey Conklin & William Weil

Aristophanes

Yogi Berra

- pg 9 -

- pg 9 -

- pg 11 -

> < Origin of the Ocean Where these plates converge upon each other, one of the plates is pushed downward beneath the other plate. This is called "subduction" and occurs at all convergent plate boundaries. As the one subducting plate is being pushed down, the other plate rides up and over the downward moving plate. Very deep There are various points of view regarding the origin and trenches are formed in these subduction zones (for example, the development of continents and oceans, some of which Kurile Islands Trench), and just behind them, island arcs (such sometimes contradict each another: as the Kurile Islands and Japan), or mountain systems (such as

According to one of these points of view, the bottom of the the Andes and Rocky Mountains in the western hemisphere.

oceans represents primary basalt from the earth's crust, and the Along the edges and borders of plate divergence and continents were formed later as a result of the accumulation of convergence, because of the active tectonic processes beneath very great thicknesses of sedimentary rocks which were them, high seismicity and intensive volcanic activity occurs. The deposited in great, shallow ocean basins, which, because of the movement of the plates have resulted in continental drift, great weight, became compressed into folds, forming folded closing and opening of oceans, but the water of the ocean mountain systems. remained, flowing from one depression to another.

Another hypothesis assumes that modern ocean basins (or their What is the practical value of the study of these geological

parts) occurred in areas where earlier, huge continents partially processes? The knowledge of the history of the formation of the

collapsed, compressing these materials into the basins and Earth permits us to understand the formation of useful minerals

transforming them from "continental" into "oceanic" deposits, which have come to us from deep within the core of the Earth. By

during a cycle called "oceanisation." tracing the different continents and oceans, geological

There is another hypothesis which shows that the Earth has structures and borders of lithosphere plates, scientists can expanded over long periods, during which time, the area of the reconstruct their previously adjoining areas, and predict the bottom of the oceans between the continents began moving formation of petroleum and other exploitable minerals and ores. apart. The distance between these continents increased, and the They can also try to predict disastrous earthquakes and other water, earlier only the lower parts of continents, completely natural hazardous phenomena. flowed into the ocean basins.

The hypothesis of horizontal movements of lithospheric plates is the most widely accepted today. According to this hypothesis, the uppermost part of the Earth - the lithosphere - is joined by a number of adjacent, rigid plates, under which the effects of convection currents in the mantle cause these plates to move relative to one-another.

Where the plates diverge due to spreading, there is an upwelling of mantle material into the crust in the rifted area. As this hot mantle material (magma) rises, it cools and crystallises. As more magma upwells into the rift zone, it pushes the crystallised material upward and away from the rift zones, causing mid-ocean ridges to form. Moreover, the iron minerals in the magma 1.Direction of plate movement take the exact properties of the Earth's magnetic field at the time Intensity of plate movement: that these minerals crystallise, and are sometimes used in 2.At spreading 3.At subductiongeophysical measurements.

Main lithosphere plates

Continued from W38 e-mail this editor for a copy INTERNAL MECHANICS OF LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOVEMENT

The constant rise of mantle material (magma) along an axis of a mid - oceanic ridge causes divergence of lithosphere plates.

Collision of oceanic and continental plates. The subducting of an oceanic plate under a continental plate creates a deep trench adjacent to the continental coast and a great mountain range on land.

Down-drag of an oceanic plate in the mantle results in the formation of an volcanic island-arc system in the ocean and deep trench seaward of the island-arc.

1 Core

2 Earth's crust

3 Mid-ocean ridge

4 Convection currents

5 Island-arc

6 Trench

The arrows show the directions of movement of the lithosphere plates moved by convection currents in the mantle.

Information provided by HDNO: http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/ContactInfoForHDNO.html

...from pg1

Piracy updateThe IMB reports that the use of firearms, including rocket-propelled grenades, was particularly marked in the waters off Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden. Attacks in this region, and more recently in the Red Sea, made up half the incidents reported in the first six months of 2010 – with 100 attacks in 2010, including 27 hijackings.

The IMB notes that the incidence of piracy in the region has declined with the continuing presence of the multinational naval task force in the Gulf of Aden. The application of best management practices by vessels had also reduced the number of hijacks. The pirates have, however, moved further out into the Indian Ocean.

Meanwhile, pirate activity has grown in the South China Sea, where incidents off Malaysia and Indonesia more than doubled. Nigerian waters also continue to pose a threat, although the number of incidents in the first half of the year remained stable.

The IMB continues to urge that all incidents are reported to its Piracy Reporting Centre, not only to aid a response but also to ensure that governments allocate adequate resources to deal with the problem.

In the most recent incidents, two tankers came under attack in the Red Sea. On 8 July, an Iranian oil tanker escaped an attack by Somali pirates in the Bab el-Mandeb straits. The crew were assisted by a military helicopter from the naval taskforce. On the same night, the Italian-owned and flagged Peonia chemical tanker evaded capture in the Red Sea.

There have also been reports of a suspicious incident in the Caspian Sea. A cargo ship, the Ukrainian-managed, Iran-flagged Saman, was chased by four small craft on 8 July, who then abandoned an apparent attempted boarding. In other recent incidents reported to the Piracy Reporting Centre:>Nine pirates attempted to board a cargo vessel off Muri Island, Indonesia but abandoned their attempt after the alarm was raised and the vessel took evasive manoeuvres.

>Four robbers armed with knifes boarded a bulk carrier anchored in Chittagong, Bangladesh on 12 July, but escaped empty-handed after the alarm was raised.

>A small boat approached a container ship north of Bab el-Mandeb on 9 July but abandoned its approach after the ship increased speed, began evasive manoeuvres, and activated fire hoses and searchlights.

>Two boats approached a bulk carrier in the Red Sea on 9 July, later joined by three more boats. The captain took evasive manoeuvres, raised the alarm and fired rocket flares before the

boats abandoned the attempted attack. All attacks and suspicious sightings should be reported to the IMB Piracy Reporting Centre, Tel: +603 2031 0014 (24 hours), Email: imbkl@icc-ccs.org

I wish You enoughI wish You enoughI wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright no matter how grey the day may appear.

I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun even more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive and everlasting.

I wish you enough pain so that even the smallest of joys in life may appear bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting.

I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish you enough hellos to get you through the final good-bye.

They say it takes a minute to find a special person, an hour to appreciate them, a day to love them but then an entire life to forget them. Ed.

- pg 11 -

> < Origin of the Ocean Where these plates converge upon each other, one of the plates is pushed downward beneath the other plate. This is called "subduction" and occurs at all convergent plate boundaries. As the one subducting plate is being pushed down, the other plate rides up and over the downward moving plate. Very deep There are various points of view regarding the origin and trenches are formed in these subduction zones (for example, the development of continents and oceans, some of which Kurile Islands Trench), and just behind them, island arcs (such sometimes contradict each another: as the Kurile Islands and Japan), or mountain systems (such as

According to one of these points of view, the bottom of the the Andes and Rocky Mountains in the western hemisphere.

oceans represents primary basalt from the earth's crust, and the Along the edges and borders of plate divergence and continents were formed later as a result of the accumulation of convergence, because of the active tectonic processes beneath very great thicknesses of sedimentary rocks which were them, high seismicity and intensive volcanic activity occurs. The deposited in great, shallow ocean basins, which, because of the movement of the plates have resulted in continental drift, great weight, became compressed into folds, forming folded closing and opening of oceans, but the water of the ocean mountain systems. remained, flowing from one depression to another.

Another hypothesis assumes that modern ocean basins (or their What is the practical value of the study of these geological

parts) occurred in areas where earlier, huge continents partially processes? The knowledge of the history of the formation of the

collapsed, compressing these materials into the basins and Earth permits us to understand the formation of useful minerals

transforming them from "continental" into "oceanic" deposits, which have come to us from deep within the core of the Earth. By

during a cycle called "oceanisation." tracing the different continents and oceans, geological

There is another hypothesis which shows that the Earth has structures and borders of lithosphere plates, scientists can expanded over long periods, during which time, the area of the reconstruct their previously adjoining areas, and predict the bottom of the oceans between the continents began moving formation of petroleum and other exploitable minerals and ores. apart. The distance between these continents increased, and the They can also try to predict disastrous earthquakes and other water, earlier only the lower parts of continents, completely natural hazardous phenomena. flowed into the ocean basins.

The hypothesis of horizontal movements of lithospheric plates is the most widely accepted today. According to this hypothesis, the uppermost part of the Earth - the lithosphere - is joined by a number of adjacent, rigid plates, under which the effects of convection currents in the mantle cause these plates to move relative to one-another.

Where the plates diverge due to spreading, there is an upwelling of mantle material into the crust in the rifted area. As this hot mantle material (magma) rises, it cools and crystallises. As more magma upwells into the rift zone, it pushes the crystallised material upward and away from the rift zones, causing mid-ocean ridges to form. Moreover, the iron minerals in the magma 1.Direction of plate movement take the exact properties of the Earth's magnetic field at the time Intensity of plate movement: that these minerals crystallise, and are sometimes used in 2.At spreading 3.At subductiongeophysical measurements.

Main lithosphere plates

Continued from W38 e-mail this editor for a copy INTERNAL MECHANICS OF LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOVEMENT

The constant rise of mantle material (magma) along an axis of a mid - oceanic ridge causes divergence of lithosphere plates.

Collision of oceanic and continental plates. The subducting of an oceanic plate under a continental plate creates a deep trench adjacent to the continental coast and a great mountain range on land.

Down-drag of an oceanic plate in the mantle results in the formation of an volcanic island-arc system in the ocean and deep trench seaward of the island-arc.

1 Core

2 Earth's crust

3 Mid-ocean ridge

4 Convection currents

5 Island-arc

6 Trench

The arrows show the directions of movement of the lithosphere plates moved by convection currents in the mantle.

Information provided by HDNO: http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/ContactInfoForHDNO.html

...from pg1

Piracy updateThe IMB reports that the use of firearms, including rocket-propelled grenades, was particularly marked in the waters off Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden. Attacks in this region, and more recently in the Red Sea, made up half the incidents reported in the first six months of 2010 – with 100 attacks in 2010, including 27 hijackings.

The IMB notes that the incidence of piracy in the region has declined with the continuing presence of the multinational naval task force in the Gulf of Aden. The application of best management practices by vessels had also reduced the number of hijacks. The pirates have, however, moved further out into the Indian Ocean.

Meanwhile, pirate activity has grown in the South China Sea, where incidents off Malaysia and Indonesia more than doubled. Nigerian waters also continue to pose a threat, although the number of incidents in the first half of the year remained stable.

The IMB continues to urge that all incidents are reported to its Piracy Reporting Centre, not only to aid a response but also to ensure that governments allocate adequate resources to deal with the problem.

In the most recent incidents, two tankers came under attack in the Red Sea. On 8 July, an Iranian oil tanker escaped an attack by Somali pirates in the Bab el-Mandeb straits. The crew were assisted by a military helicopter from the naval taskforce. On the same night, the Italian-owned and flagged Peonia chemical tanker evaded capture in the Red Sea.

There have also been reports of a suspicious incident in the Caspian Sea. A cargo ship, the Ukrainian-managed, Iran-flagged Saman, was chased by four small craft on 8 July, who then abandoned an apparent attempted boarding. In other recent incidents reported to the Piracy Reporting Centre:>Nine pirates attempted to board a cargo vessel off Muri Island, Indonesia but abandoned their attempt after the alarm was raised and the vessel took evasive manoeuvres.

>Four robbers armed with knifes boarded a bulk carrier anchored in Chittagong, Bangladesh on 12 July, but escaped empty-handed after the alarm was raised.

>A small boat approached a container ship north of Bab el-Mandeb on 9 July but abandoned its approach after the ship increased speed, began evasive manoeuvres, and activated fire hoses and searchlights.

>Two boats approached a bulk carrier in the Red Sea on 9 July, later joined by three more boats. The captain took evasive manoeuvres, raised the alarm and fired rocket flares before the

boats abandoned the attempted attack. All attacks and suspicious sightings should be reported to the IMB Piracy Reporting Centre, Tel: +603 2031 0014 (24 hours), Email: imbkl@icc-ccs.org

I wish You enoughI wish You enoughI wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright no matter how grey the day may appear.

I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun even more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive and everlasting.

I wish you enough pain so that even the smallest of joys in life may appear bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting.

I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish you enough hellos to get you through the final good-bye.

They say it takes a minute to find a special person, an hour to appreciate them, a day to love them but then an entire life to forget them. Ed.

- pg 13 -

We love nature... from every little bug on a inside it in the morning. Then they're released unharmed.blade of grass to birds, butterflies, otters and Onto the moths. This is the aforementioned 'elephant' - an oaks! elephant hawk moth, that is! With that garish colouring, it

certainly won't win any prizes for camouflage. Perhaps it doesn't taste very good, so the brightness is to deter predators?

This big fella is a privet hawk moth. One night we had 11 of these big beasts in the trap - it's amazing there was room for

Ever wondered what goes on in your garden at anything else! Despite their size - they have a wingspan of up night? Perhaps you sometimes hear an owl, or to 12 cm! - all the hawk moths seem pretty friendly and docile. see a hedgehog shuffling its way across your They perch on your finger quite happily.lawn. If you're lucky, you might see badgers (last

In the moth world, you don't have to be big to be impressive. year's Make Your Nature Count survey found 10 Though it's much smaller than the hawk moths, this little % of people do!).beautiful golden y is one of my favourites. It has lovely

People like to think they are fairly familiar with intricate markings.what goes on within its boundaries during the day.

One of the things that fascinates about these moths is that But what goes on under cover of darkness? they're mostly active in the dark! Not quite sure of the

To find out, RSPB has been dabbling in the world purpose of all the bright colours, beautiful markings and of moths. Mention moths to many people and fancy shapes. People enjoy seeing them. You've got to smile they might well say 'Moths? They eat clothes!' when you see a fluffy, big-nosed creature like this male Well, yes, the larvae of clothes moths do eat drinker.some clothes, but they're much less common

Starting to love the weird, wonderful world of moths? They these days because we wear less wool and fur. have some splendid names: there's the leopard moth, the We don't keep our clothes in the garden, so moths ruby tiger, the large emerald, the bright-line brown-eye and are very welcome there. the brown-line bright-eye. (Hmm. Not sure about those last

In fact, a garden with lots of moths shows a two)healthy environment. And let us not forget that

The good news is that none of these species is rare. Though many birds eat moths, and their caterpillars are they look exotic in their different ways, they'll be in many of crucial for feeding young chicks in spring and your gardens too. Why not spend some time looking for summer. All those green caterpillars in the beaks them? You don't need a special moth trap; you could try of your local blue-tits have to come from leaving an outside light on. Or put a white sheet on the somewhere.ground, and place a bright torch on top of it. You can even

Using a special bit of kit - a 'moth trap' – members make wine-based concoctions to attract some moths! Lots of have been able to find out which moths are RSPB nature reserves run moth-trapping events too. lurking in and around their garden. The trap is

We need to find out more about our moth populations, so you basically a wooden box with a bright light on the can help conserve them by sending in what you've seen to top. A sloping lid of clear plastic means that moths Moths Count.which are attracted by the light can't easily find

their way out again, and by stacking empty egg But as to why moths fly towards light, it seems nobody really boxes inside for them to hide under. The bulb is knows!left on overnight and one goes and checks what's Tags moths wildlife gardening moth trapping

Do elephants rampage through your garden at night?

Notes on Nature

(Compliments RSPB)

11

2

2

33

4

4

Speed limits are arbitrary figures, given (Humour – ruomuH) only as a guideline. They are especially not

applicable in some countries during rush Now that the summer vacations are on hour. That's why it's called 'rush hour'....the…way, tourists & business travellers the world over are given below some tips (not! to Just because you're in the left (right, for follow) whilst driving their vehicle on foreign some countries) lane and have no room to country roads. Obviously a widely read speed up or move over doesn't mean that a bulletin, as 'Wavelength', should not recall local driver flashing his high beams behind countries' names. you doesn't think he can go faster in your

spot.Never indicate - this will give away your

next move. A real local driver never uses Always slow down and rubberneck when them. you see an accident or even someone

changing a tyre. Never stop to help - you will Under no circumstance should you leave a be mugged.

safe distance between you and the car in front of you; this space will be filled by at Learn to swerve abruptly. Many countries least 2 taxis and a BMW, putting you in an are the home of the high-speed slalom even more dangerous driving thanks to the government, which puts situation. Tail-gating is a national sport! holes in key locations to test drivers' reflexes

and keeps them on their toes.The faster you drive through a red light,

the smaller the chance you have of getting It is traditional to hoot at cars that don't hit. move the instant the light turns green. This

prevents storks from building nests on top Never, ever come to a complete stop at a of the traffic light and birds from making

stop sign. No one expects it and it will only deposits on your car.result in you being rear-ended.

Remember that the goal of every local Braking is to be done as hard and late as driver is to get there first, by whatever means

possible to ensure that your ABS kicks in, necessary.giving you a nice, relaxing foot massage as the brake pedal pulsates. For those of you On average, at least three cars can still without ABS, it's a chance to stretch your go through an intersection after the light has legs. turned red. It's people not adhering to this

basic principle that causes the big traffic Never overtake on the outer lane when jams during rush hour.

you can pass on the inner. It's a good way to check if the people entering the highway are Enjoy your holiday with prudent driving; awake. your…company is eagerly awaiting your safe

return. Ed.

7.

8.

1. 9.

2.

10.

3. 11.

4.

12.5.

13.

6.

Car Driving – International Licence

every idea that is offered by any people will simply keep their overlooked; provide the insight of member of the group. There are ideas to themselves. The a fresh perspective to an expert; some simple ideas for working recorder or facilitator stress force the examination of good creatively in groups. before the brainstorming begins ideas that have powerful foes; or

that there will be no criticism of allow interesting, but ultimately The key to successful brain- ideas during the brainstorming, unsuitable ideas to be raised and storming is to withhold criticism but in most cases, someone will rejected in an equitable and until the group has exhausted its ignore this prohibition a few public manner.creativity. Criticism can be very minutes after the brainstorming difficult to resist, especially when begins. After the uncritical brainstorming, water experts brainstorm with participants should eliminate stakeholders, because many of As soon as that happens, the redundant ideas, and then use the ideas stakeholders provide facilitator or recorder must preliminary screening criteria to will have technical flaws, and the quickly stop the criticism and reduce the number of alter-

Brainstorming is a process which ideas experts provide may not repeat the prohibition or the natives.The remaining alter-has been used extensively in address the real problems of brainstorming effort will be a natives can then be organized if value engineering and other stakeholders. waste of time. that serves a purpose. The use of areas where innovative alterna- 8" x 11" paper rather than flip tives must be found. But criticism at this point will kill Encouraging all participants to charts allows participants to

creativity. In order to avoid the freely offer solutions achieves group ideas before having to It is best done in small groups led embar rassment o f be ing many ends: it can allay fears that agree on category names.by a recorder who simply lists criticized in front of a group, possible solutions have been

Funny though True(Compliments Cargo.Law.com)

Truck on fire? Forget Calling 911...

Brown of Carlton just drove a few more blocks to the McMinnville (Oregon) Fire Station when smoke started to billow from under the hood of his pickup. McMinnville Fire Marshal Eric McMullen said a fire fighter who'd been outside May 9 morning washing an ambulance rushed inside to get help. Fire fighters opened the hood and found flames licking around the engine. They quickly grabbed a hose and put out the fire. McMullen said the crew was happy to be able to help without leaving the station. And he adds, "We were joking today about our new drive-up service.”

Imitation Pilot ...

A maintenance engineer became a Boeing 737 pilot by flying a few nights in a flight simulator and printing a fake airliner pilot license. Amazingly enough, he flew passengers for thirteen years without any incidents. Thirteen years of back and forth from Sweden to everywhere else in Europe. Nobody noticed until a couple of months ago, when 'A. Salme' was caught by the police in March as he was getting ready for take off. He was in the cockpit of a Corendon Air Boeing 737, with 101 passengers at Amsterdam's Schipol airport. He admits that it was all a crazy idea: "I got the crackpot idea to apply as a co-pilot at a real airline so I made myself a Swedish flying permit with a logo out of regular white paper. It wasn't laminated, and looked like something I'd made at home. It was surprisingly easy. The documents look different everywhere in Europe. An Italian airline doesn't know what a Swedish licence looks like. And you can forge all the IDs you need. I'd train there for two or three hours at a time—at least 15 to 20 times over one and a half years." Despite putting the lives of thousands at risk, Salme only got fined a couple thousand dollars this month and was banned from flying for a year.

Warning #1. Brainstorming can be the planning process, brain- another questionnaire if needed to used to assemble a collective storming with stakeholders is a experts to use their knowledge to clarify or resolve disputes among response better than the best ideas valuable supplement to review of explain why some ideas should not the experts, or to address new of any participant. But if none of the prev ious repor ts on water be studied further. issues suggested by the previous participants know much about a resources problems in the basin. round of responses. subject, the collective answer will A Delphi process can accomplish also be uninformed. Unfortunately, Warning #3. Brainstorming with some of the same purposes over a it has become much more common stakeholders alone will not longer period of time, but without a to see brainstorming used in this guarantee solutions that are physical meeting. In a Delphi way. technically adequate. process, experts are asked to

respond to a series of question-Warning #2. Brainstorming with Stakeholders should be encoura- naires about problems or solutions. agency staff alone is not sufficient ged to express their ideas for to identify stakeholders' needs. alternatives, but the preliminary A central analyst reviews their Especially during the first step of screening process should allow answers, and then develops

Message from DPA:

"Please do not think for a minute that brainstorming is just a fancy word. You already use it every day as part of your Risk Assessment process. Please think of ways to implement the guidelines herein in your RAs."

Rules for Brainstorming

:)

- pg 13 -

We love nature... from every little bug on a inside it in the morning. Then they're released unharmed.blade of grass to birds, butterflies, otters and Onto the moths. This is the aforementioned 'elephant' - an oaks! elephant hawk moth, that is! With that garish colouring, it

certainly won't win any prizes for camouflage. Perhaps it doesn't taste very good, so the brightness is to deter predators?

This big fella is a privet hawk moth. One night we had 11 of these big beasts in the trap - it's amazing there was room for

Ever wondered what goes on in your garden at anything else! Despite their size - they have a wingspan of up night? Perhaps you sometimes hear an owl, or to 12 cm! - all the hawk moths seem pretty friendly and docile. see a hedgehog shuffling its way across your They perch on your finger quite happily.lawn. If you're lucky, you might see badgers (last

In the moth world, you don't have to be big to be impressive. year's Make Your Nature Count survey found 10 Though it's much smaller than the hawk moths, this little % of people do!).beautiful golden y is one of my favourites. It has lovely

People like to think they are fairly familiar with intricate markings.what goes on within its boundaries during the day.

One of the things that fascinates about these moths is that But what goes on under cover of darkness? they're mostly active in the dark! Not quite sure of the

To find out, RSPB has been dabbling in the world purpose of all the bright colours, beautiful markings and of moths. Mention moths to many people and fancy shapes. People enjoy seeing them. You've got to smile they might well say 'Moths? They eat clothes!' when you see a fluffy, big-nosed creature like this male Well, yes, the larvae of clothes moths do eat drinker.some clothes, but they're much less common

Starting to love the weird, wonderful world of moths? They these days because we wear less wool and fur. have some splendid names: there's the leopard moth, the We don't keep our clothes in the garden, so moths ruby tiger, the large emerald, the bright-line brown-eye and are very welcome there. the brown-line bright-eye. (Hmm. Not sure about those last

In fact, a garden with lots of moths shows a two)healthy environment. And let us not forget that

The good news is that none of these species is rare. Though many birds eat moths, and their caterpillars are they look exotic in their different ways, they'll be in many of crucial for feeding young chicks in spring and your gardens too. Why not spend some time looking for summer. All those green caterpillars in the beaks them? You don't need a special moth trap; you could try of your local blue-tits have to come from leaving an outside light on. Or put a white sheet on the somewhere.ground, and place a bright torch on top of it. You can even

Using a special bit of kit - a 'moth trap' – members make wine-based concoctions to attract some moths! Lots of have been able to find out which moths are RSPB nature reserves run moth-trapping events too. lurking in and around their garden. The trap is

We need to find out more about our moth populations, so you basically a wooden box with a bright light on the can help conserve them by sending in what you've seen to top. A sloping lid of clear plastic means that moths Moths Count.which are attracted by the light can't easily find

their way out again, and by stacking empty egg But as to why moths fly towards light, it seems nobody really boxes inside for them to hide under. The bulb is knows!left on overnight and one goes and checks what's Tags moths wildlife gardening moth trapping

Do elephants rampage through your garden at night?

Notes on Nature

(Compliments RSPB)

11

2

2

33

4

4

Speed limits are arbitrary figures, given (Humour – ruomuH) only as a guideline. They are especially not

applicable in some countries during rush Now that the summer vacations are on hour. That's why it's called 'rush hour'....the…way, tourists & business travellers the world over are given below some tips (not! to Just because you're in the left (right, for follow) whilst driving their vehicle on foreign some countries) lane and have no room to country roads. Obviously a widely read speed up or move over doesn't mean that a bulletin, as 'Wavelength', should not recall local driver flashing his high beams behind countries' names. you doesn't think he can go faster in your

spot.Never indicate - this will give away your

next move. A real local driver never uses Always slow down and rubberneck when them. you see an accident or even someone

changing a tyre. Never stop to help - you will Under no circumstance should you leave a be mugged.

safe distance between you and the car in front of you; this space will be filled by at Learn to swerve abruptly. Many countries least 2 taxis and a BMW, putting you in an are the home of the high-speed slalom even more dangerous driving thanks to the government, which puts situation. Tail-gating is a national sport! holes in key locations to test drivers' reflexes

and keeps them on their toes.The faster you drive through a red light,

the smaller the chance you have of getting It is traditional to hoot at cars that don't hit. move the instant the light turns green. This

prevents storks from building nests on top Never, ever come to a complete stop at a of the traffic light and birds from making

stop sign. No one expects it and it will only deposits on your car.result in you being rear-ended.

Remember that the goal of every local Braking is to be done as hard and late as driver is to get there first, by whatever means

possible to ensure that your ABS kicks in, necessary.giving you a nice, relaxing foot massage as the brake pedal pulsates. For those of you On average, at least three cars can still without ABS, it's a chance to stretch your go through an intersection after the light has legs. turned red. It's people not adhering to this

basic principle that causes the big traffic Never overtake on the outer lane when jams during rush hour.

you can pass on the inner. It's a good way to check if the people entering the highway are Enjoy your holiday with prudent driving; awake. your…company is eagerly awaiting your safe

return. Ed.

7.

8.

1. 9.

2.

10.

3. 11.

4.

12.5.

13.

6.

Car Driving – International Licence

every idea that is offered by any people will simply keep their overlooked; provide the insight of member of the group. There are ideas to themselves. The a fresh perspective to an expert; some simple ideas for working recorder or facilitator stress force the examination of good creatively in groups. before the brainstorming begins ideas that have powerful foes; or

that there will be no criticism of allow interesting, but ultimately The key to successful brain- ideas during the brainstorming, unsuitable ideas to be raised and storming is to withhold criticism but in most cases, someone will rejected in an equitable and until the group has exhausted its ignore this prohibition a few public manner.creativity. Criticism can be very minutes after the brainstorming difficult to resist, especially when begins. After the uncritical brainstorming, water experts brainstorm with participants should eliminate stakeholders, because many of As soon as that happens, the redundant ideas, and then use the ideas stakeholders provide facilitator or recorder must preliminary screening criteria to will have technical flaws, and the quickly stop the criticism and reduce the number of alter-

Brainstorming is a process which ideas experts provide may not repeat the prohibition or the natives.The remaining alter-has been used extensively in address the real problems of brainstorming effort will be a natives can then be organized if value engineering and other stakeholders. waste of time. that serves a purpose. The use of areas where innovative alterna- 8" x 11" paper rather than flip tives must be found. But criticism at this point will kill Encouraging all participants to charts allows participants to

creativity. In order to avoid the freely offer solutions achieves group ideas before having to It is best done in small groups led embar rassment o f be ing many ends: it can allay fears that agree on category names.by a recorder who simply lists criticized in front of a group, possible solutions have been

Funny though True(Compliments Cargo.Law.com)

Truck on fire? Forget Calling 911...

Brown of Carlton just drove a few more blocks to the McMinnville (Oregon) Fire Station when smoke started to billow from under the hood of his pickup. McMinnville Fire Marshal Eric McMullen said a fire fighter who'd been outside May 9 morning washing an ambulance rushed inside to get help. Fire fighters opened the hood and found flames licking around the engine. They quickly grabbed a hose and put out the fire. McMullen said the crew was happy to be able to help without leaving the station. And he adds, "We were joking today about our new drive-up service.”

Imitation Pilot ...

A maintenance engineer became a Boeing 737 pilot by flying a few nights in a flight simulator and printing a fake airliner pilot license. Amazingly enough, he flew passengers for thirteen years without any incidents. Thirteen years of back and forth from Sweden to everywhere else in Europe. Nobody noticed until a couple of months ago, when 'A. Salme' was caught by the police in March as he was getting ready for take off. He was in the cockpit of a Corendon Air Boeing 737, with 101 passengers at Amsterdam's Schipol airport. He admits that it was all a crazy idea: "I got the crackpot idea to apply as a co-pilot at a real airline so I made myself a Swedish flying permit with a logo out of regular white paper. It wasn't laminated, and looked like something I'd made at home. It was surprisingly easy. The documents look different everywhere in Europe. An Italian airline doesn't know what a Swedish licence looks like. And you can forge all the IDs you need. I'd train there for two or three hours at a time—at least 15 to 20 times over one and a half years." Despite putting the lives of thousands at risk, Salme only got fined a couple thousand dollars this month and was banned from flying for a year.

Warning #1. Brainstorming can be the planning process, brain- another questionnaire if needed to used to assemble a collective storming with stakeholders is a experts to use their knowledge to clarify or resolve disputes among response better than the best ideas valuable supplement to review of explain why some ideas should not the experts, or to address new of any participant. But if none of the prev ious repor ts on water be studied further. issues suggested by the previous participants know much about a resources problems in the basin. round of responses. subject, the collective answer will A Delphi process can accomplish also be uninformed. Unfortunately, Warning #3. Brainstorming with some of the same purposes over a it has become much more common stakeholders alone will not longer period of time, but without a to see brainstorming used in this guarantee solutions that are physical meeting. In a Delphi way. technically adequate. process, experts are asked to

respond to a series of question-Warning #2. Brainstorming with Stakeholders should be encoura- naires about problems or solutions. agency staff alone is not sufficient ged to express their ideas for to identify stakeholders' needs. alternatives, but the preliminary A central analyst reviews their Especially during the first step of screening process should allow answers, and then develops

Message from DPA:

"Please do not think for a minute that brainstorming is just a fancy word. You already use it every day as part of your Risk Assessment process. Please think of ways to implement the guidelines herein in your RAs."

Rules for Brainstorming

:)

Drowning in paperwork

He should know. Capt Chawla runs assurance for one of the world's largest ship managers. During his speech he featured Lloyds List Comment (excerpts)slide of a hapless master juggling an impossible array of small, Thursday 13 May 2010distracting, but necessary tasks, including paperwork regarding everything from SOx and NOx compliance, port state control IT IS hard to pin down how fatigue ballast water compliance schemes, and the owner's cost cutting affects safety, because of the initiatives. accumulative effect that weariness has

on alertness and judgment. These distractions collude to keep senior officers from their key operational roles. Capt Chawla suggested the reintroduction of Who is to say that an error in navigation is definitively pursers and administrative officers on ships to tackle some of this incompetence or fatigue? In our world of quantified management mountain of paperwork. any condition without a number becomes suspect to land-based

bean counters.The strain on seafarers has reached an unacceptable level. Any upward revision of crewing scales should take into account that Fatigue then becomes a grey area connected with the the crewing shortage is probably worse than the current numbers unforgiving economics of modern crewing. At what minimum indicate. level will a crew be able to function effectively before errors begin

to threaten a voyage? The Japan International Transport Institute estimates that there Reminding us that this issue is far more than a matter of fine-will be a 3.5% shortage of officers and ratings by 2015 equalling tuning operating costs, Pradeep Chawla, Hong Kong-based 15,796 officers and 671,946 ratings. By 2020 the figures will more director of quality and assurance and training at Anglo-Eastern, than double in each case to a 7.2% shortage. the ship manager, has called for minimum crewing scales to be

revised upward. These numbers, starting from what appears to be a shortage today, could well be underestimated, depending on how the recovery and the industry's demand profile proceeds.

All of this makes Capt Chawla's call powerful, timely advice.Capt Chawla said, speaking at a conference.

“The manning scales have not looked deeply enough into the consequences of watch-keeping and safety standards on board.”

“Seafarers have been burdened with many new tasks over the last two decades,”

How Dogs are Better Than Women

How Dogs and Men Are Alike

How Dogs Are Better Than Men

1. Dogs understand that instincts are better than asking for directions.

2. Dogs don't hate their bodies.1. Both keep moving, even when they are 3. Dogs don't criticise.

lost. 4. Dogs never expect gifts.2. Both take up too much space on the bed. 5. Dogs don't want to know about every 3. Both have irrational fears about the other dog you've ever had.

vacuum cleaner. 6. Dogs don't let a magazine article guide 4. Both are threatened by their own kind their lives.5. Neither understands what people see in 7. Dogs love it when your friends come

cats. over.6. Both want dominance. 8. The later you are coming home, the 7. Both do the dishes by licking them clean. more excited they are to see you.8. Both chase cars. 9. Dogs don't notice if you call them by 9. The larger ones tend to drool. another dog's name.10.The smaller ones tend to be more 10.A dog's parents never visit

nervous.

1. Dogs don't have problems expressing affection in public.

2. Dogs miss you when you are gone.3. You can train a dog.4. Dogs are very direct about wanting to go

out.5. Dogs understand what "NO!" means.6. Dogs mean it when they kiss you.7. When dogs play "fetch," they don't laugh

at how you throw.8. Dogs are colour-blind.9. Dogs understand if some of their friends

aren't allowed to come inside.

QUOTATIONS

ROT FN INEC

ROT FN INEC

EMENG TA IN NA CM .

EMENG TA IN NA CM .

- pg 15-

! “The dogmas of the quiet past

are inadequate to the stormy

present. The occasion is piled

high with difficulty, and we must

rise with the occasion. As our

case is new, so we must think

anew and act anew.”

Abraham Lincoln

! The surest way to corrupt a

young man is to teach him to

esteem more highly those who

think alike than those who think

differently. Nietzsche

! The illiterate of the 21st century

will not be those who cannot

read and write, but those who

cannot learn, unlearn, and

relearn. Alvin Toffler

! Writing, the art of communicating

thoughts to the mind through the

eye, is the great invention of the

world ... enabling us to converse

with the dead, the absent, and

the unborn, at all distances of

time and space.

Abe Lincoln, from a lecture

before the Springfield Library

Association, 22 February 1860

! I keep six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I knew);

Their names are What and Why

and When And How and Where

and Who.

(Rudyard Kipling, from "The

Elephant's Child" in Just So

Stories)

[Ed. - answering those six

questions is often a good place

to begin]

! Not everything that can be

counted counts and not

everything that counts can be

counted.

Albert Einstein

! If a man will begin with

certainties, he shall end in

doubts.

But if he will be content to begin

with doubts he shall end in

certainties.

Francis Bacon

(Compliments Maritime Advocate Online)

Dogs Compared Contrasted+

Leadership Skills"The law of service: He who wishes to live long must serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long."

- Hesse, "Journey to the East”

1. Listening

4. Awareness

2. Empathy

3. Healing5. Persuasion

Ten Principles of Servant-Leadership

Though they are by no means exhaustive, however, they do serve to communicate the power and promise that this concept offers:

Traditionally, leaders have been valued for their communication and decision making skills. Servant-leaders must reinforce these important skills by making a deep commitment to listening intently to others. Servant-leaders seek to identify and clarify the will of a who is being served and led if, implicit group. They seek to listen receptively to in the contact between the servant-what is being and said (and not said). leader and led is the understanding that Listening also encompasses getting in the search for wholeness is something touch with one's inner voice, and that they have.”seeking to understand what one's body, spirit, and mind are communicating.

General awareness, and especially self-awareness, strengthens the servant-

Servant-leaders strive to understand leader.and empathise with others. People need Making a commitment to foster to be accepted and recognised for their awareness can be scary--one never special and unique spirit. One must knows that one may discover! As assume the good intentions of co- Greenleaf observed, "Awareness is not workers and not reject them as people, a giver of solace - it's just the opposite. even when forced to reject their It disturbed. They are not seekers of behaviour or performance. solace. They have their own inner

security.”

Learning to heal is a powerful force for transformation and integration. One of Servant-leaders rely on persuasion, the great strengths of servant- rather than positional authority in leadership is the potential for healing making decisions. Servant-leaders seek

Here are 10 characteristics that have one's self and others. In "The Servant to convince others, rather than coercebeen identified as being critical to the as Leader", Greenleaf writes, "There is compliance. This particular element development of servant-leaders. something subtle communicated to one offers one of the clearest distinctions

between the traditional authoritarian and trustees all play significance roles in model and that of servant-leadership. holding their institutions in trust for the The servant leader is effective at building great good of society.consensus within groups.

Servant-leaders seek to nurture their Servant-leaders believe that people have abilities to "dream great dreams." The an intrinsic value beyond their tangible ability to look at a problem (or an contributions as workers. As such, organization) from a conceptualising Servant-leaders are deeply committed to perspective means that one must think a personal, professional, and spiritual beyond day-to-day realities. Servant- growth of each and every individual leaders must seek a delicate balance within the organisation.between conceptualisation and day-to-day focus.

Servant-leaders are aware that the shift from local communities to large

Foresight is a characteristic that enables institutions as the primary shaper of servant-leaders to understand lessons human lives has changed our perceptions from the past, the realities of the and caused a sense of loss. Servant-present, and the likely consequence of a leaders seek to identify a means for decision in the future. It is deeply rooted building community among those who in the intuitive mind. work within a given institution.

http://www.butler.edu/studentlife/hamptRobert Greenleaf's view of all institutions on/principles.htm#top#topwas one in which CEO's, staff, directors,

9. Commitment to the Growth of 6. Conceptualisation People

10. Building Community

7. Foresight

8. Stewardship

:)

Drowning in paperwork

He should know. Capt Chawla runs assurance for one of the world's largest ship managers. During his speech he featured Lloyds List Comment (excerpts)slide of a hapless master juggling an impossible array of small, Thursday 13 May 2010distracting, but necessary tasks, including paperwork regarding everything from SOx and NOx compliance, port state control IT IS hard to pin down how fatigue ballast water compliance schemes, and the owner's cost cutting affects safety, because of the initiatives. accumulative effect that weariness has

on alertness and judgment. These distractions collude to keep senior officers from their key operational roles. Capt Chawla suggested the reintroduction of Who is to say that an error in navigation is definitively pursers and administrative officers on ships to tackle some of this incompetence or fatigue? In our world of quantified management mountain of paperwork. any condition without a number becomes suspect to land-based

bean counters.The strain on seafarers has reached an unacceptable level. Any upward revision of crewing scales should take into account that Fatigue then becomes a grey area connected with the the crewing shortage is probably worse than the current numbers unforgiving economics of modern crewing. At what minimum indicate. level will a crew be able to function effectively before errors begin

to threaten a voyage? The Japan International Transport Institute estimates that there Reminding us that this issue is far more than a matter of fine-will be a 3.5% shortage of officers and ratings by 2015 equalling tuning operating costs, Pradeep Chawla, Hong Kong-based 15,796 officers and 671,946 ratings. By 2020 the figures will more director of quality and assurance and training at Anglo-Eastern, than double in each case to a 7.2% shortage. the ship manager, has called for minimum crewing scales to be

revised upward. These numbers, starting from what appears to be a shortage today, could well be underestimated, depending on how the recovery and the industry's demand profile proceeds.

All of this makes Capt Chawla's call powerful, timely advice.Capt Chawla said, speaking at a conference.

“The manning scales have not looked deeply enough into the consequences of watch-keeping and safety standards on board.”

“Seafarers have been burdened with many new tasks over the last two decades,”

How Dogs are Better Than Women

How Dogs and Men Are Alike

How Dogs Are Better Than Men

1. Dogs understand that instincts are better than asking for directions.

2. Dogs don't hate their bodies.1. Both keep moving, even when they are 3. Dogs don't criticise.

lost. 4. Dogs never expect gifts.2. Both take up too much space on the bed. 5. Dogs don't want to know about every 3. Both have irrational fears about the other dog you've ever had.

vacuum cleaner. 6. Dogs don't let a magazine article guide 4. Both are threatened by their own kind their lives.5. Neither understands what people see in 7. Dogs love it when your friends come

cats. over.6. Both want dominance. 8. The later you are coming home, the 7. Both do the dishes by licking them clean. more excited they are to see you.8. Both chase cars. 9. Dogs don't notice if you call them by 9. The larger ones tend to drool. another dog's name.10.The smaller ones tend to be more 10.A dog's parents never visit

nervous.

1. Dogs don't have problems expressing affection in public.

2. Dogs miss you when you are gone.3. You can train a dog.4. Dogs are very direct about wanting to go

out.5. Dogs understand what "NO!" means.6. Dogs mean it when they kiss you.7. When dogs play "fetch," they don't laugh

at how you throw.8. Dogs are colour-blind.9. Dogs understand if some of their friends

aren't allowed to come inside.

QUOTATIONS

ROT FN INEC

ROT FN INEC

EMENG TA IN NA CM .

EMENG TA IN NA CM .

- pg 15-

! “The dogmas of the quiet past

are inadequate to the stormy

present. The occasion is piled

high with difficulty, and we must

rise with the occasion. As our

case is new, so we must think

anew and act anew.”

Abraham Lincoln

! The surest way to corrupt a

young man is to teach him to

esteem more highly those who

think alike than those who think

differently. Nietzsche

! The illiterate of the 21st century

will not be those who cannot

read and write, but those who

cannot learn, unlearn, and

relearn. Alvin Toffler

! Writing, the art of communicating

thoughts to the mind through the

eye, is the great invention of the

world ... enabling us to converse

with the dead, the absent, and

the unborn, at all distances of

time and space.

Abe Lincoln, from a lecture

before the Springfield Library

Association, 22 February 1860

! I keep six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I knew);

Their names are What and Why

and When And How and Where

and Who.

(Rudyard Kipling, from "The

Elephant's Child" in Just So

Stories)

[Ed. - answering those six

questions is often a good place

to begin]

! Not everything that can be

counted counts and not

everything that counts can be

counted.

Albert Einstein

! If a man will begin with

certainties, he shall end in

doubts.

But if he will be content to begin

with doubts he shall end in

certainties.

Francis Bacon

(Compliments Maritime Advocate Online)

Dogs Compared Contrasted+

Leadership Skills"The law of service: He who wishes to live long must serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long."

- Hesse, "Journey to the East”

1. Listening

4. Awareness

2. Empathy

3. Healing5. Persuasion

Ten Principles of Servant-Leadership

Though they are by no means exhaustive, however, they do serve to communicate the power and promise that this concept offers:

Traditionally, leaders have been valued for their communication and decision making skills. Servant-leaders must reinforce these important skills by making a deep commitment to listening intently to others. Servant-leaders seek to identify and clarify the will of a who is being served and led if, implicit group. They seek to listen receptively to in the contact between the servant-what is being and said (and not said). leader and led is the understanding that Listening also encompasses getting in the search for wholeness is something touch with one's inner voice, and that they have.”seeking to understand what one's body, spirit, and mind are communicating.

General awareness, and especially self-awareness, strengthens the servant-

Servant-leaders strive to understand leader.and empathise with others. People need Making a commitment to foster to be accepted and recognised for their awareness can be scary--one never special and unique spirit. One must knows that one may discover! As assume the good intentions of co- Greenleaf observed, "Awareness is not workers and not reject them as people, a giver of solace - it's just the opposite. even when forced to reject their It disturbed. They are not seekers of behaviour or performance. solace. They have their own inner

security.”

Learning to heal is a powerful force for transformation and integration. One of Servant-leaders rely on persuasion, the great strengths of servant- rather than positional authority in leadership is the potential for healing making decisions. Servant-leaders seek

Here are 10 characteristics that have one's self and others. In "The Servant to convince others, rather than coercebeen identified as being critical to the as Leader", Greenleaf writes, "There is compliance. This particular element development of servant-leaders. something subtle communicated to one offers one of the clearest distinctions

between the traditional authoritarian and trustees all play significance roles in model and that of servant-leadership. holding their institutions in trust for the The servant leader is effective at building great good of society.consensus within groups.

Servant-leaders seek to nurture their Servant-leaders believe that people have abilities to "dream great dreams." The an intrinsic value beyond their tangible ability to look at a problem (or an contributions as workers. As such, organization) from a conceptualising Servant-leaders are deeply committed to perspective means that one must think a personal, professional, and spiritual beyond day-to-day realities. Servant- growth of each and every individual leaders must seek a delicate balance within the organisation.between conceptualisation and day-to-day focus.

Servant-leaders are aware that the shift from local communities to large

Foresight is a characteristic that enables institutions as the primary shaper of servant-leaders to understand lessons human lives has changed our perceptions from the past, the realities of the and caused a sense of loss. Servant-present, and the likely consequence of a leaders seek to identify a means for decision in the future. It is deeply rooted building community among those who in the intuitive mind. work within a given institution.

http://www.butler.edu/studentlife/hamptRobert Greenleaf's view of all institutions on/principles.htm#top#topwas one in which CEO's, staff, directors,

9. Commitment to the Growth of 6. Conceptualisation People

10. Building Community

7. Foresight

8. Stewardship

:)

CENTRO-NEWS

ROT FN INEC

ROT FN INEC

ME ENG TA IN NA CM .

ME ENG TA IN NA C

M .

The Articles written and the Views expressed in this bulletin do not necessarily

reflect those of CENTROFIN and/or its members.

Queries to: wavelength@centrofin.gr

Disclaimer. The contents provided herewith are for general information

purposes only; not intended to replace or otherwise contradict the detailed instructions/procedures issued by the owners/managers, flag etc.

Editor: Cmdr Nicholas A. ILIOPOULOS - Master Mariner - Human Resources

Tel. . Email: ilioship@yahoo.com.sg

Comments. This editor welcomes readers' responses to all articles & Editorials.

Design-Production: www.paradox.com.gr Tel.+30.210.6560 574

+86.1347.8526 865Wavelength

Confidence and AuthorityLeading for Safety

Crown Copyright www.mcga.gov.uk

It is self-evident that adequate knowledge

and experience are prerequisites for Without factual safety knowledge, leaders

effective leadership. In the context of safety cannot convince their crews that they are

leadership this means in particular: on top of safety issues and take it

seriously themselves.

Without people management skills, effective Good knowledge of safety-related

implementation of written safety regulations, regulations, codes and standards

codes and standards is very difficult. Experience and skills not only in

Research indicates that people technical and operational issues

management is an area for further but also in people management.

improvement in the maritime industry.

There is little dedicated formal

training in this area at present.

p

p

Why is it important?

3 Draw on knowledge and experience