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WALKING

SWIMMING

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FLYING

WITH DINOSAURS

BY EVA HERBERT

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Eva Herbert was born in 2003 in Sussex, England. Eva now lives in Asturias, Northern Spain with her Mummy, Daddy and cat Scaredy. Asturias has a jurassic coastline and from the age of 2 Eva has sought out dinosaur footprints. Eva’s long standing love of dinosaurs inspired her to write this, her first publication on the subject of paleontology. Eva dreams of becoming a paleontologist when she is older. Failing that she would like to be a dancer. In an ideal world she would like to be a dancing paleontologist.

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FLEKI PUBLICATIONS

Published by the Fleki Group (Spain)

First Edition Published 2012 Copyright © Eva Herbert 2012

Edited by Daniel Herbert

Set in Georgia and African

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Contents Walking Allosaurus 10 Coelopysis 12 Dacentrurus 14 Diplodocus 16 Iguanodon 18 Parasaurolophus 20 Spinosaurus 22 Tyrannosaurus 24

Swimming Megalodon 28 Ophthalmosaurus 30

Flying Pteranodon 34 Rhamphorhynchus 36

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Walking | Allosaurus Name Allosaurus Pronunciation AL-oh-SORE-us Meaning Diferent lizard Dietary Type Carnivore Height 5 m Length 12 m Weight 1800 kg Fossil Finds North America, Africa, Europe and Australia

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Walking | Allosaurus Allosaurus was a top predator with a huge head, sharp, serrated 5 cm teeth, short arms and three-fingered hands with claws that were up to 15 cm long. Allosaurus hunted in packs and they probably ate large, plant-eating dinosaurs like Stegosaurus. Allosaurs could kill medium-sized sauropods (or sick or injured large sauropods like Apatosaurus). An Apatosaurus vertebra was found with Allosaurus tooth marks on it. Allosaurus may also have been a scavenger. Like all theropods Allosaurus walked on two legs with its heavy tail stretched out behind for balance. Despite its size, Allosaurus is thought to have been a speedy hunter, running with long stride at up to 20 mph. Classification Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda Infraorder Tetanurae Micro-order Carnosauria Family Allosauridae

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Walking | Coelophysis Name Coelophysis Pronunciation SEE-low-FIE-sis Meaning Hollow form (thin and hollow bones) Dietary Type Carnivore Height 1.2 m Length 2.7 m Weight 35 kg Fossil Finds North America

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Walking | Coelophysis Coelophysis was a small, fast dinosaur that walked on two long legs. It had light, hollow bones (hence its name), a long, pointed head with dozens of small, sharp teeth, three clawed fingers on its hands, and a long neck. Coelophysis was a carnivore and probably lived and hunted in packs. Coelophysis' fossilized stomach remains have been found containing small reptiles, fish, and other Coelophysis bones of different sizes, indicating that it was a cannibal. Classification Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda Infraorder Ceratosauria Family Podokesauridae

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Walking | Dacentrurus

Name Dacentrurus Pronunciation dah-sen-TROO-russ Meaning Very sharp tail Dietary Type Herbivore Height 1.8 m Length 4.6 m Weight 1700 kg Fossil Finds Europe

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Walking | Dacentrurus Judging by its numerous fossil remains, which have been found all over western Europe, Dacentrurus appears to have been a larger-than-average stegosaur, with long, skinny front legs and a relatively low-to-the-ground build. Like other stegosaurs, it was probably a low browser, subsisting on mats of vegetation covering the forest floor It had paired triangular plates down its spine, with four pairs of huge spikes on the end of the tail. Unable to run from predators these spikes were a handy defence. Classification Order Ornithischia Suborder Thyreophora Infraorder Stegosauria Micro-order Carnosauria Family Stegosauridae

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Walking | Diplodocus

Name Diplodocus Pronunciation dih-PLOD-uh-kus Meaning Double beamed lizard Dietary Type Herbivore Height 9 m Length 27 m Weight 20,000 kg Fossil Finds North America

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Walking | Diplodocus The Diplodocus was a long-necked giant, measuring about 27 m. It was among the longest land animals ever. The Diplodocus was more lightly built than the other giant sauropods, and weighed about 20 tons. It's backbone had extra bones underneath it, a "double beam", for support and extra mobility of its neck and tail. Diplodocus lived in the late Jurassic Period, the time of the enormous sauropods, including the Apatosaurus and the Brachiosaurus. Sauropods lived for up to 100 years. Diplodocus was an herbivore. It must have eaten a tremendous amount of plants each day to sustain itself. It swallowed leaves whole, without chewing them, and may have swallowed stones to help digest this plant material. Diplodocus travelled in herds, moving on to pastures new when the local food supply was finished. The Diplodocus, as with other sauropods, had a very small brain, its intelligence was the among the lowest of the dinosaurs. Classification Order Saurischia Suborder Sauropodomorpha Infraorder Sauropoda Family Diplodocidae

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Walking | Iguanodon Name Iguanodon Pronunciation ig-WAN-oh -don Meaning Iguana tooth Dietary Type Herbivore Height 4 m Length 10 m Weight 4536 kg Fossil Finds Northern Africa, Northern Europe, Asia and

North America

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Walking | Iguanodon Iguanodon is one first dinosaurs to be named and described, the other two being Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus. It received its name from the fact that it had teeth resembling those of modern Iguana lizards, although much larger. Iguanodon sported a spiked thumb on each hand, and it is thought that the spike served as a weapon of defense. Several dozen specimens were discovered together in Belgium, suggesting that these dinosaurs traveled in herds. Foot prints of Iguanodon have been found from England to Spitzbergen to north of the Arctic Circle. Iguanodon could run on two legs or walk on four, it was a relatively fast dinosaur. Iguanodon was an herbivore. It probably nipped cycads and other prehistoric plants with its tough, toothed beak. It had no teeth in the front of its mouth, but had strong teeth in the side of its jaw which it used to grind up tough plant material. Classification Order Ornithischia Suborder Ornithopoda Infraorder Iguanodontia Family Iguanodontidae

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Walking | Parasaurolophus Name Parasaurolophus Pronunciation PAR-ah-saw-RAH-loh-fuss Meaning Like Crested Lizard Dietary Type Herbivore Height 4.9 m Length 10.1m Weight 3620 kg Fossil Finds North America

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Walking | Parasaurolophus Parasaurolophus was a duckbilled dinosaur. Parasaurolophus had a very distinctive crest that was used like a trumpet. Experiments have shown that Parasauralophus' crest produced a low B-flat sound similar to the sounds whales and elephants make when communicating to their own kind over long distances. Parasaurolophus was a herbivore. It would walk on four legs searching in the undergrowth for pine needles, leaves, and twigs but it could also reach up on two legs to eat from trees. Its sight and hearing were good, but it had no natural defenses. It would flee predators on two legs. Parasaurolophus lived and travelled in herds. Classification Order Ornithischia Suborder Ornithopoda Infraorder Iguanodontia Family Hadrosauridae

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Walking | Spinosaurus Name Spinosaurus Pronunciation SPY-nuh-SAWR-us Meaning Spine lizard Dietary Type Carnivore Height 4 m Length 12 m Weight 7700 kg Fossil Finds North Africa

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Walking | Spinosaurus Spinosaurus may be the largest of all known carnivorous dinosaurs, even larger than Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus. Recent estimates suggest that it was between 12 to 18 metres in length and 7 to 20 tonnes in weight. The story of this giant killing machine is a recent one. Although bones were found and described between 1912 and 1915 in Egypt, it's only in the last few years that a skeleton has been reconstructed. It would have been a formidable predator of North Africa's giant fish 100 million years ago. The long narrow skull is very similar to modern crocodiles and Spinosaurus lived and hunted in water and on land, as crocodiles do today. The most distinguishing feature of this enormous dinosaur were the 1.5m spines running along its back. They formed a sail that could have been used to regulate heat, to deter enemies or to attract potential mates. Spinosaurus was an advanced theropod, whose intelligence was high among the dinosaurs. Spinosaurus walked on two muscular legs and was a relatively fast, two-legged runner. It may have gone on all fours at times, given its relatively long arms. Classification Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda Infraorder Tetanurae Micro-order Carnosauria Family Spinosauridae

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Walking | Tyrannosaurus Name Tyrannosaurus Pronunciation tye-RAN-oh-SORE-us Meaning Tyrant lizard Dietary Type Carnivore Height 7 m Length 15 m Weight 5000 kg Fossil Finds North America and Mongolia

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Walking | Tyrannosaurus Tyrannosaurus was a huge meat eating dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 85 million to 65 million years ago. It lived in a humid, semi-tropical environment, in open forests with nearby rivers. The seasons were mild. Tyrannosaurus was a fierce predator that walked on two powerful legs. This meat eater had a huge head with large, pointed teeth and well-developed jaw muscles. It had tiny arms, each with two fingers. Each bird-like foot had three large toes, all equipped with claws. Tyrannosaurus had a slim, stiff, pointed tail that provided balance and allowed quick turns while running. Tyrannosaurus' neck was short and muscular. Its body was solidly built but its bones were hollow. Classification Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda Infraorder Tetanurae Micro-order Carnosauria Family Tyrannosauridae

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Swimming | Megalodon Name Megalodon Pronunciation MEG-a-la-don Meaning Giant Tooth Dietary Type Carnivore Length 16 m Weight 47,700 kg Fossil Finds Europe, India, Oceania, North and South America

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Swimming | Megalodon Megalodon was a huge ancient shark. It was at least two or three times as long as the Great White Shark, but this is only an estimate made from many fossilized teeth that have been found. These giant teeth are the size of a person's hand! No other parts of this ancient shark have been found, so we can only guess what it looked like. Since Megalodon's teeth are very similar to the teeth of the Great White Shark (but larger), it is thought that Megalodon may have looked like a much bigger version of the Great White Shark. Shark fossils are extremely rare because sharks have no bones, only cartilage, which does not fossilize well. Their teeth, however, are very hard. Their teeth are made of a bone-like material coated with hard enamel and they fossilize very well. Streamlined and muscular, Megalodon had jaws over 2 m wide. While Megalodon could eat whatever it chose, its favourite food was prehistoric whales. Most of this shark's hunting was in the open sea. It attacked its prey near the surface, when it came up for air. Megalodon could swim at high speed in short bursts so tended to rush its prey from beneath. Especially when tackling large species, it would first aim to disable its prey by injuring a flipper or the tail. Once unable to swim properly, the victim would be easy to finish off. Classification Order Lamniformes Family Disputed - Lamnidae or Otodontidae

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Swimming | Ophthalmosaurus Name Ophthalmosaurus Pronunciation Op-THAL-moh-SAW-rus Meaning Eye lizard Dietary Type Carnivore Length 5 m Weight 3000 kg Fossil Finds Europe and Argentina

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Swimming | Ophthalmosaurus Ophthalmosaurus wasn't technically a dinosaur, but an ichthyosaur- an ocean-dwelling lizard. Ophthalmosaurus had a graceful 6 m long dolphin-shaped body. Its almost toothless jaw was adapted for catching squid and fish. As you can guess from its name - eye lizard - what set Ophthalmosaurus apart from other ichthyosaurs were its eyes, which were hugely oversized (about 10 cm in diameter) compared to the rest of its body. Fossil evidence shows that the eyeballs were surrounded by a ring of bone, which would have given support against water pressure. The size of the eyes and the protective rings suggest that Ophthalmosaurus hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Classification Order Ichthyosauria Superfamily Ichthyosauroidea Family Ophthalmosauridae Genus Ophthalmosaurus

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Flying | Pteranodon Name Pteranodon Pronunciation ter-AN-o-DON Meaning Winged and toothless Dietary Type Carnivore Length 1.8 m Wingspan 7-10 m Weight 15-25 kg Fossil Finds North America and England

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Flying | Pteranodon Pteranodon was a flying reptile that lived during the time of the dinosaurs - it was not a dinosaur, but was a close relative of the dinosaurs. Pteranodon's wing-span is longer than that of any known bird. It had a crest on its head, no teeth at all, and a very short tail. Although they had no teeth, Pteranodons were carnivores. They ate fish (which they caught at the surface of the oceans), mollusks, crabs, insects, and scavenged dead animals on land. They may have hunted like modern-day pelicans, scooping fish out of the water and swallowing them whole. Pteranodons lived during the late Cretaceous period about 85-75 million years ago. Classification Order Pterosauria Suborder Pterodactyloidea Family Pteranodontidae Subfamily Pteranodontinae

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Flying | Rhamphorhynchus Name Rhamphorhynchus Pronunciation RAM-for-INK-us Meaning Beak snout Dietary Type Carnivore Height 1 m Wingspan 2 m Weight 20 kg Fossil Finds Europe, Tanzania

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Flying | Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus was a pterosaur. By definition, all dinosaurs were diapsid reptiles with an upright stance. Pterosaurs probably had a semi-upright stance, and were not dinosaurs. There is a small minority of paleontologists who think that the pterosaurs' stance could have been upright and that pterosaurs should therefore be classified as dinosaurs (being derived theropods). Either way, dinosaurs and pterosaurs are certainly closely related. Rhamphorhynchus flew well using large, light-weight wings. These were made of skin stretched between an elongated finger from its hand, down to its ankle. Its long tail with a diamond-shaped flap of skin at the end, like the tail of a kite, helped stabilize it in flight. Its tiny legs probably made Rhamphorhynchus a poor runner. They ate small sea creatures, fish and squid which they likely caught by skimming the surface of the water with their beaks. Classification Order Pterosauria Family Rhamphorhynchidae Subfamily Rhamphorhynchinae

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FLEKI PUBLICATIONS 2012

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Love dinosaurs? Eva Herbert does and she would like to share her interest with you. This book is filled with facts, figures and illustrations of some of the most interesting creatures to have walked, swam and flown the planet. U.K £4.99 Eurozone €5,90 Australia $8.95 (recommended) USA $7.95