war and dip

8/7/2019 War and Dip

1/27

War and Dip. In Middle East 9/8/2010 7:31:00 AM

Sept 10/10

y Middle East as Region- Geography:y Conflicts about land, water, culture identity, religion, history competing

versions- about politics and power, moral issues, justice, rights, nature of

war and peace- Everything that matters on both practical and emotionallevels- hot button issues

o Hard to be objectivey Middle east- Asia to Africa, Algeria to morocco, borders Russia, includes

Afghanistan and Pakistan- natural route for trade, conquest etc.

y Modern ideas emerging from this region.- not usually safe from outsidepressures or conquest.

y Association with desserts- Lebanon and Israel, have fertile plains-Afghanistan has mountains, Nile, river bed areas- but water generally in

short supply (cause of conflict)

y Climate: Hot, Dry- but does have some snow- diverse, against ourimages, largely hot, but must challenge image.-Egypt gets very little rain,

maybe 8 cm of rain a year. Iraq Temp- 48 degrees or higher, 10-18 cm of

rain- water supply as big issues.

y Cultural geography- Arab and Israeli discontent- 90% Muslim, but not allof them are Arab, half population speak Arabic- Iranians (Persians) wouldnot like it if you called them Arab (created as derogatory term.-

minorities exploited.

o Afghanistan- many minority groups- very diverseo Iran: 65% Persian, 3% Arab- mostly Muslim, but different types-

Farsi as main language

o Iraq: Shia and Suni Muslim- power struggleo Israel: Jewish and Arabs- Sabra, Ashkenazim, Sephardim, Druze-

Arabs living in Israel (align with Jewish pop. More)

o Lebanon:90% Arab, 6% Armanians- 50% Christian, 50% Muslim,but even Christian pop. Divided.

o VERY DIVERSE!! lots of minorities.y Water and oil.y Politics and religion intertwinedy Reacting to modernization


2/27

y Survey of key events in Past:o Imperial past- Roman Empire spent the most time- left three

legacies- 1. Cultural fusion, Roman empire was multicultural, idea

of nation without borders- influence Islamic thought, Arabnationalists. 2. Christianity: rival source- three religions- Christians,

Muslim and Jewish.- rebellions caused- romans shipped off Jewish

to Poland and Ukraine.- created homeless people that didnt forget

where their roots were.- wants to return to Zion.

o Romans created big mess that we still deal with todayo History is never forgotten.

y Sept 13y Fundamentals of Islamy What is Islam?- 3rd religion after Judaism and Christianity- rooted in

many of the same beliefs/teaches- emerged in western Arabia- reform of

existing faith practices

o Mohammed the prophet 610 AD- god speaking through angelGabriel.

o Submission to the will of God (Arab)- source of moral guidance toall peoples- specific rules and principals

y Principlesy The Five Pillars:

o Faith, worship, Fasting, Charity, Pilgrimagey Jihad- following in the will of gody No separation of church and state- Shari-Ahy Koran- holy book, book of law, and book of Mohammeds interpretationsy God is all knowing, goods will blah similarities to Christianityy Islamic Fundamentalism- quest for pure Islam

o Sins- worshipping other gods, disbelief/denial, Hypocracyy Understanding the Koran:

o Can be hard to understand- 114 chapters, meaning of phrases notvery clear-must follow five basic pillars to be saved, if not you will

be punished.- Jonah mentioned in several chapters.


3/27

Until recently many Muslims and not yet studied the Koran,they had been taught, but literacy was low- complicates

things because teacher can say what they please.

Must adapt to culture to create successful religion- EX: Sufismo Has not been re-written like the bible- written as poetry- Koran

deemed to be divine.

o Gods final revelation on judgment day- last chancey Critics- Ahmad Irn Hanbaly Islamic Fundamentalism- back to the basics

o Mohammed encountered opposition, moves about, creates a groupof believers (Unma)- recaptures Mecca later- Mohamed dies two

years later, had no successor- one of his disciples (Abubakr)

becomes the Calipah- killed two years later-Umar, Ali and two

others take over religion for years after- they were the one

launching Islam into larger world- spread out- did this in space of

about a century- dominated much of the middle east- golden age of

Islam.

o Achieved three things- united Arabic speaking peoples for the firsttime in history- Arabic as large language of Islam- Validated Jihad-

flowering of Arab culture

y Disagreement of who should succeed Mohammed- dynastic succession-naturally there was dispute.

o Sunni branch of faith- largest, they followed this way.- three of the4 were killed- anyone can be leader as long as they are elected.

o Minority saying NO! Must be Dynastic, have a descendant- this sectis called Shia- divided into smaller sects- 1. Ulema- interpret law

properly, exercise

o SPLIT IN FAITH basicallyy Crusades- European Christians to recapture holy lands, Muslims fought

them off, to this day poisoned relations between the two.

o Atmosphere of mis-trusto Faced with Mongals invasions as well- laid waste to important

places

o Ottomans re-expanding empire- mostly a secular empire.y Infidelsy personal struggle and sacrifice for islam.


4/27

y House of belief and house of unbelief. Specific chapters addressingbelievers- jihad

Sept 15- Zionism and the Great gamey Idea of a Jewish State- Jews deserve same privileges as other people-

definable group- emerges end of the 19th century- idea of nation state

(emerges century earlier)- nation where state embodies the people-

Zionism comes out of this tradition- why cant we have home land like

French or Germans etc.

o Jewish people deal with persecution at all times- get blamed formany problem- easy to pick them out

o State where all Jewish could live together would be great, therewould be much less persecution

y Theodore Herzl- journalist sent to France to cover Dreyfus Affair (Jewishofficer charged with treason because he was Jewish)- france was

supposed to be a haven for different ideas, but this was shocking because

they were supposed to be tolerant

o Publishes book about Jewish state- calls for home in Palestine,guaranteed under international law- but there were problems

Ottomans own territory Many people living there were not Jewish- do they want a ton

of Jews?

o Wasnt until WW1 till they got international community on boardwith own state

y Russian Jews moving to Palestine- first wave, first communities- unions,businesses, agricultural

y The Great Game- spike of imperialism- central and south Asia largely-struggle between great power- ottomans had most land in middle east,

but it was getting weak- sick man of Europe- centered in turkey-

gradually losing control of empire, built power on military might- many

corrupt leaders- in 1909 the young Turks (secular nationalists) decided to

dispose of this old empire and modernize Turkey- did not want to sustain

empire anymore.

o Turkification of ottoman empire was not popular on Arab provinces-imposed harshly on them- rival ideas of nationalism- weakening of


5/27

power, and it was vulnerable- who wants to take advantage of

that?- European construct.

o Arab nationalism was vague at the time, who is an Arab?- didntnecessarily all share same common identity as Arabs living in other

places, different cultural traditions.- some said that they couldagree, and should have nation state-

o Three nationalist groups in conflict- Zionist empire, Turkishnationalists and Arab nationalists- all want the middle east

y Influenced by European literaturey Recipe for conflict- but Europeans themselves getting into the mix

o Gaining ascendancyo Russia was big player, so was Britain, two big players- fighting over

Persia, Afghanistan and India- Russian expanding south and east,

black sea got under their control.- Russians wanted access to open

water, but turkey was in the way, so thought they would move

further east.- protector of the Christians- pan-Slavism- wanted to

unite them all, brings conflict with ottoman empire- very

aggressive- series of classes- Ottomans regarded Russia as

principal enemy

o Russians pressuring many Brings them up against British who arein India and want them no where near India.- protects all borders

well- POSH- port out, star bird home.- protect sea lines ofcommunication to India

o British became worried that the Russian were coming, so it heldonto Afghanistan hard with violence etc. as a buffer-zone

o Relationships along Persian gulf for trade- British work out treatywith Persians that they would protect them (never really did)

y Russians and Brits decide to split influence of Persia, British get south,Russian get north- Brits wants to keep the oil resources- gaining sphere

of influence in south Persia made most sense.

y France- ally of ottoman empire, but still wanted that territory- 1830ssupported Mehmet Ali- 1850s-60s France builds Suez Canal, connecting

Mediterranean and the red sea.- cuts shipping time to a matter of weeks

instead of months.- Britain becomes main user and major share-holder,

eventually takes over and becomes dominant power in Egypt.


6/27

o Strong French presences in Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine-protectors of Maronite state

y Austro-Hungarians empire- Getting control of places in south easternEurope- wants to prevent Russian domination- control commercial

interests along river- continue to push Muslim Turks out.y Germany (ally of Austrians)- playing double game- German military

mission- want to build modern army out of young Turks- Berlin to Bagdad

railway- by passed Suez Canal- could move troops by rail

o Friend of the worlds Muslims- exploiting Muslim nationalism- createup-rising to middle east to drive British out- Russian alarmed,

pushes Russia into alliance with Britain and France.

y Turkey caught in middle by beginning of world war one- pulled andpushed from all sides- Turks should not have let the Germans.. make

them attack Russians in WW1- this pushed the end of ottoman empire

Sept 17

The Lawrence of Arabia Legend

y T.E. Lawrence- books and films, 1962- epic great film- captures historyexactly- right man right place in right time- led a successful

y Actions placed Britain in a hard position in Middle East.- did his best to tryand make Britains policy in a pro- Arab direction- Idealistic, politicallyun-sophisticated- lost touch with Britains wider imperialists interests and

became close with people.

y British amateur traveler- became larger then life figurey Heroic actions, admiredy Were exploits exaggerated?- left quite a legacy- number of books- seven

pillars of wisdom- lost transcript, largely re-written to give published

copy today.- influential to many guerilla leaders

y Treated middle east in WW1 like side show- west was the main efforty 1980s started looking into more battles- middle easty key areas: Arabian peninsula, Persian gulf and Palestine

o Turks in west Arabia cause they had a railwayy War on western Front stalemate- looking for different ways to break

through (British)- looks at middle East.


7/27

o Easterners- looking for more concentration on east Mesopotamia Camp.- British launch out of India, up Persian

gulf, advancing on Bagdad- stopped by large Turkish forces-

fails

Launch another campaign at Gallipoli- open straights to giveRussia- but effort overall failed

Not looking too goodo Meanwhile, Turks invaded Sinai and putting pressure on British on

west Arabian Front

y McMahon- Hussein Correspondence 1915-16o Mc tried to encourage Hussein to rise up against Turks- British say

lets talk about Arab independence

o 1916 Hussein laid siege to city of Medina, but launched it pre-maturely, and it resulted in stalemate.

y Lawrence enters the story Born 1888- 26 years old, upper middle class,eccentric, but smart, majored in military history- visited Lebanon and

Syria before WW1- exposed to local customs, became intrigued- led

expedition in desert to do survey there-

y Clayton and Hogarth- posted to Cairo- became convinced there was thepossibility of an Arab Revolt- so British began to make plans to help Arab

lead a revolt- spent time with Arab forces.

y Clayton and Hogarth assign Lawrence to help Husseino Arabs could move quickly from place to place- use their strength

against the railway, because the Turks were completely dependence

on it- if they could break railway, the Turks would be weakened

o Lawrence asks for explosives, gold, advisors, light machine guns,air craft for reconnaissance, and a bit of naval support

o Formula worked- Arab forces cut Turkish forces off, forcing them towithdraw forces from Arabian Peninsula- loosened hold.

o Turned this fight into a liberation movement, but the British wereinterested in this space.

o Once they gain confidence, then turned their sights north to theport of Aqaba

o British werent keen on this because they wanted this space- butLawrence convinced them that this would be a good idea, would get

support for British, and would assisted British in Palestine


8/27

y Two things at work- British vision and Arab vision- Alliance ofconvenience- each needed the other- Hussein and Feisal wanted to get to

Damascus for their own reasons (make a capital)

y Back to Aqaba.. Arab forces overrun Turk Garrison and capture city-considered a great victory- and British thought it made a lot of sense-British could now bring supplies in much less time.

y British campaign in Palestine- run by Allenby- impressed with this- agreedwith Lawrence to use Arab forces on eastern push.

o Arabs take control of Damascus later- Hussein and Feisal got theircapital

y Diplomatic aftermath-y Feisal and Hussein go to Paris Peace Conference, but dont have much

power here, so they have to work behind the scene..

y The French opposed the creation of Arab government in Damascus-British bending lots of wartime promises- Lawrence thought he had miss-

led his Arab friends because of this

y Britain wanted to stay on good terms with the French, so they werehappy to see him leave.

o Advised Churchill later, tried to get him to honor some wartimepromises- puts Feisal on throne in Iraq and Hussein- western Arabia

gets independence- but all retain some connections to Britishy After this he was s disillusioned he didnt do much else with Arab- wrote

books etc.

Sept 20- Missed class

Sept 22- Squaring the circles

y Palestiney Governance and the Jewish communityy British colony- mandatey Put Herbert Samuel in power- Jewish to provide Jews with comfort.y Top down arrangement- put in place all of the things of a modern colony-

only difference is that Britain was supposed to bring them independence

y Balfour Declaration- committed Britain to create national home for Jewsthere


9/27

o National home left un-defined- Jewish home in Palestine caused tugof war

o Jewish Agency- rep body of Jewish population in pal.- socialservices etc., immigration into pal., creates Jewish force called the

Haganaho Arab and Jews fighting as early as 1920- Arabs create own

underground force too

y Jewish agency was supposed to rule when they got national homeofficially.

y More detail in Texty Iraqy 1921- British makes Feisal throne of Iraq- comes into existence- good

decision to put him as leader- has been argued that Iraq has not has such

good leadership since his death

y didnt get full independence till 32- and even then there was still apresence- but was self-governing.

y Feisal dies in 33, and was succeeded by his son Ghazi- things begin to godown hill- but not all his fault

o Inherited a problem: Iraq was artificial nation state, containedwithin its borders was shia Muslims in south, Sunni in middle, and

Kurds in north- Sunni feared shia would take them over.

o Ethnic/ religious division in the country- three groups that dontwant to get along

o System of government doesnt work well Could not provide strong central government Groups and military sometimes works against the structure.

o Amir holds power more then assemblyy Strategic thinking was not Britains strong point.y Saudi- Arabiay Just liberated from the ottoman Turksy 1926- barely 9 years after revolt began, Abdul Aziz Ibn Abdul Rahman Al-

Saud (yes, one person) creates Saudi-Arabia

o 1744- Muhammed Bin Abdul Wahhab religious reformer- wants toget back to the basics in Muslim life.- Islam- culture things

imposing on religious things- compared with Martin Luther?


10/27

o Wahhab got ally with Ali- foraged alliance- created Wahhab religion-created as own jihad- met fate if they didnt submit.

o Captured Mecca & Arabia- but by 1890s this group was forced intoexile, but brings Abdul Aziz into the scene in early 1900- creation of

the Ikhwan (the brotherhood)- tribal communities connect byWahhub Islam, and family- took 17 wifes- had 269 children- origin

of large Saudi- royal family today

y Turkish troops attack- but Ikhwan and Aziz strike back- and Turksrecognize Aziz power

y Ottomans defeated in WW1y Hussein and Aziz both claiming rights- Aziz thought Hussein was corrupt-

and that he was being out flanked because his two sons were on the

throne in Iraq etc.

y Oct 1924- Hussein abdicated and in 1926 Aziz claims throne, andconquest was complete- British rec. this, he rec. British power in return-

colonies and mandates

y Conquered and got what he wanted- no longer need Ikhwan- tried to stopthem, but they continued raids on their neighbors- pissed people off,

including Aziz, and got guns from British and attacked them with his own

military to stop them.

y 1932- Aziz claims Arabia- only one that is still run by family dynasty-Islamic- theocratic.

y Koran is constitution- religious police- even in educationy Discovery of oil changes things- not till WW1 is there strategic significant-

1920s automobiles call for more oil- 1928 to control access in old

ottoman area- red line agreement- Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia first oil

cartel- Shell was involved, BP- bought the monopoly in red line area-

1936 found big fields by Kuwait- large scale- reshape politics of region.

y Sept 24- Sicky Sept 27/10- The Jewish War for Palestiney Palestine becoming independent Arab state in ten years?y What will be the fate of the Jewish people in Palestine?y Impact of holocaust and war- save remained of Jews and bring them to

Palestine- refugee smuggling operations


11/27

o No save place for Jews in Europe- NEED Jewish State?o Culture of survival- never again- militarized- Britain was most

immediate oppressor- British occupying country, hold the power

y The bombing of the king David Hotel- Jerusalem 1948o 1946- One group- Irgun Zvai Leumi- British headquarters- killed

some, wounded others- bomb missed target, tried to hit certain

person, but didnt get him, most government was able to continue

working, but still worried British people, psychological

y Jewish Insurgent Groupso Haganah- was going to form military in Palestine when independent

gained.

Palmach- striking force, 2500, revolutionary force- further leftthen Hag.- more socialist.

Arigian socialist, collective farms Violence as tool of persuasion- vision of negotiation with

British- Moyne assassinated, set back relationship with

British- wanted to pressure them to help, not to hate.

Following two groups did not see it this way.o Irgun- 1500- revisionist wing of Zionism- more nationalistic then

socialistic

Menachem Begin- small gorillas groups urbanized

o Stern Gang- 250-300- extreme Zionist elements- concentrated onassassinations

Anti-imperialist, not a vision of what state would look like.y Different ideas from different groups- but worked together for couple

years- united resistance movement- all choose targets for own groups,

but work together to achieve same goal.

o Haganah focuses on Jewish refugees/ smuggling- hit targetsblocking this movement, help out with the movement

o Irgun- go after British military targets, economic targetso Stren- police officers assassination Etc.

y Portray British as as bad as Nazis- werent helpingy Two front war- increasing cost of British & try to make British look bad

after WW2- reaching out to Americans- why back the British?

y Bevin


12/27

y British divided- bring Americans in to help, but they too were being pulledbetween back and forth.

o Harry Truman people pro- Jewish, but didnt want to make boldmove before election.- put in when FDR died- limited experience

o How do they come up with policy?y First period of insurgencies- 78 incidents in 9 months, starting in 45y Bombing of king David hotel- approved by Haganah leadership because

they discovered documents, British catching people, important leaders-

serious blow against groups, wanted to deliver back.

o But then backed off because they felt bad, renounced relationshipwith Irgun, and Haganah leaving insurgencies, focus just on the

immigration

o Next 12 months there were over 200 attacks, now that Irgun andstern are left to their own devices- attacks on all different sectors-

forces British to take out all unnecessary personal

y 1947 British impose martial Law- fighting back- searching places forpeoples gang- hung two leaders of groups, so groups take two

Englishman and hang them- straw that broke camels back?

y Exodus- ship bought by Haganah- pick up Jews in France, Britishintercept it, had 4000 people on, sailed it back to France, but then the

French say they wont let them and so British forced to sail them to

Germany, send them back to detainee camps they look awfully badnow

y British control over Palestine becoming very eroded- end was coming-lots of violence.- throws British on defensive- looking after vulnerable

points- usually act on a response

y March 1947- British bring in specialists to deal with resistance- create twoteams- conducting surveillance, but was blown:

o Roy Farran- exposed sketchy operation- murdered young sterngang member- brought to trail, but even with confession he gets

off- stern gang tries to kill him- takes off to Canada

y How did everything go so wrong?o Politically could not make Arabs and Jews happy- had no real plan.o Partition agreement not backed by Americanso Hand this problem over to united nations- recommend partition, but

united nations wont help make this Happen, neither will Americans,


13/27

so British decide just to withdraw- just wanted to hold on until they

made a decision

o Poor intelligence and security.- army and police didnt trust each-other, joint operations failed, couldnt inform of plans ahead of

time.y 1947- India and Pakistan finally get independence, so lose rational for

keeping Palestine

Sept 29- Deir Yassin and the Palestinian Diaspora

y History and mythso Myths sometimes based on truth- but embellishments can make

myth take life of its own.- romantic/ heroic qualities

o Israelis avoiding confronting problems with Jews- avoiding truthsabout own faults

o Palestiniany Background Context

o Nov. 1947- following Britain leaving Palestine, united nations comesup with partition plan- two state solution, internationalized

Jerusalem

o But before this, civil war had already broke out- who gets whatpiece?

o Britain refuses to go with united nations plan- goes against originalmandate- and no support from other countries

o Jews were better off militarilyo Arabs politically messed up though

y Explaining Israeli Victory 1948-49o Civil war seemed to be going Arab way, but Jews proved to be

better organized

o Israeli made strategy to defeat military first and secure land after.o Arabs entered politically divided- uncoordinated, wanted to take

land first- fighting on many fronts but none really together

o Resulted in seize fire agreementso Israelis ended up with more land then they would have had in the

traditional agreement

y What happened at Deir Yassin


14/27

o 9 April 1948- stern gang and Irgun- attacked Dier Yassin trying tomake connecting between Jerusalem and would be Israel

o did not expect to see much resistance- were going to tell peoplethey could leave safely- but everything went wrong

o groups did not enter village together- Irgun launches, and sterngang was not in place- was some Arab defenders- fire started

before warning can be given

o unexpected resistance- Arabs defending wasnt anticipatedo Complete failure of discipline/ training- essentially two terrorist

groups- no reconnaissance- began just to freak out, shoot

randomly, throw grenades into houses

o 254 villagers dead by the end- 100 non-combatantsy Examining the Myths

o Israeli myth doesnt stand up to historical- haganah could distancethemselves because they didnt tell them to do that- but hag. Knew

that these guys were untrained and things could go wrong-

haganah/ Israel main beneficiary

Blame solely on Irgun and Sterno Arab myth: attack was military operation, but massacre was not

supposed to happen- when news spread Arab evacuations

accelerated- resistance was more an act of desperation then of

plans..y Results of the War and the Massacre

o Everything goes wrong for both sideso For the next 30 years, no Arab state recognized that Israel existed,

even though it hade been legally declared.

o State of war persisted- coups resulted in more radical regimeso Israelis dont want to admit that their state was created through

terrorism.

yyOct 1- The great game revisited

y Early effects of cold war on middle east regiony What was the Cold war?

o United States and soviets- but other countries got tangled in-Stalins land grab.- global struggle for supremacy


15/27

o Both sides want to avoid wary Why was there a cold war?

o Clash of culture- Histories of US & USSR very different Old empirical Russia, with new state on top of it-

authoritarian, while US was more liberal policies for years

USSR need for Buffer states. Americans look for institutions-treaties etc. Americans want agreements.

Yalta agreements- self-determination- Americans naive. Russia not cool with Germany, wants buffer ones of people

they can work with to make sure they were not invaded

again.

Stalins buffer zone was natural for Russians, but Americanssaw it as threatening, going too far.- disconnect driven by

domestic perceptions of culture.

o Clash of ideologies No common ideologies- except distrust USSR- revolutionary communism- hard on liberal democracy.-

closed society- people only had their own opinions, because

soviets were hostile to outsiders.- obviously looks bad to

Americans- might even see similarities to the Nazis?

Americans- democratic principals- anti-colonial- free globalmarket.

o Clash of technological disparities Russia is large with lots of people- but felt inferior in this

sector to the US.

US feels vulnerable because they are finally able to beattacked for the first time in a century

Both sought security in weapons- Russians had a ton, but UShas bigger better

Arms race.o Clash of Personalities

Stalin looks like he could beat up Harry Truman. Stalin- paranoid & trusted no one? Used violence to ensure

power.


16/27

Truman was unelected president. Unknown really- kindaunpopular- old fashion and idealistic- if man gave his word

you should be able to trust it.

Early 1950s both Stalin and Truman are gone- but they leavea legacy- Stalins followers still different from Americans,difficult for either side to understand.

o All these create many issues- everything seen through lens ofdistortion on both sides.

o Neither wanted other side to get an edge.y Aims of the super powers in the middle east

o Evolved and changed over timey United States:

o Wants to keep soviets out of middle east or at least limit-containment wouldnt let soviets get in there- Middle east should

be pro-American, or at least comfortable.

o Anti-colonialism in Middle east- wants to get people out (British inPalestine? Refusal to help?)

o Economic- post war economy driven by oil- middle east has lots-wants good working relationships with friendly stable govt in

middle east.

o Support for Israel- at odds with previous one because Arab statesand Israel at war- Americans having one foot in each of twocamps.- inheriting British problems? How can you have policies that

conflict? -YOU CANT.

o Middle East treaty Organization (METO)- Bagdad Pack 1955 Extend notion of soviet containment in middle east- mutual

defense pack like Nato- extending over northern part of

middle east- meant to contain USSR.

o Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 Help any regime threatened by Communism.

o Both policies unraveled quickly Communism not popular in middle east, but nationalism was. By time Americans articulate two policies, soviet influence had

already in some places in middle east- not firm influence, but

some states would turn to soviet union for aid and support.

o Americans seem to be failing


17/27

o Anti-colonialism seems to be getting in the way of British andFrench relations

y Soviets:o Still hard to know everything we need to know about soviet

policies- what we do know is partial evidenceo Protection of homeland- Buffer Zoneo Defend socialist gains- essential- never revert to none soviet

controlled areas.

o Contain American influence around the world- without riskingnuclear war.

o Expand socialist community- chinao Client relations with other states- if those places were against

American policies it could be useful for the soviets.

o Stalins phase- homeland security and rebuilding country.o Soviets had policies flip flopping- support for Israel- but caused

problems for soviet Jews- Stalin became worried because of the

popular support for it- Stalin though Jew doctors were trying to

overthrow country.

o Expanding socialist community would clash with plans not to angerUS.

o Problems coming to grips with Arab nationalism- could not controlthem because they were so unstable.

o Same problem with Islamic fundamentalism- socialism against localbeliefs.

o Never easy for soviets to have effective policies in middle easteither- client basis on state to state basis.

o Yemen was socialist- but soviets never really gained foothold-wasnt as flexible of generous- described as Americans without

money.

y Case Study: Cold war in Iran 1945-53o During WW2 British and American forces occupied to connect soviet

union to west to send them things.

o British & Americans occupy southern, soviets occupy north Iran. Soviets were supposed to pull out at end of the war but

stayed in one area to est. Tudeh (Communist party)- prime

minister tries to make deal to get soviets out for oil.


18/27

o Iranian prime minister playing both sides- leaning towards sovietsto get Americans involved and get soviets out- locals with own

agendas

o Russians could send troops back and risk getting in fight withAmericans, or stay out and lose clients.- decided to stay out, andtry to get oil.

o In the end they lost their foothold and lost their oil dealo in the meantime, the dynasty (Pahlevi) in Iran was re-asserting

power.- progressive shah- hes on throne, PM become pro-

American, BUT Mohammed Mosedec comes to power- but hes on

the left- wants to nationalize Iran oil- British freak, want to remove

him- his power was weak, and his coalition disintegrated- but

British cannot get him out of power- Shah fled from power-

Americans step in with British- bloodless coup to over throw

Mohammed.

Oct 4-The Egyptian Revolution: Nasser And Pan-Arabism

y Sources of Egyptian Nationalismo Egypts Long History as a leading culture- goes back as far as Persia

Center of learning and culture Most powerful Arab state by this time in all sectors

o Foreign interference and Domination Since 1500 by ottoman empire 1809 gets some independence by Mehmet Ali Suez canal- new relevance- imperial powers British comes in and takes control of canal zone- Egypt as

protectorate during WW1- imposed martial law

o Nationalist Leadership- Saad Zaghlul Son of prosperous peasant During war plots against British rule- pushes issue after the

war.- nationalism puts him against the British.

Efforts lead to confrontation- 1919- he and three associatesdeported and rebellions break out- British didnt realized how

good he was.- eventually released and went to Paris, but


19/27

peace conference already decided they would not get

independence.

Treaty in place of protectorate?- he says no- but shows thatBritish are willing to make some concessions.

1921 deported again, but Allenby continues to put pressureon British to get out and resolve dilemma

y The 1919 Revolutiono Britains responseo Allenby Declaration 1921

Ending protectorate- restores independence BUTo 4 reserved points

Protection of British imperial connections in Egypt (SuezCanal)

Defense against foreign war- retains barracks in Egypt,military presence- protect canal.

Responsible for foreign interest of minorities in Egypt Britain control of Sudan.

o Anglo- Egyptian relations deteriorate- 1924-52 Didnt meet needs all the way WAFD Terrorist actions Anglo-Egyptian treaty- takes out fours points, however British

retain right to keep people in canal, and have right to invade

if war starts again (which it did in 39)

1936 treaty- New government not able to deal with socialissues- put in pro- British PM- undermines king

lots of violence in following years War with Israel- defeated- blames British 1952- kings authority crumbles..

y The 1952 Revolutiony King Faruq is goney Coup-

o Free officers movement: launch coup- served in military for a longtime

o The revolutionary command council- Mohammed Naguib Nominal leader


20/27

o Gamal- Abd- Al- Nasser This is where power really lied

y Not really sure what to do after Coup- they knew what they wanted, buthow do you implement it?

o Retained constitutional monarchyo 9 months after coup- political parties removed- Muslim brotherhoodo revolutionary command council v. Muslim brotherhood.o 1956- Nasser gets rid of king- asserts power over republic.o New Constitution puts all power in Nassers hands.o By this point, British and Egyptians better- leave but can come back

in invaded.- seems like their gone for good

o Sudan gets independence.y Nasser and Pan-Arabism

o Nassers leadership style Young when comes to power- passionate nationalists Once in power- good with domestic and foreign politics Politically honest and modest- good manipulator Fault- believes in self- image- very popular. Intense popularity- very charming.

o Aims of pan-Arabism Bring about Arab unity- political unification. Division is what ruined them Oil going to royal families- needs to give it to people as a

whole.

Provides positive banner to rally allies. Nasser wants to dominate middle east- but actually believed

in pan-Arabism.

o Manifestations under Egyptian leadership- UAR Creation of united Arab republic- political unity- Syria and

Yemen.

Egypt support for Yemen insurgent govt in 1960s Egypt led opposition to Bagdad pact. Cairo Radio United Arab Republic- UAR.- Egypt, Yemen and Syria-

Egyptians not treating junior partners as equals.- resentment

by locals


21/27

When Nasser died, it lost a lot of its appeal.o Problems of Pan-Arabism.

Source of instability- opposite effect of Nassers ideas.

Oct 6- Suez Crisis and War, 1956

y Origins:y Nasser wants to put damn in Nile Aswan- control flooding and provide

power- very expensive.

y Getting loan from World Banky Arms deal with Czechoslovakia- tried to get help from west first, but they

said no.- Czechoslovakia in soviet block.

y Foreign non- allied role- money from west- arms from east.o West though this would give soviet influence in middle east, threat

to Israel.

o Payment problem- cant pay for two things with one pot of money-west gets suspicious.

y Anthony Eden- came to believe Nasser was suspicious after dismissingBritish officials from Arab council.

y Came to believe that Nasser couldnt be trusted- so west says they mightreconsider loan- so Nasser turns to east, and commies say they will fundthe whole thing.

o 19 July- British and Americas think soviets are bluffing, withdrawsupport- soviets give him money, and nationalizes Suez Canal and

British and French are maaad.

o Makes Nasser a hero in Egypt and through middles east- sticking itto imperial power.

y The Crisisy British and French now think that canal is in bad handsy Nasser playing both sides very well.- had his own agenday British and France plan to re-take canal by force

o Arabs say this is a bad idea, they cannot look like aggressorso Turn to Israelis to give pre-text to invade- meet secretly- Israelis

come with their own agenda- wanted to stop Egyptian gorilla raids-


22/27

agreed to launch attack towards Suez canal, giving B and F a

reason to go in.

y The Waro Two phase plan-

Phase one: operation Kadesh- Israeli strike towards SuezCanal and into Gaza and across the desert towards canal.

Phase two: operation musketeer- British and French comedown the Canal.

y Egyptians have smaller forces- most troops were stationed near Cairo, toprotect Nasser.

y Israelis launch- British have paratroopers entering at the head of theCanal.

y Once British and French forces get to shore, didnt meet a lot ofopposition as they moved down, but halted by seize fire before they took

whole Canal- Americas were angry, thought this was a bad idea-pressure

them to stop.

y United nations into an emergency meeting- get everyone out of Egypt.y Short war- 6 days at most.y Use of deception damaged British- tried to deceive Americans, British

Cabinet

o Nobody was in favor of this, only if Israelis were actually going in.o Americans NOT Happy.o Russians vaguely threatened that Paris and Britain might be hit

with nukes- but this was just talk.- contributed to panic in public-

maybe why UN jumps in so fast.

y British and French set up SCUA- giving conditions- Egypt agrees, so theyneed another reason to go in- Israeli ploy was too transparent.

o When British and France did land their troops as peacekeepers,they could not object to UN when they assert authority to keep

peace.

o Didnt act fast enough- Egyptians had stopped fighting- wanted toattack before opposition arose.

o Shows limits of Britain and Francey Consequencesy Americans and soviets drug father into middle east on separate sides-

Americans and Arabs, soviets and Egypt.


23/27

y Nasser saved by UN, but appeared as victor, and people loved him evenmore.

y Radicalization of politics in middle easto Iraq: series of coups since 1930s- king overthrown in 50s and

Baata comes into power.- Sadam Hussien.. dun dun dun!!!!y Cold war in the middle east

Oct 8- The Strategic Significance of the Six Day War 1967

y Causes of the Waro Jordan River Waters Dispute: Big issue for middle east- important

for climate- Israelis v. Pale. Wanted water for irrigation

o Palestine Attacks on Israel and Israeli Reprisalso Syrian Shelling From Golan Heights

Easy access from the high ground to attack Israeli'so Challenges to Nassers leadership in Arab world

Range of issues- Egypt in war in Yemen- didnt go well Nasser V. Saudis Radical and more militant- more confrontational

y Escalating Crisiso Israeli- Syrian Air Forces Clash (April, 1967)

Jordon waters dispute becoming more serious Israeli warning- tried to push Syrians away- but it just scared

them and then they asked Egypt for help.

o Soviet Disinformation About Israeli War Preps Giving info to Egypt and Syrians saying Israelis are

mobilizing.- they really werent though

Egyptians began to mobilize.- so Israelis had no choice but tomobilize..

o Egyptian Mobilization (17 May)o Withdrawal of Peace Keeping Force

War was not inevitable, as long as UN force stays in therewouldnt have been war- but Nasser asked them to withdraw.

Nasser may have thought that UN wouldnt have agreed-could he have been surprised as anyone


24/27


25/27


26/27

9/8/2010 7:31:00 AM


27/27

9/8/2010 7:31:00 AM

war and dip

Documents