war and peace - introduction. american cemetery – colleville-sur-mer, normandy, france what does...
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War and Peace - Introduction
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American Cemetery – Colleville-Sur-Mer, Normandy, France
What does this photograph bring to mind for you?What might your parents or grandparents think?
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Introduction to War and PeaceWhat to do think?
Do you think 2015 is a time of war or of peace? Why?
What is the most peaceful period in Modern World History?
Answer the same question now that you’ve seen the clip from www.salon.com
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WAR THEORIES
Just War TheoryBefore War (Jus ad bellum)•Declare war•No pre-emptive war (no surprise attacks)
During War (Jus in bello)•Humane methods•No attacking civilians•Follow the ‘rules of war’
After War (Jus post bellum)•Peaceful solution•Fair treaty
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WAR THEORIES
Pacifism-------------------Realism------------Just War TheoryPacifism•Avoid conflict at all costs•No War!•Seek a peaceful alternative to war• (Quakers, Anabaptists, Buddhists, Hippies)
Realism•Look at the reality of War•“War is War”•Whatever methods you want to use – GO FOR IT!
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War and Peace
✤ Essential Questions:
✤ 1. To what extent is war justifiable?
✤ 2. To what extent do peace treaties and international charters resolve conflict?
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Categories of War
✤ 1. Wars of Ideology
✤ focuses on promoting an idea/belief ( ex. religion)
✤ 2. Wars of Resources
✤ focuses on specific natural resources ( ex. land, oil, water access)
✤ 3. Wars of National Self Interest
✤ focused on a country’s position in the world
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The Thirty Years War(Ch 5 section 3)
✤ Post-Reformation Europe - 1618
✤ Ferdinand II (Future HRE) was a Catholic, foreign ruler of Bohemia
✤ He closed some Protestant Churches
✤ Protestants revolted and German princes supported them
✤ Conflict over religion, territory, and power
✤ The war had devastated Germany -> decreased population and ruined economy (4,000,000 Germans killed – 2 centuries for economy to recover)
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Peace of Westphalia (1648) (Ch 5 section 3)
✤ 1. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
✤ 2. Strengthened France by giving it German territory
✤ 3. German princes independent of HRE - broke apart German unity
✤ 4. Ended religious wars in Europe
✤ 5. Introduced peace negotiation - all participants meet, settle the problems of war, and decided on the terms.
✤ First time Europe recognizes independent negotiating states.
✤ Peace lasts almost 100 years – until Prussia invades Austria in 1740
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Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)(Ch 7 section 4)
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The Purpose •After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815,
European heads of state wanted to establish collective security and stability
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Who was there?•5 Great Powers -
Prussia, Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France
•Most Influential= Klemens von Metternich- foreign minister of Austria
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Goals of Congress of Vienna (Ch 7 section 5)
•1. Containment of France: Prevent future French aggression by strengthening countries surrounding France
•2. Balance of Power: Restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others - weaken France but not severely punish it - bring it back to pre-Napoleon status
•3. Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s royal families from pre-Napoleon conquests
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Lasting Peace?• Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe =
series of agreements between different European nations that assured support in the event of a revolution (In response to French Revolution and spreading ideas of democracy).
• Use of diplomacy and alliances between nations to maintain peace
• Peace was eventually broken with increasing nationalism and the imperialism - Crimean War - 1853 but no multi-national large scale war until World War 1
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Nationalism in the 1800sWhat is the role of the Nation
State?• 1. Defends the nation’s territory and way of life
• 2. Represents the nation to the rest of the world
• 3. Embodies the people and its ideals
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Growth of Nationalism (Ch 8 section 3)
• Bonds that create a Nation-State For each of these think of examples - follow my lead for the first one
• 1. Nationality - French vs. British
• 2. Common Language
• 3. Culture
• 4. History
• 5. Religion
• 6. Territory
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Why now?• Old order kingdoms began to be pulled apart by the variety of ethnic groups within large kingdoms
• Empires that began to weaken or crumbled: Austro- Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman
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How can the growth of Nationalism be both
unifying and dividing ?
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Countries that Unified (Ch 8 section 3)
• 1. Italy - Unified in 1870-1
• Italy was split into multiple areas ruled by different European powers
• Cavour, the prime minister under the King of Sardinia used a series of alliances, diplomacy and the help of southern military leader Garibaldi
• Continued conflict due to disagreements between northerners and southerners, disorganized political parties, and a poor economy
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Countries that Unified (Ch 8 section 3)
✤ 2. Germany - Unification completed 1871
✤ In 1815, a loose grouping of 39 states formed the German Confederation - two largest were Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia
✤ Prussia becomes leading nationalistic state because of German heritage, industrialization, and strong army
✤ Otto Von Bismarck was prime minister under Wilhelm I in 1861 in Prussia (eastern area of what is now Germany)
✤ Developed concept of Realpolitik - tough power politics
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German Unification
✤ Through a series of careful alliances and wars (Seven Weeks War and Franco Prussian War) with neighboring areas(Austria and France)
✤ January 18, 1871 - Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser Wilhelm or emperor of new Germany (Prussia became Germany at this point)
✤ In 1871 - Germany and Great Britain are two strongest European powers
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