war at the dawn of the 20 th century: the emergence of total war 1 lesson 4
TRANSCRIPT
War at the Dawn of the 20th Century:The Emergence of Total War
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Lesson 4
Lesson Objectives
• Build a foundation for understanding the wars of the 20th century.
• Understand and describe the concept of Military Revolutions and how they have impacted the evolution of modern war.
• Describe how weapon technology changed the character of war at the beginning of the 20th century.
• Define total war and describe its roots in the 19th century.
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Which War?
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Which War?
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Which War?
French infantry - 19145
Which War?
Petersburg VA 1865
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Two Concepts
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Military Revolution
Total War
Military Revolution
Concept first introduced by
Michael Roberts
The Military Revolution 1560-1660
Lecture first delivered at Queen’s University, Belfast, 1955
• Gunpowder influenced changes in strategy & tactics
• Significant increase in size of armies
• Increased human & material cost of war
Richard Kagan, in a review ofThe Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 by Geoffrey ParkerReviewed in Journal of Interdisciplinary History (Spring 1989)
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Military Revolution
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“ ‘radical military innovation . . . that fundamentally changes the framework of war’ …
Lt Col Anthony C. Cain, USAFReview of The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050 edited by MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, 2001
“… involving social, political, and military cultures and organizations … in ‘uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable” patterns of change that render former systems and methods obsolete or irrelevant ‘
Produce Significant Change at the Strategic Level of War
Military Revolutions
Napoleonic RevolutionLand Warfare RevolutionNaval Revolution
Infantry RevolutionArtillery RevolutionRevolution of Sail and ShotFortress RevolutionGunpowder Revolution
Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information
Nuclear Revolution
Ten
Andrew F. Krepinevich“Cavalry to computer: the pattern of military revolutions”The National Interest, Fall 1994
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16th-18th Centuries
19th Century
20th Century
Military Revolutions
Napoleonic RevolutionLand Warfare RevolutionNaval Revolution
19th Century
Napoleonic RevolutionLand Warfare RevolutionNaval Revolution
Infantry RevolutionArtillery RevolutionRevolution of Sail and ShotFortress RevolutionGunpowder Revolution
Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information
Nuclear Revolution
Ten
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Linear Warfare18th Century
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Battle of Fontenoy Belgium, 1745
Napoleonic RevolutionLate 18th to early 19th century
Levee en masse produced huge armies
Tools of Industrial Revolution supported large armies
Also:
New, large formations: division, corps
• Spirited, motivated “citizens”overcame obstacles
• Losses not a significant factor
A13
Exploited artillery & gunpowder revolutions
• Technology produced lighter, more mobile artillery
• Standardized artillery “systems”
Land Warfare RevolutionMid- to late-19th century
Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications
• Rifled firearms, machine guns
A14
Brown BessClassic Musket
Statistics:
• Length varied: 58” to 62” (1.47 m to 1.57 m)
• Weight: about 10 pounds (4.5 kg)
• Caliber: 0.75 inch (19 mm)
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19th Century Firearms
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Brown Bess .75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m
M1842 Springfield Musket .69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m
Flintlock
Percussion cap
Rifled Firearms
Transition from musket to rifle
Needed some method to ease
loading of a rifled projectile
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In History, Things Aren’t Always What They Seem
The Battle of Bunker Hill not fought on Bunker HillThe Minié Ball … wasn’t!
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In History, Things Aren’t Always What They Seem
The Minié Ball … wasn’t!
The Minié Ball
A19
The Minié Ball
As used in the Civil War,
• Not invented by Minié
• Not a ball
, and
A20
The Minié Bullet
Developed by French officer, Claude Minié
1848
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Burton BulletDeveloped by James H. Burton
Harpers Ferry, c. 1849
Minié Bullet Burton Bullet 22
Burton Bullet
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19th Century Firearms
Brown Bess .75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m
M1842 Springfield Musket .69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m
M1861 Springfield Rifle .58 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m
Civil War Tactics
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013 (
Civil War Tactics (YouTube: 7:38)
Rifled FirearmsBreech Loading
Springfield M1873 Rifle .45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m
Springfield M1873 Carbine.45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 300 m
“Trapdoor” Springfield
7th Cavalry weapon at the Little Big Horn
Rifled FirearmsMagazine Loading
French Lebel M1886
http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Fuerzas/Armas/Infanteria/Fusiles/Fusiles.htm 27
Tubular Magazine (8 Rounds)
8 mm - Effective Range: ~ 500 m
Rifled FirearmsMagazine Loading
Epitomized by the
Mauser Gewehr M1898
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7.92 mm - Effective Range: ~ 500 m
Mauser M1898 Gewehr
World Gunshttp://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl02-e.htm
Clip & chamber
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Machine Guns
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Gatling Gun
http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/machine-gun-gatling.swf31
Hiram Maxim
1840-1916
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Maxim Gun
Invented in 1884
First adopted by the British in 1889 33
Maxim Gun
Recoil-driven Operation
• Force of recoil opens bolt and cocks weapon
Recoil Mechanism Demonstration
Belt-fed
• Initially cloth belts
• Later metal links
Ammunition Feed System Demonstration
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(click on trigger)
(click on trigger)
History of the Maxim Gun
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
Tales of the Gun: Early Machine Guns (YouTube: 25:02-32:21)
Maxim GunWidely Deployed
Russian Sukolov 1910 German MG1908
US M1917 Browning British Vickers Gun 36
Land Warfare RevolutionMid- to late-19th century
Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications
• Rifled firearms, machine guns
A
, rifled artillery
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Artillery
Breech Loading
Stronger steels
Smokeless powder (more powerful)
Improved recoil mechanisms
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Breech Loading
Naval Ordnance and Gunneryhttp://www.eugeneleeslover.com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1.html
Fixed Ammunition: Cartridge provides tight seal
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Improved Metallurgy
Naval Ordnance and Gunneryhttp://www.eugeneleeslover.com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1.html
Stronger metals allowed thinner breeches, barrels
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“French 75”
M1897 75mm cannon
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Recoil Mechanisms
Recoil Mechanisms
Demonstration
http://canonde75.free.fr/photos/freintir/freinrecul.swf
French 75
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Late 19th Century Artillery
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
3:09
Land Warfare RevolutionMid- to late-19th century
Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications
Intensity, scope of warfare increased
• Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery
• Railroads enhanced mobility, supply
• Telegraph facilitated massing of forces
• Campaigns of constant maneuver
• Economic instrument of power more relevant
A44
• Production infrastructure became a target of war
Land Warfare RevolutionMid- to late-19th century
Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications
Intensity, scope of warfare increased
Battles produce massive casualties
• Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery
• Railroads enhanced mobility, supply
• Telegraph facilitated massing of forces
• Campaigns of constant maneuver
• Emergence of Total War
• Tactics not adapted to firepowerA45
because …
Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
Technology-driven:
• Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine)
A46
Naval Advancements
USS Monitor - 1862
Speed: 8 knotsTwo cylinder single expansion steam engine
Propulsion
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Naval Propulsion
Single Expansion Steam Engine
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Naval Advancements
USS Monitor - 1862
USS Maine - 1895
Speed: 8 knots
Speed: 15 knots
Two cylinder single expansion steam engine
Triple expansion steam engine
Propulsion
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Naval Propulsion
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Naval Advancements
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906
USS Monitor - 1862
USS Maine - 1895
Speed: 8 knots
Speed: 15 knots
Speed: 21 knots
Two cylinder single expansion steam engine
Triple expansion steam engine
Propulsion
Steam turbine51
Naval Propulsion
Steam Turbine
Rotor
Coupled Turbines 52
Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
Technology-driven:
• Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine)
• Iron, later steel hulls
• Long-range rifled artillery
A53
Naval Advancements
USS Monitor - 1862
Two 11 in smoothbore ML
Armament
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Naval AdvancementsArmament
Turret, USS Monitor c 186255
Naval Advancements
USS Monitor - 1862
USS Maine - 1895
Four 10 in riflesSix 6 in rifles
Two 11 in smoothbore ML
Armament
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Naval AdvancementsArmament
5 in. gun position, USS Olympia57
Naval Advancements
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906
USS Monitor - 1862
USS Maine - 1895
Ten 12 in/45 rifles
Four 10 in riflesSix 6 in rifles
Two 11 in smoothbore ML
Armament
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Naval AdvancementsArmament
Large caliber gun turret, c 190059
Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught)
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906
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Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
Technology-driven:
Expense favored large powers
• Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine)
• Iron, later steel hulls
• Long-range rifled artillery
A61
Rush of Technology
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906USS Monitor - 1862
Ten 12 in/45 riflesTwo 11 in smoothbore ML
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Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots
SE-5 - 1917 F-4 Phantom II - 1961
Speed: 1,200+ mphSpeed: 138 mph
+ 44 years
+ 44 years
Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught)
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906
Submarines
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Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
Technology-driven:
Expense favored large powers
• Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine)
• Iron, later steel hulls
• Long-range rifled artillery
Emergence of submarine, self-propelled torpedo
• Spawned submarine blockade as new form of war
A64
Submarine Development
David Bushnell’s Turtle
First submarine attack against a warship
HMS Eagle - New York harbor, 1776 (unsuccessful)65
Submarine Development
CSS Hunley
First successful attack against a warship
USS Housatonic - Charleston, 1864
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Submarine Development
USS Holland c 1897
First submarine to combine internal combustion engine for surface propulsion and electric motor for underwater
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Naval RevolutionLate 19th, early 20th century
All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught)
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906
Submarines
USS Holland - 189768
Military Revolutions Late 19th Century
Land Warfare Revolution
All the significant weapons of World War I were in place:
• Breech loading rifled artillery
• Machine gun
• Full power rifle
• All big-gun fast battleship
• Submarine
Naval Revolution
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Total War
A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued
US Military Dictionary
Military conflict in which the contenders mobilize all of their civilian and military resources in order to obtain a complete victory.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
A military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war.
Wikipedia
especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded. ,
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Total War
French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
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• Levée en Masse - 1793
• “Nation in arms”
Total War
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
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U.S. Civil War• Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65
• Atlanta - 1864
• Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864
1861-1865
resources
Total War
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
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… and the laws of warfare are ignored.
20th Century Wars• Aerial Bombardment • Submarine Warfare • WMD
Total War
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History 74
… and the laws of warfare are disregarded.
(Our Working Definition)
Characteristics of Total War
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TOTAL mobilization of society
HUGE armies
MASSIVE casualties & destruction
Economic Instrument of Power paramount!
High loss of life
Insatiable material requirements
Infrastructure & productivity disrupted
Lesson 5
WWI: 1914 -The Lights Go Out Across Europe
Next:
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Lesson Objectives
• Understand and be able to discuss the major causes of World War I.
• Be able to describe the opening moves of the war in Europe.
• Be able to describe the Schlieffen Plan and its modifications prior to August 1914.
• Begin to understand why the opening moves of the war did not go as anyone planned.
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End
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Rush of Technology
HMS Dreadnaught - 1906USS Monitor - 1862
Ten 12 in/45 riflesTwo 11 in smoothbore ML
80
Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots
SE-5 - 1917 F-4 Phantom II - 1961
Speed: 1,200+ mphSpeed: 138 mph
+ 44 years
+ 44 years