war with japan

The War with JapanLearning Objectives:• Identify the reasons for the Japanese invasion of China?• Examine the impact of Japanese invasion on the Chinese people?• Evaluate the role of the war with Japan played on the growth of the

CCP?

Key Words, People & Places:Zhang ZuolinZhang XueliangManchukuo2nd United Front XianEighth Route ArmyChonquingPearl Harbour IdologyRectification of Conduct

Japanese ExpansionLO: Identify the reasons for the Japanese invasion of China?

In the early twentieth century Japan had taken control of a number of different areas in and around China: • In 1895 Japan had taken Formosa

(Taiwan).• In 1905, after the Russo-Japanese

War, Japan took the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.

• In 1910 Japanese troops seized Korea.

• The 21 Demands allowed Japan more control over this area in 1915.

• During the First World War Japan took the area of Kiaochow, which had been controlled by the Germans.

Japanese Expansion

• Since the late 19th century Japan had dreams of rivaling the Chinese Empire and replace it as Asia’s dominant force.

• Japan launched a long term plan to build a strong military and economy based on new Western technology.

• After WW1 tensions between China and Japan grew. It was becoming clear that Japan wanted to invade China.

LO: Identify the reasons for the Japanese invasion of China?

Japanese Expansion

• Japan viewed China as a nation that could be conquered easily

• The Japanese had been brought up to think of the Chinese as ‘pigs’ and one should not feel guilty for slaughtering them

• Many locals initially welcomed the Japanese army as they ‘couldn’t be much worse than previous regimes’

• It was thought that China would simply allow itself to be conquered


JAPANESE INTEREST IN CHINA 1895-1931

1895 Taiwan Sino

Japanese War.

1905 Manchuria

Russo Japanese War.

1910 Korea Japanese Colony.

1914 Kiaochow

WWI.Why bother with Manchuria?1. 192,000 Sq. Kilometers, BUT

sparsely populated!2. Lots of resources: wood, minerals,

and agriculture. 3. 440 million yen spent on the South

Manchurian Railway, shipping, mining forestry and agriculture, steel production.

Its 1928 and Zhang Zoulin has changed sides; he now supports Chiang Kai Shek. The Japanese feel threatened. How can this problem ‘go away’?

1931 and despite a good control of Zhang Xueliang, and of Manchuria’s economy, the Wall street crash has caused huge economic problems in Japan. How can Japan find a way to stimulate the economy and trade again.

Its 1931. The Japanese cannot just invade Manchuria, they need an excuse. What could they do?

1931. The Chinese look to the League of Nations for help. A Commission of Enquiry was sent to China to investigate the situation. How can Japan deal with this threat?

Explain why the Japanese invaded

Manchuria

Work Task1. Firstly tell me what you would

do if you had to advise the Japanese.

2. Then look in both of your textbooks to find out what the Japanese actually did. And fill in answers 1-5 on the worksheet.

1931 Manchurian Incident


1931 Manchurian Incident


Manchuria

• Japan has been controlling economy since 1915

• Friendly agreement with Zhang Zuolin

• But, 1925 Zhang recognises Chiang Kai Shek as leader of China

• Zhang assassinated, Zhang Xueliang takes over

• 1931 full-scale invasion of Manchuria

• Manzhouguo established, Puyi installed

LO: Explain the key events of the Japanese invasion?

The Invasion of Manchuria

LO: Evaluate the role of the war with Japan played on the growth of the CCP?

• In 1931, the Japanese invaded the northern province of Manchuria. Claimed the Chinese had sabotaged railway line – excuse to invade. They renamed it Manchukuo. Chiang did little to stop them. He was preoccupied with the threat from the CCP.

• He actually ordered troops not to resist, fearing a full-scale invasion of China.

Disease of the Soul?

• People were furious that he hadn’t stood up to Japanese aggression. Chiang believed that national unity had to be achieved before attacking the Japanese.

• In 1936 he ordered another extermination campaign against the CCP in their new base at Yanan.

“The Japanese are a disease of the skin, it can

be cured. The Communists are a disease of the soul; it affects the

whole body.”Chiang Kai-Shek, speaking in 1936

Look at the above source. In your own words, explain what

Chiang means?


The Rise of Zhang Xueliang

• However KMT troops, commanded by Zhang Xueliang the warlord of Manchuria, refused to fight the Communists.

• In 1936, Zhang made an agreement with the CCP not to fight each other. Chiang was furious.


The Xi’an Incident & United Front

• Chiang opposed the agreement but in December 1936 he was kidnapped at Xian by Zhang’s troops and kept prisoner for 2 weeks.

• He was eventually released when he agreed to form a 2nd United Front with the CCP against Japan.

• The Russians government agreed to give military aid.


War with Japan (1937-45)


In groups of 3 - you will develop a TV news report around 5 minutes in length based the the two bullet points above. This will be shown after the Easter Holiday.

• The role of the CCP especially the Red Army in the war against Japan

• The limitations of Guomindang

Think about your audience. Think about the use of images and video clips, potential music, sound quality.

Use your text books and any other sources to help you with this.

This will be peer and teacher assessed.

News Report

Your report must include reference to the following:

• Brief reference to Japan’s invasion in Manchuria and Japanese conquests 1937

• Chinese reactions to Japanese seizure of Chinese territory• Xian Incident• Second United Front• Red Army at War versus Japanese (liberation areas, guerilla

tactics, winning support of peasants) Hundred Regiments Battle• Three All Campaign – why did it fail?• Costs of war on China socially, politically and economically• How the war with Japan helped the communists• GMD attacks on Red Army during WW2 • GMD tactics and limitations (weaknesses against the Japanese)


1937 – Japanese Invasion of China

• Despite the United Front, the well-equipped, modern Japanese armies swept south into the rest of China.

• In July 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge, near Beijing.

• This was the start of a full scale war which lasted until 1945.

LO: Examine the impact of Japanese invasion on the Chinese people?

1937 – The Fight for Shanghai

• One of Japan’s first moves was to take Shanghai, a city of great economic importance to China. Even though this was a very difficult city to defend Chiang decided to use this opportunity to stand up to the Japanese and show the world how China would respond to foreign aggression.

• Chiang lost much of his most advanced military units but succeeded in making an effective stand (Remember: Chiang had previously been seen as weak for allowing the Japanese to control Manchuria).

• Chiang placed his hopes on gaining American support as he knew his armies couldn’t defend China for long.


1937 – The Fight for Shanghai

• When Japan finally took control of Shanghai they instigated a brutal regime. The Japanese were offended to see such ‘an inferior nation’ stand up for itself so effectively in battle

• Japan supported Hitler’s anti-Semitic policy and built Jewish ghettos.


Question

What might an army made of soldiers taught to see their enemy as animals do to a

captured city?


The Rape of Nanjing

• The Japanese then made moves on the capital of Nanjing.

• When the Japanese finally took the city they embarked on a systematic campaign to destroy it in the cruelest ways possible, this would also serve as a warning to any further Chinese defense attempts

• Japanese soldiers committed many war crimes:– Rape– Murder– Torture – ‘Decapitation races’– Medical experiments– Forced prostitution of school girls


The Rape of Nanjing

Remains of just some of the victims in Nanjing - Such atrocities were made public by the Japanese who wanted to terrify China into submission, however this had the opposite effect.


The Rape of Nanjing

Decapitation Races - Photos taken by the Japanese themselves and published in national newspapers.

Note the smiling soldier in the background


Effects of Japanese Occupation

• China suddenly became galvanised and saw themselves as one nation who needed to work together to defeat a merciless enemy

• Chiang came under pressure to work with willing CCP revolutionary fighters- not destroy them

• Dashing Communist guerrilla fighters quickly won mass support

• Meanwhile, the GMD were still launching anti CCP campaigns


Chinese Resistance and the Rise of Mao

http://www.ibhistorytopics.com/?attachment_id=167

The Second United Front

• The Communists accepted direction from the GMD

• The Chinese Soviet Republic was abolished.• Red Army was merged with the GMD –

Eighth Route Army• CCP agreed to stop its attacks on landowners

– 1937 landowners encouraged to sell their land to peasants instead.


Chiang Retreats to Sichuan

• By the start of 1938 there were 1 million Japanese troops in China and by the end of the year Japan had occupied many of China’s ports, industry and commercial centres.

• Chiang and the GMD retreated to the mountains of Sichuan province. Cut off from the industrialised West and coast – therefore could do little to fight back against Japanese.

• Chiang’s move to Chonquing a positive for CCP as allowed them to grow in the north without hindrance from GMD.


WW2 in China 1939-1945

• For the next 5 years, Japan lacked the resources and manpower to make further inroads into China.

• Following the bombing of Pearl Harbour Britain and the USA declared war on Japan and began to send millions of tons of supplies to Chiang from Burma. He withheld these from the Communists.

• From 1941 Japan was preoccupied with the Pacific War with the USA.


The Limits of the Empire

• Even in the areas they occupied, the Japanese did not have total control.

• This allowed the Chinese to move back into some areas and take control of the countryside.

• The Japanese controlled the large cities, ports & airfields whilst the GMD & CCP controlled most of the countryside.


International Perspective

• Allies condemn Japanese activities and sympathise with China

• Russia assists in order to protect its own borders

• Foreign reporters are drawn to the heroic achievements of Mao and help boost the image and legitimacy of the CCP’s image


Communist Resistance• Mao could afford to take a hard stance against

the Japanese• Guerrilla warfare with troops with ever-

increasing experience• Trained peasant children to act as spies.• Communist reform took place in in liberated

areas• Education, discipline and justice quickly inspire

loyalty amongst the peasantry • Russian assistance (Comintern disbanded in

1943 but CCP still had access to a limited collection of foreign advisors sympathetic to communist ideals)


Communist Ideology

• In Mao’s Red base in Yanan the CCP experiment with putting their ideologies into practice and draw supporters from all over the country

• The CCP favour the peasantry and educate and empower the poor

• The Red Army gets access to education and training and grows a fierce sense of loyalty and discipline to the communist cause

• The ‘Rectification of Conduct’ campaign is carried out in 1942-4 and solidifies discipline and political correctness amongst the CCP

• The CCP become a centralised, experienced and cohesive force, headed by charismatic leaders


Why did the CCP succeed?

• Peasants happier:– Land confiscated– Rents/taxes reduced

(37.5% to 20% of crop)– Interest free loans for

peasants– Outmoded practices

banned– Women’s Association’s

established– Red Army is disciplined


The Outcome of the War - Guomindang

• The GMD army weak and ill disciplined. • Lost support from soldiers and Chinese population for not

fighting back against the Japanese. Soldiers who come into contact with communists often switch sides

• Did not use military resources from the US against Japan – rather stockpiled them to fight the Communists. Lost foreign support.

• Chiang seen weak and unpatriotic - allowed warlords to take over

• GMD officials/Government – increasingly corrupt• No improvements socially or economically• Did not help peasants, seen as a party of bankers,

merchants, businessmen and landlords


The Outcome of the War• 4 million Chinese dead, 60

million homeless • Before the Invasion in

1937, the CCP controlled only 30,000 sq. miles with 2 million people.

• By 1945, the CCP controlled 300,000 sq. miles with 95 million people.

• Read the worksheets to find out how the CCP managed to gain so much support during the war


war with japan

Education

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japanese army

japanese troops

russojapanese war

impact of japanese invasion

century japan

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