3mE ]ITEINN t l :flf iElll EreEail3tr[\v/t!E I I :

\ :7^ ' ll:t / ^ \ VV t lli;i7 7

' |! !

j q, tI ti i3t l rl l

:..slit

rnl J

N

.t

t

i'. tIt ' .L.

I

l=r

I

In " ,

\>

-..)y

ti [t) i tiL'f,I: t l 1rtJ I

l

fi | l LArt I lr l i: iN I . :

:lrrllltl:rt:lrl

j (E !a

:lttt'N

I. I :

rt:Irrl

l

: l N Ct l l +1l

. \ I : gI,l'

:t, l

I

Y r l t

MEE

1 I H {

UUI trtllt/ t l IT t^t I i a l lH l I t l I i I l

Our new Dhone number is 0602 792002

arframetqounrlr,tr The Foundrylrounl StreetNew BasfordNottingham

NG7 7HXOur 'Fax only number Incrud rp ry dar6 or y@r er!is 0602 792209

25mmTHE HUNDREDYEAFwAF25mm

Designed by Alan & ilich.el PeryFisures 50p

HYwi gand is zhda,shdoib*1N!sh

",,,,. ig'trff"'t.. ., .," ,,.., "..Htur Aiad in e h bkh,o^. + srd.6car hsh

t sYw6Adv& .now f i&sshPd l cemad

tsYw9oend iow |hsoea '5h ]do lea lhmNeio Darnd@ {hsFr shod i6orenbasmr

HYwrr shmri; liarmdud hdH fu l5she 'nooanbesonhdHtur6 StuLi; m, 3hn b:!ndNrur7 F6a.innrorarc$ liarmou'd ba'e haadNfu13Fsa.h'nolo'J'owun.mouedbagnelNe,0,.d!sn.ncbwon$oudd'bagnel8 f r , , c 'mnqhhMorn+6meE+ ! |Gofee Marhno ha:h&ha.hd

Hylvre Peas.nr lnamdurcd.advanong"nh

N f u a P e d a n L n a m o l l d d q r t E , s s q h a

NYWT3Kngtbilandadbearcl.kedehe|hel'f YW74 Fad 6o*incrrumDe!

f Ylvt gelanr sDnd nq h;ids eh,to bad

3w36 Fbaud rum|. barchead ae nbr

fYw46 Femare Fem. sbnd ioNru47 Ma6 oa6ad srand io iibwdaeN& Femare Fasd, sbiil iq ws@lar uq

Nws Deadinsh.qrcarhdh

orme dirobero,a'snaidj rsn rhe;m n'ih dnef l ' i 6

3Worgo*"oflounlrrtrWARGAI'ES FOUI{DFY FIGURESAFE OESIGiIED I IAI{UFACTUFEDOI{IY IN TIIE UNITED I(NGDOI' Bedoubt Enterprisesstocl our figures at the25nn

THE WAB OF 1812( th Amrlca 1812.1815)De3lgnd by Aly onbon

N.l2 olidinMBdENA.a Snid. sr16d*

NA7 rnr'frinm 'lldm:sed'BMs lr.frinflr'im.gl1Ed'KN hl'dinmdtdm 3rm.rhlllll lo|ilaiblMtrEdlm'8unBdMt1 I' miffiinm.dnffihll,qr2 P'rdi.a$ us diffi. nEdmM1! fti@, 1tu US nr6iny. ndl'iig.bo

BRM$I TFAXTRY CEXIRE COTPTXYN^r1 lnhntn&.dv*im. turriil tu oi6 lh$oM1s Inlrfrihm r'ia, rurr4 5l@ oiF dhir.Mr6 Inhnryns tuitr4, tun hl' 5b6 jiF$aror|A1/ r\rc,'bd tdd offr. dnrm lsrd rus|{^13 onrfld hdd.rfi6r, dnrm rbdllArg Ori6r, sd6 dE, Firiiq l'ddEi4

ltv1 onbr, {'l|gd6. s6n o 3iErddfl,rz? S.lwit runF ds.6indmNr,3 cdpo6r, sn|B d@ ioddjEnIIBH FrxInY Fur|( coF^xYMA!'. lddfu adEndm. tur ki. !fu ob. dr.roN,r5 hrrtiM fda, turft( tu ob.,hi*oElm.h.lrbfi.lo.D.nlnritrklxEdc x rrouxrEEis ^ lo run xEr{Nrd4 vor,'l*r/lnrid.lM, fiii$ hudins shi( o'rdM45vorddd|itallfl'hngh6ne3h4eidN 15 Vd'lldnrirdd, ddn hdlm 3n't. doud'ri,{47 vdunrd/drfrMd h"9 hrii,lo ein,

Nd,55 GunF sbnd|m ffi hlndd

ssc13 &i6h 6drd ird ouissc13 Sdh lbnd ria*i oun -sscsr Ed6h grnd f.rd oin 130&1360

ItA60 Miliric dnd har mrdrftIll.16r Fllnkco nhtutu;h lffinbru62 rnrttur. n.rdrm. odd dr

M65 Slllid F.rd, sd d S$ndJ! nor

NA37 S-Endoi 8.8, cod.d nlr

t @ Hutudtrd;rdmM7!FU||hl'f' ift

RVEr Sss or,r rudb.nd 1 riddRvE2sNo l s@i@sE10 Tun$d 64 ot@d 3r(t, &D .d rtflssEt t run6d d, M dda &6rsd {ih dEEh

lfudavslBd'w

ssc3 FiqE r 12 orn idd ounsscsg F'ld6tuhffi*ssca2 F'ld.tnM.nnssc.3 Pllleuadr.lddnssc,r4 P'BI3itondrsiir2dssc4s A!$hn6 d'drbrdMssc{6 rlfuTihhdna

na4a vdutu/niriti{ms. ldd rloudr hdtl,Msvdu'Bhiidsfi'h!cr.d6.l

il,llrarnN,c,tsmvb.@adEldnld'Mbd or "Johtub6 rk't!.to Rrb.

rl,{6r volunrod rihnfyn$, f'nE, h'niE !hi( t 9^D5,vo'ufunhfr,11H'[m'ng'hud''od!i'

i|{$ Of6,fra*d11a,{ rmBr.tmr.{mr.l,{tr 0'16- i{* mn. dr&tu trtd -Nrss sEe{ tr ioiw, n.i$ia rih sik

sscsr &jii$ I !ird,or, i.ld dh tsrsGossorE Fcidr6i,icn,wus -ssc41 F6trfi3runddi.tdo6ssc{3 FErd' 4 iends rdd ahairE$crxrD| xcExriEcotP IYN,Aa7|Jionth.,vnl||i&sdr*m'|dh

*i.r nrl brb dtu d d; -NA23 Inbnrymdnlhrnmnsdrarrd\ rqmkrrl,a* InJdrF vnlhms fins, rish h! ld bt

Nr30Inrlntv/niiridruffiiu3lFdl6@D'*G|ll"furht'rNA?cJfuimFi''*iwdd|GN 33 nsr( dr'.ry, sent nir hr nurxd

Nrs on +.3bv.dk $.ro

ft,M3 InianrFs,adv.r'd'E,turhttupno$e'tfu4hgo.ll.u'myajlohur.d s mnb4o|FoFr vtu tudM

Mrn*icrhn]iiueadvdldm'fundNltr.Al() Andrdr nri[. dfq 'ldhdtbN 4i Frd on6. dunEd brcdm, dfrlNAa2 Mdnbd rsld orrs. dunEd dm_ @

Sociallv dssioned lor our mait ordfsslic, a ls]loe oi FLAT PACK

BUILDINGS. Maile ol neu lioht weiohtflsible rcsin, easr'ly cur with tmodeiiing

Iniedockng sides ior quick assemblyusing .n epory typ adhssiv.

t) t4rn ro r orh cENtuBY EURoPEAI{6 Gtrabd)Tm sro@y ru.Al or Dent hu dino, timbqfam6 Gnb A ddb oound fioor wih dnbruppr foor. lildFol uih chimnev.

Prl6ll.m2) l4ni ro r30r cEr{ruFY EURoPEA|I

singb slo@y ruEr or ped buildinq, tmbdtane waft. A dNb. l ild r@l wlth chlmnd.

Prlat!-m3l lilh lo 16{r CEIfIUAY EUROPEAI{

Trc stoEy iorn hds, tiDbor lrahe. ralt6 &dtub groqnd i@rwith dmbr uppr floon llld

rool lnn dimnev.Fd6fa .m '

I) SIIAL|. SQUTFE AEOOEE{enal fliqhr ol 6tec to $nk.n ffrt mt

S{ibbl hrll. Alriru S- SBh S Am6ndPrl6[5.d1

tI

w4Reews FaLNocv nlrc aE ony pmdEgoi M,n duj6@MaMuKbdor,furEy

dEtob.itvstef,Btt cA.92dt1AUSTAAUA CAIIADAITALY BEIGIUM

F,cs .:::Tl::- Dan$.ptunMaDAz.eior3 sFusdsc'ndec"m* 1f1!1""!'" zdFbq c",

49 CHANNEL VIEW ROAD, EASTBOURNE, EAST SUSSEX BN22 7LNTEL: 0323 32801 FAXt 0323 649777

The 'NEW AGE' rangeBedoubt proudly presont lurther addilions to their highlv prais6d range ol25mm Renaissance lisu'cs.

inc lud ing arquebus ie rs , f iossbowmen sndthe f ines tand most h igh lVdeta i led range o f Landsknechrs yer seen.Pr icos : A l l l i qures45p, Horses 1 ,2 ,3 ,8 & 9 -65D. Horses 4 ,5 .6 ,10 & 11-85D.

n i 4 r A 4 u e b l e 8 r m r r h n 9 e l n o n

R j d 3 A ' o u e b u s h r d d \ a i ! n g

cr an burcone',ir nsed sioie

R160 Dead r i gue ! sqbve ,d ned

R 1 6 ! C h / s n 9 ! r u / q r \ a r s j

s dhed bonruiw(h o um6

RHrr Ne:Yyh;6e.meia bdded

Gsfr\ffJ U

ffirs'ii;{r>-i^

,+nf t t

\ : ^\KRB,D"t

< A

a(:;FrTJIt

d/Er-r wm

o , s o d r l 0 0 i o r i h e c a c o q ! e o i h u

tut'*{dg"

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames Illustrated.

UANGAiIETIllurlralerl

Front cover pic: Frcnch Forei+n Leqionnanes defend orumshackle deseft fo aSainst sonewily tibesmen. Figurcs are25mm fron Redoubt Enterprises whose Benial pnprietor,Petet Helm, drow a he woJ fron Eastboune to NewarkIhtough asandeorna d atived on our dootstep atTamcr\ing''Hold he lrcnt page! Fott is frcm the editor's co ection andwas scratch-buih bJ Petet Allen. Backdrop painted by lohnBknche.

ContentsPage12 Td Brox,n

16 N.H. Cornish

20 ChrisPeers

27 Chris Pers

33 hvid Snowden

{0 Angus Konstan

lg Readers Lelle.s50 Classified Ads52 The Range Revie*

Th gentlnn in khaldA wargamers'gui.le to Anglo-Boer lyarFact & MfthThe Great War on th Eastern Fmntr1914-1918Part II: The Impcfial Geman Am!An introduction lo the Sino-Japanswnr, l93}l9r4sA rule nriter's dilemmaReatis/,, vs. Plarabilitr in sinulatinE

Warband! of Ancient DaysRritish trtbes olthe Celttu eHNsrva - (he Russian side ofthe paraplReappraisal oI PeEr the Gmat's arn!in lmIs Fanlasyjust another priod?Always rvorth a brol]s!Mark Allen look at Aly Mo.rison'st812Rang

Waqames lllustrated is published on lhe last Thutsday oleach nonth by: Slralagem Publicalions Lld., 18 Lovers Lane.Newa*, Notis. NG24 1HZ Tel: 0636 71973 EDITOR: DuncanMacfarlane. TYPESETTII{G & REPRODUCTIO BY: PressplanSeruices Ltd., (081-509 9969) PRINTED in England.OISIRIBUTORS: Magnum Dislribution Ltd., Cloister Court,22-26 Far ngdon Lane, London, ECl R 3AU Tl: 01 -253 31 35IJSA: The Emperor's Headquarters, 57,14 West lrving ParkRoad, Chicago, lllinois 60634. Tel: 312 777 8668. CANADA:RAFM Company Inc., 20 Parkhill Road East, Camb dge.Onlario, Canada, N1B 1P6 AUSTRALIA: Ray Compton,EssexMiniatures Ltd..9 Lowanna Place. Homsbv. NSW 2077-fel 02 2147427 FRANCE: Jeux de Guene Diffuiion, 6 rue deMeissonier. Paris 75017.

aret22 in lhe u.K.Europe & resl oi Wodd surface: t26. Rest of Woid aimail: t36.BACK XUUlEn3 All issues excepl nos. 1 , 2, 3 & 29 arest i l lavaihbleal l1.80eachposlpaiduplono.44:12pef lssuenoBack numbeG ol our occasional soecial extra oublicationWargames Wodd are also still available: Nos. 2. 3. 4 : t2.40 postoad: No.s 11 .80 oosl oardbt[DEnS toi W"tg"r"s llllstrated icapacity 12 rssues).Binder! tor ryargames Wo d also available. Same capacity, sameP&P: uK: 11.00 Resl ol World: 12 s0F oDr! STnATAGEI PUt|'lCATlOtlS t?D.,

lor 12 issues ofWargames lllustraled

| | loytt lanc, Xcwark, Jlctta,I{GZ4 lHZ,

STRATAGEM18 Lovers Lane. Newark.

Notts. NG241HZPgngell Hurr senes o. oooklel. on rTorqanrsalron, unrbrms andrrags o rhe a mies ol rl-e seven Years war. A

boo

ft *+**+*fr **+rd*AT3{h+t*+*{+ft fr ft 'fr i0*fr *,tft +'tft +++++fr +wslffiffih

a w l'T OVERSEAS CUSTOMERS POSTACE MTES I ./ , / /&&H[*1HJ"^-" ';l$ J'A,'.S\ADA w?iul ?/o^ r5mh rrBo csoo " looo I VAH /A ).::'^iii",,.""^.. i;H .c*'* .i:n I PARK/

; WE NOW GTVE YOU A CHOICE OF THREE SlzES OF RFADY MADE AR.IIIES OR OUR STARIER PACK! ;D | -tl l5mm i I lsmm IUMBO ARIqIES i l5mm SIARTER l'Tl5mmSTANDARDARI'TIES

l8O PIECES approx.20.50-'+el.z5P&P

t I T$HfeXXilF*' | f,."-r'1$BlBi" E*r "80fi$SlHilBB'$!.,1 t* | ilz-o-:d""'"- | [J fJr,5j {J '-;E,t'3fi " **l tr | -er.75P&P I llal *jl?o]!p D1l 1z tlcP&P I a. r f f i - : , :af f iw+* ti,ffiti'?E:,"rJli,rltii;i$riifl" -" *- W ta ;ffi,,t'.it1;*,l,Tl"':';fi!i:l:ilH::11fi,i:iir6i,a"t"fi;*", DoNNINGToN luN|AruREs 5{ \ 1 l . ! s ] l . bgB9q f9 l l s . ! t i - . . . - . -

. - L " -bo3 t "5o s randard ro5o r+&P I; JEVatl fEAns wa^- b | - .; SEVEN WAKS WAtr- 6& Hunsadan:Ru$dn:''n AllEf,lCAlV Cll4I WAn - Unioni Coniederdtei

ludbo 3'1.50 Standad 2O.5O tP&P iA\C . tN r :Md io1 Romd l i t d l y lmpe ra l Roman :Aya r iCa l l ' . : cd r l J Ceman l p(arhdgr{dn:An.RorBnn+ Pcnhrcn. Sornicn Seler.idiHelrpni.r.C'"ek f

; E/VGUSH ClWa WAA - Rovalisi; Parliamenl; New I{odel Armvj I Daclan; camilla. Romani Etruscanj SDanishj Sdrnanoh. colhs i* ScoG Rotalisrllonhosei 5(6ts CoEnanler I DARXAGLS cd\on Nomcn vikins: lP\ THIRT| YEARS WAB lmperialt$j fFnch: Spdnlsh: Swed;h: lFNcllsHcI4Lw-A&Royal'.|:Pd'liam"nr: :'ri IHlf,Tf ya4i5ltrA8 _ hDenalts! F.ench, SDanish; Swedish, lENcLtsHct\4lwA&Royal'st:Pdrtiamenr;A Bohemldni I JTL lrh(LNTlR\.Anslo Dul.n Au\hdn.mperidlis. f'en.hil* lIAllAMAnS- Spdnlshi ftench; lljlanesei noreniine;Venetian; I AMERICAN clvlL wAR: Unioni Confederale, 't;, c"'*1l;ill'i, i;",ff l:i8i"rfl ]' ::r'r":i'rrufJ:tfi :'. m *t Landsknechl Mrcen;aes Onoman lurk: Musc; AIVCtflVI- eadv Hooiire Crecki Eari\'A.haemrni/ D'*''_'& riiiilii,iiL"i-"inti,.ii,.".ti.ilii;ff/ih;;;;;ti,i;i;

., usrns E56r Mrnraturs clr Straosan:Aleiandnan l'lacedonlani lndlani Alexand.lan lmpe.lali aRaivrH NAPotEoNlc Line Inrantr} Shakos, Line lnranlry Bi.omes :A AiEhcEd t Successorj Llslmachid Fld(edonian Edtly Su(cessor: o,d crdrd c-lad r' \ CLdrd!nd*p'1 .... .. .......Lro.m j,

# Seluddi Amenianj (amillar Romani Carthaginian Panhian: c"\.1^ orcgoon\ c1r',el .F-\sd'\ cnrd\sieF ,{f1 SDan ish : Ear lv Ceman l lanon Roman;Andn l Br l t i sb Scots tnsh : GuardLan.es ;cua idGBnad ie6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r2 .m :

q Eddt lnpeddlRomdto Ylddle lmperial Romani Lale lmper'al four uo' "Tpar Dr\eF LmDer crn&cretr ... .... .... .. ,350 Ill|[f A9!:li!ltli9"ji1:99![!;!l:':lid_1.11]el:tj:Llll:1lr!, a,lrtsH,{,4Por forY/c rre rnrdnrry Hi8hrd,o n,al,\. c.rgl9'1f: Pa lmt taw Sub Roman Br i i sh ; A .ab Conques l S lav Carc l ing la$ LBht ln ran ln r :R l i lemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 .30 :g ftem.h. Byzanhnei Nikephonan Byzantlnei Nomdn: cavdlry:HeaqD'd3oon..HL\S,Nii8hlD'a8oor. . . . . . . . . . . . . r 1 2 0o g

, ' !F l t tEDtEyAI -AmlcNomdnj Feudd lEf f l i sh j feuda l French.Ane lo . four . ro t re recm.Dn\eh. t rbe ' .Cun8Lrc$ . . . . . . . . . . . .Lor ) , i -: ldsh, l0O Yea s W& EhElish. ]m YeaB iiar Frcnchi \tar. o, r n- sir HoFc ledn Dr'!q- L.mDer cur&c'P{ .........1oo0 :: I.ish, too yea$ \tai Enslish; 100 years \fuar Frcnchj Wars of the- sir Ho^e Team. Dnleb LLmber cun&crcw......., ..................to9o :A Roses Yo.\btj wah oI rie Rose\ Lan.a)ftiani SeljDq TuAjSdrdcen DtxoN AllERlrAN ctvtl r4aRiUr'o1 (onleders.e............. .0o0 *rf 5rnan ^ wuDroEslpnan: Lareri&sdde.: ieuronr ',m; ri""d;i;ii Bi;;fi;;, ft"s"l; rini,ri isi,niii, iririiiii, r ;TiHpfle.;*i{f*i{fi ii},iri:;?:i',r"yaiRiil,'i""',iml,.l@ffr io.Fqn_Leii.;li A;;. - - - -- -'. ' ^ I 16.95 inc. P&P Overseas add 82.50 &' x w o R 1 D w A R o N E - B n t i s h ' G m d n j F F n c h j A m e d c a n ] A u s h o . _ ' I; Huna.ian, Ru$ia$ ?ll'jl -D't'l lfl"d -ussl w\4/1r British ;

fi ifr'l!fti,'l9hi;itri-iiil:it"iil"',i.'iii' R{.&!l_ / I \\\,,,",,o, .f

f rnenffiffiftp",ii"ffiE

\ \ \ , .

ril\2 MTLES-->\ \\

***********************************************************************************************, Hliqi"J;- --

1i$ -rs;rs;$N;' 1'*lil K/^'l \ \'\ ** i^'+r,tffL^y"*" i;s i{:* 'Itr | fffigr^Jonn^*"r.nJir\$r*iFft + *,i fr ++fr ++++ft ,i,+ +++'+,t+fr ++.ft 't,t'*'t't+*+'t*'F++++lF***'tft

*,

DEPT. 102PIIONE VOUNOWERTHNOUGH USINC ACCESS! Otr Vt&t CARD E!

NAPOI'OIVIC - FEn hi BntisL* Prussiau AusHan; Russian:AI'ERICAiV Clylt WAn - lniou Confederate,

lsmmARP ES US/ilGDONNINGTON MTNHruRES

Uslng Es6r t'tlnlaturs

38 WEST Sf., DUNSrABLE, BEDS. LU6 rTA- TEri (0582) 60,604r

i0% P&P

vo|!fr ' i l-rtrmi6&klnAfu6J

k b t s i ' ' s @ s p G o & ' R d 6b y s E E ' s f u d n l

NEW PRUSSIAN CLIDESPt- INFANTRY. . . . . . . . . . . .9 tpP2-CAVALRY. . . . . . . . . 95pP3 - RESERVES &

FREIKORPS. . . . . . . 95pNOPRICEINCREASESON

OURFIGURES. STILL

(A\!I A FErth CJEdBN WA6)

Nd Lin. UKas& cha;*u^

Nd LhlDnsoni& DmcE

NGs 688lrin.

Overseas: 15% Surface Mail. 60% for AiSend S.A.E. lot free catalMue

Telephone Orders: {0602) 205484

25p

fii

!if

GndruHc@5(usFodbrD :.j0

5cr.ngtr(SoroFnt)

TABLETOPGAMES

53 MANSFIELD ROAD,DAYBROOK,NOTTINGHAM

U.K.t l

D i ! 8 5 ( P e , 6 f s o r d ,

An a $3 (Atr & Naut tadiis ruhs

Bodriou (vi.rnamshmnh) 2e5

Eorr* torW*o*"CoLfr*r"

*Jrhrrrroo+tflnotirl^L;'"T}|EFRENCH mfl/ 16@-06:- fr'rht{'"liwpa olthoNa'rr,lcoib Ets-,-

Ua*soaries. fllbaniansBipahis, Mamelules

.4 NEWR.ANGE of 1SmnFI9URESW,A1!l Bt.+nL

Coa$ntc tuuge rcw ruAytsrunplckn;ns -"..^ flssl1says -o- '- a.:

OA,ftRAt'khAre o;gyltLt|.,lq/,onlaol bosic w , onl, JL liqutes ateuuAtb aacLtry sto*dar&s "t q;W'. G*pttiL* h*'

WARGAMES SOUTH24 CRICKETERS CLOSEOCKIE DORKINGSURREY RH5JBA

TcL- c.3c,679796

HALLMARK FI OURES50 HAIGH WooD ROADCOOKRIDGE, IEEDSw.vo RKs L5r6 6PB

0,532 676075

TH E EM PEROR'6 HEADQUARTERS5744 W.IRflNq PARK ROAD

cHtcAqo tL. 60634{t l'!o&t Anc.vica-' alz .-777 ,730-l

ji".A1k'o"t-1600

I[hen replying to adverts please mention Warganes lllustrated.

Btrcl.yord & Acc.- Ord.E W.lcom.t.t.phon! Lougft boreugh 21 37gg

24 HOUR AI{SAFONE SENVrcE FOiCREDIT CARO OROEFS AND INOUIBIES

OI.J' OF NOBMATWONKITG HOURS

M.il Order Address:28 BROOK STREET

WYMESWOLDLOUGHBOROUGHLEICESTERSHIRE

TlDhon3: O5O9 213789F.x No: O5O9 230874LIMITED

NEW MODELSCF304 "S38" German "E" boat

Thas class represenled the lealof Geman development (1!143)

CF904 Oiltanker4500tons

COASTAL FORCES'Fightfo.the Na.row Sea{Ysh scale meral models

by IR|TONCOASTAL FORCESSTANTER PACK fg.OOcontains models. rules,

Cf320 'R cl.ssesconMcBCF32l 'M2t havv escon

NALIAN FORCES

il$1

fl.95V&Wlongrangeescon f/.95

GERMAN FOBCES

A FEW AIRCRAF' FFOM THE FUI! UST

ililct(T

RED EAGLE WWl AIRCRAFTBd Eagle 1/1441h scale dod6l ai.cEtt ar the idsl modetslo' bolh colltrto6 5nd *.roamea Small snoJoh lo m^ .arge (ollenon o, gdm6 if a re.son.ol.aea bul-la'qee"ougfio qiv6 aood detai' and allo* yo- io D.ini ih colourlullvw1

REO EAGLE STARTER PACK 312includes rules + 4 aircft

.1.e5 | NEW MODELS TH|S MONTHlSYB9nttrdrCvrl9l4 f2.95 SVrcig'tofFtArqrF{rgrt 1295

f7.50This model is based on a laroeclsss buill 1917-30 which weie soldioal lnat ionsfo.coasta lo i l l ranspo. t , 20 mor6 modersavairabt on rh.futttasi

|l95t2 95

BRITISH FORCEScf1 MTB532 f1.50cF2 MTB347 a1.50CF3 HMSG'evGoosg t2.95

lsre.m driven MTBIC'4 Fai.mil'B cl.$MGB

2.50CF5 Fai.hile'D'classMTB t2.95CF6 Ansea BescueMGB e2.50CF20 'U cb$submaine f2.95CF3OFlowrcl*scotuetle 45.50CF3llslesclasstrawlr f4.95CFaO Hunr cl.ss rype 1 D.st.oyr

ft.95CF41 Hunl class typ 2 Desroyer

f'.95CF4 V&WM esco.t Dstoyer

HINCHLIFFE WW2 20mm 116 scaleOUALITY WHITEMETAL KITS

1992wi |beaspecralyear lor th isrdnqe Trcsewhoanenoconvenlions wrllhave se. heqLaltv andoetarto. our mooets. Wehave nold allvour requesis and willtulease 120 new modets. Aitourkits arc designed lor easy apid assembly to send lhem inio action as

soon as possrDte.

NEW MODELS THIS MONTHTHEYANKSARE COMING!

2U156 M3 HalfiEct 1941-43 t5.95

f3.50

85,50e2.95f2.95

f1.50f1,50

t595

t2r,@

rowa$snd,4erherwih rheieeDs

20/rt8 M2ArHatirect194345 e5 9520/159 MSqlHalidct r9rr3"45 t5.9520/160 lv3Alw rh mdioeq,ip. t6.5020/161 M4Al3lmmnonarS.P.l942 f6.50201162 M2l 3lfrh mond S.P. 194,4 f65020166AM39uanlighttaitl941 f550

A FEW OF THE

wE CAN NoWOFFER UIIIITSETS ATSPECIAI PRICES

f29_95

MERCHANT SHIPSCFlolB.itishc..sosnip C6.95CEO2G.mrn@rgoship 16.95cFSGtBirishcaMehip f6.95M.nY md nod.l! on 6. tull lirlIncluding hndin! fo@.

DAVCO r,z:oooTH SHIPSWW2 STABTEB PACK '7.50G.h'n and 3'i,3h 3h,p nd.k ro s'i

livw2 ExPAitsroN PAcKsBR|I|SH MrTtE GFOUP . ... . _.. .r4.@Fiii, 2rT.ibdr Cl6s r,..toysc.SRIIISH CARRIEF GFOUP.,. . -. . .f4,@Alk RoY3r, rrrFrioor Grsious Ai.r,2 r

GEf,MAN &AITTE GROUP -.. .....'4.@Tnp'u, Gr.r z.pp.hn, G'.1 S@, H'DF4Koh. ? Mdlr Cl.sddrcv.GIIAUAI{ BAITLE GROU' ,... -,. . -f4.@virori v..r4 c$q Tr.nb, ao|ano,G.ibldi, 2 Sold.ri ddroltBBFr r sHcoNVoY . . , . . . . . . . _ . . . . f 4 . 00I M.rch.hr.iBat

ri.r,2v & w crassd*royoc, 2 Florer Crars mB!6, 6

t 941,42 S.A.E ATTACK SEThis s6r comprisos 3 j6ps whhsingle & twi. Vickors n.s.s. plus1 ie.ownh rwin Vickers & 0.5

in. m.g. all+ 5.A.S. creBf't5,96

13.95 2O7 &iihh r'3 Tank

IONG RANGE DESEFTGFOUP VEHICIE SEI

lhis d in.lud6 2 LR.D.G 30 crt lrd|!*nh n,gs & sloMse I os. and 2

LR.o.G. i.!6*irh m.o.s., slovraoe & ccqfi4,50

NEW BRITISH WW2 MODELSSypopularrequeslwehaveproducedmoreea ywarlankstoryour8.E.F.and Des.n

tS 95 20/101A Vicke6Ml.Vlc ighrrantf5.95 with lsmmgun C5,50t5.95 201166 M3SruanlHoney) ightlant fs.95

2omm BBITISH MODELS AVAILABLEt3.95 2ogSBrirshcrcmwelTanl 16 50

2o/lgazpdrAnriTankcunling t,95 2o.l0lB rishvi.te6LishlTank t5.5020/'AB2pdrAnri.TanlGun imbercd t295 20,76 A.E.C. Mtl 11 Amoured Cd t5.50

f4 50 20130 Univ. Cariier & Vickers mg 14.2520167CMPNo.l3cab15cMTru.k f550 20rt,t5Sf tishcenehtPuooseJeeo t4.2520/63CMPNo13cab30cMTruct f5.50 20/t5lErilishFadioJ.ep e4,502059C[iPNo13cab3ionTrucl 15.50 2lt143N.WEurcpet9448eaeJeepf45O2o,'llJ^ivecalcarer&ne 14.25 20/149L.R.D.G.30cqnTru!l t5.952o?3&encaiiiallafreftrcMr 14.25 20/147 S.A S. Jeep f4.EOzot4Holchliss2SmmMgui t2.95 MOnE NtW MOoELS NEXT MONIi|20,SEdyB@nCaftier&cBw t425

12.95 2011461.3 D.G. Jeep f4.50

MAIiIY IIOFE U.S,, FUSSIAN, GEBMAN & ITAIIAN OI{ FULLLIST

AUSTAAUAN AGENIBATTIEFIEI.D

50 Clilsold P.rade,Canpsie, N.S.W. Aunri.li.

POSTAGE & PACKINGU.K.10%orderv5lue

{man. 2op)ovd 19 post tree

EFPO {o!rside Europ)30% order

Europe 20% orderU.S.A. I 2o9" otdelN. zealandJ 50% order

WE ACCEPT SASCLAYCARD,ACCESS. BANKAMERICARO,EUROCAFD. VISA, CHARGEX. &IVIASTERCHARGE. JUSI SENDYOUF CARD NUI, IBER ANDEXPIRY DATE.

1992SKYTREX CATAIOGUE

f2.50 POSTFREESKYTREX

1/zooth Scale ModelsWe I deraied h.rar mod.rs.'Ih6 id..l

RUSSTA| WW2 iTODELSA 4 1 5 T 2 3 H e a w t a . r . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1 5 0

r'rEw itoocit{ MoDELSA703A Sdier SMTM1939ranl SODA7@A SovEr rlo 'sad rnour lo.491o-a M 113 d'o sBna!. aunchsToe

FFANCE 1940A[|TZ (RIEG STARTER PACT

British or Frnch pllsGerman Forces - flO

EARLY DESERTBrirish & ltalian Forces

f to

-ftlrlr-FoMMEr-rAKEsovEF-lI DESEATWAR PAC|( II

Eitish & Gem.n rorc6 |

VIETNAM STARTEFPACK

Infantry, A.nou., Rules 6rcat 1.50

OVER AOO MODEI.S ON THEFULL l/eth LISTS

@be Drum

RES T BUIOIIG & ACCESSORIESrcw lulrorrrcs rr{ 2!frnACr brqe wether bodded abin witrr stonech hneY wACz Sfrarrshacr w th Gns roof and ch mneyAclRu jnedcbLnwthpentyo fwr* t :qe&@lAC4 Ssna irrel timbs buit. w tn smalrtentAC6 Eardrrcrk rx2l eme $y e e aboAC7 tunnwork edd 0@ rx4

107 WATLINC STREET WEST,TOWCESTER, NORTHANTS, NN12 7AG

IEL: (03271 359276

N7 ached & dqe. none rwo end o m5 & middre

N7a Bddqe extens on Gimply slo6 ntotheabde)NB conrinentaLharr ombred bdn verytunn

N10 lerl ornamenbrqdeway w tn h'qh wa I

N11a ude qatew:y. set ^ hshwa

N.5a L@ wal. tu'ned n6'qht sd onNr5b row w, r. mme.oi{es rx2l

Nrsb Hdqe qateoon ends rx2

M3 !nsqe f . ungnN(h f ' 5hspou tN19 Rverb*tdnlfiG nro N7 whencombnedw'thNl

ACwr 9at borded bouse. No storey sh n9 e roof

ACws li.rsbu.s stv e church s qhay b3nie damased

vN?4 lo{n bu dins cornei. store & 5

w?5 one stoy bu rd ns *ith otusated roofv N27 F at motu offr.etq ovehment build nqvN23 brqe t@ sto@y buidins w nr t bd rcofvN29 goe.iarFnres camo intenor, te

dtumsanda corruqated lrut on a sculDted b:se rAC8 oabLon5 earthhEd.wckerbdrets16rACa wa nq.{one coped utlrcome6rxtAC10 War nq sae 06t end pi{es uacr2 war ns.sitrnecpped staEht ensttrsix,Acl:rent5ma||,hvomanvfietyAC.5 Eafrh{ofkcorneroEesrx2lACr6 Lo! Bddqe,rashedtosetherwtnrcoe

aam sY/{fliro c L25nnFH2 Ia@m.b:y ndow:ndru{asrundown:3theFHI fte sEnd nq plb s qn..olered yrel. \orer touqh

FH4 Stabs/bam.rIf nmbered.wthdolecote.!ery

FNs M:qnm rcf onraseddas,adorned{ithserc.na E

FH9 Maqcdmr.larca onbound dmf e! m stone {a Irithskurmoh6

wE4 lownhou* t re roof & shufieGd windMwEs ra.ge'r'ehaoed houe with la.se extens on

wE7 Bq tuo span bf dse with forofred qatehouse

wEg S nq e 5pan bridse $ th sdehouse aftaclredwflo rownhouse. rchw4 buid nq w'th h ed @or

sAcw3 s?rmi a qebldnq th umber*.ckedouts'desAcws tmberorlfch w tn 5mrrberltdwer

OROERsOVERI5OOO'EPOSIFREE

P ese 3 ow uD b 2. dals for deliverY

s@ttu Etuf cMdila.t.!d.E o@tttttt r.h itr6 lner 14 faF ot.tE

r.h9n@. [.ll oder * c |nF6.tr

A2 oblonq bu d ns {th frdr@rA3 Dwernqv'thdofredroorA5 brce tuo norey bu'ld nq w tfr sc 6 to ro.r

xrFoLEor{rrlHoR! ! llusxEr rr $nn

N5 Haftimbe.edhou*w$dom$ashop,gmestye : jabove 's thboz i ion tedN5 conlnanbrt mbered w ndh rllMet? sReqnkn 1

V N 6 H m c h t s h s @ d

vN3 RifeDr sma tenr ,mmoctesandtrebn5undercrp:u n 0

vN10 Heqmoturot rarceend&q

vNrl CrouP or 6dd\,fre ds snqehmvNr4 votonsednve!unk.dEkfur of merclri^d3e

vN.8 remDetun.stonesuddha0ndias nceoef

vN20 rempewar nq stc qht and omde 6le userd ror

a 04rc 03s e 475

When replying to adverts please mention Warganes Illustrated.

10

ESSEX MINIATURES lSmm Army PacksJUST S20.9s POST FREE (UK & BFPO ONLY)

Essex Army packs conlain approximateli 160 pieces (22 packs) and most armies work out a total ot between 1OOO.1200 pornts. The composilion |s inlended lo provide an interestinq, varied and caoable ranae oltroop types. Whereapplicable, figures in different poses have bden mixed in the sam-e unil to add a realislic vaiiety. Each dimy packcomes complete wilh a painting guide. (Painting guides and army make up lists can be obtarned lor l0p per copyDIus a S.A.E.)

FMA4 Ssoid PerlliaisFMA5 F skrsh 700-1072

RMA9 Lomb.d4sr-roro

FMA11 Ano oDanGh 3a5-1075FMA12 anoeNotlM ro72.r i3iRMAIr su&RmanB'iEha2s.ssFMA14 MriarJcaninianRdo

RMA22 Themaric AEdinB

RMA60 SpanishvisisothicRMA63 ReoubranFomartcarr'cCmqudrRMA64 F.9ubriff troman Civirwa6

RMAm A*idrianMacedonianRllqz aaHdrid rmmdalHMA79 Maedon an Eliy Surs'FMA!0 kts Hodib G'srFM,rG1 Eat HoDllle G.@kFMrd3 A.i.tic E nvsu@s$r

FMr7 E t A.h*menid Pe,s an

FMAe3 Mtudkiad By:djne

SHOWROOM NOW OPENMon-Fri 8.3-5.00

PAY US A VISIT AND SEE OURCOMPLETE RANGE ON DISPLAY

LARGE CAR PARK RIGHT OUTSIDETHE DOOR

BMA103 E t rnpedrr BmanBMAjo4 Middr. lmFi:ar Rman

RMA109 No K n.dm EovouanRMAjl0 E rlvcs-mm -

RllAl 12 Caledonan& Pictish

RMA115 Old A M ddl Kinodom Eo6iMRlrAl rT Hyk&s & Eady cm@nire

FM r20 Mycfl@n & Mim.n GEk

RMAIs SpsisrvE rlyrbriMwa6HMA17 F o@irie Eaiy 16th C.RMA19 Ml.nsE t 16rh c.FMA,r4 Fmhrlbr anwlBFMA45 Lai.rTMn c Knhhls

RMA5{ F.mh 1600.1660FMA56 t re Swis r s{O,1550FMA16 V6n6ria t"rer r 6tl C.RMA24 EnsrEh F.nrs$e

BMA27 Srd 3h H.naisn@RMA23 Edt FErch \4rs or H.ro'on - CatDr'cBMA29 Fredch Hduemr

FMA31 HunoaidFenaisancEBMA3 Musovit RenaisEBMA33 CosackR3naissaneRN|A34 PeGian Benaisn

RM,SA h@nalisliso Y.WlF[4A46 15ihc Ononan TuiiFMA45a r6ih C Oltoman Tud(FMA46b r Tih C. Onoman TuirFMA55 Aosrian Hapsbua Mid 167Eaiy t Tih C

TELEPHONE ORDERS0268 6823090268 681584

FAX. ORDERS ONLY0268 510151

ALL CREDIT CARD ORDEBSDESPATCHED WITHIN 24 HOURS

RMA67 Fddar Erorish 1131-1345nMA6 Fre6 Comiaiy 1367-1390

FMA71 tnc.unti; 1@r45oFMAso wa6 or lhe R66 {Lan6lFMAsl Wa60r i ttoses {Yoi6)BMA'/ Kniohrs or Sr. John FhodidRMA72 Telion c (niohls Lar6l tE.rlv 18in C.BMAm raier rmpendi$ r 450j495

BMA8Ea'lvPadi enlaryBMA499 NiModo Amy

FMA2C2 Unon nhnirysuoDemeniFMA2o3 Un on - Cava ry suoorenenrRMA2Oa Conloddaio lnranty supp menrFMA205 Conrededre Cava ry suDolomonr

RMA193 Eaiy Briiish (SudanlRMA194 Adish (Zulu Wa6)

BMAI$ Eanv EavDtan (Sud&lBMAlse & riuEaiprri (sudan)

SEND S.A.E. OH TWOINTEFNATIONAL BEPLY COUPONS

FOF OUF COI\,IPLETECATALOGUE

Unlt l. Shannon Centue, Shannon Square. Thames Estuary Estate, lsland, 58 OPE

KCanvey

Ivlta

I

Essex

EMG(Painted lriniatures Company)Painted limm Napoleonics

AVAILABLE FROM SIOCK many many units ol lootMornred and Artillry priced ar60pperpiceIHE COSI INCLUDES IHE FOLLOWING:

Ihe cosl ol the i g!4:Pa olingol lhe llgde Sceric lerlure ba!r8: vdn(hrns m mail orclo$:Comma0d grolps incuded rhse a0propriate: flags appled rlrs. apprcpnale:

Ponage ciage ri.l!dedr All lq!as pni ins@d p6lrge(Otrnsucscan besen al conEnlons*nh Galla U( d' A.J oumdow)

SEI\ID II FOR STOCI(S OF FIGURES + IfiO SAiIIPIE TOIPMC,ll North Steet, Wisbech. CambsPE1S lNP

THE MINIATURE ARCHITECTHondcrcfted model buldings ond lieroin to

clJslomer specifi colions,'Otr th Peg' Hondbuill Buildings n 15 ond 25mm scoles.'Ke!s1one' Hoh Dennfion Resin Buildinos ond Forlificoiions

in %ooh. lsmm ond 2o-25min scale!Slocklsl of Eogle Miniotures 25mm Figures

SAE o/us 5Oo fot illusttoled lbts fo,d Cooesloke.

23 Wylom Sheet Crogheod, Sionel,,Count Durhom DH9 6tR

Cheques .fode poyoble to A Copesloke.Posloge ond Packing

VY,4FPO 121h% Europe,aJ$q 20Aus-tolo/Asio 40% of oder vo!eKevslone lrode enouiries welcome

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames lllustrated.

l l

ROLL CALLBRITISH L5mm OPEN

WARGAMES CHAMPIONSHIPS

siirp I.eb''QTJEENSWAY HALL, DTJNSTABLE, BEDSSATURDAY 30th & SIINDAY 31st MAY 1992

,f J'*:;i#*##a$"*rent 3a,,Licensed & Snack Bars, Restaurant, Bring & Buy.

INDTVTDUALPERIODAncielts 1A-ucicnts 2Ancien$ 3McdicvalRenaissance IRenaissance 2Rcnaissance 3lSth CenturyNapoleonicACW19th Cenrury

NO PLAY.OFFS TIIIS YEARENTRY LMITED TO THE FIRST 380 COMPETITORS

Plus Prizes Donated BY

@

CLUB COMPETITIONSPOINTS RULES

SUPPLEMENT{RY COMPETTTIONS

Maccdonia!,/PunicBook2-300- l100AD1300 - l4mUp o 16001640 - 1690 (ECW)1600. 1700TTGl:20On EnnyColonia.l

Dark AgesOo EllEy

AncieDt (25mm)wlvu (v300)

+ TEAM +ARMIES

Biblical l500pa WRG7fi1500 ira wRG 7th1500;Ls wRG 7rhl500it! wRGTth1500i6 wRG 2nd ED1500b$ wRG 2Dd EDrsooia wRG 2ndED1500 bis wRG 1685 - 18451500 irs Sound of de Guns2500 its Ncwbury (Sedo)2500 irts Newbury (Sedan)

A1ogH. Sg..u*

ENTRYFEE '5.00 PER PLATTRCheques payable to Shire Levy

ENTRIES & ENQUIRIES wTrH LARGE S.A.E. TO:-GORDON HARROW, 5 LINLITIIGOW GARDENS, NORTI{ MOTJNT I'ERNON' GLASGOW G32 IIIR

CLOSING DATE:I5th FEBRUARY 1992

l2

THE GENTLEMEN IN KIIAKIA Wargamers Gutde to An$o-BoerWar Fact and Myth

by Ted Brown

INTRODUCTIONAlthough not yet a major warganing period the Anglo-BoerWarofl899 1902 isgaining in popularity, arrendthat is sure toincrease as we move ever closer to the centenary ofthe openingofthe campaign. Most wars soon become surrounded by a massof mytb and often erroneous 'popular belief and. in thisrespel the BoerWaris no exceplion.

In thisartile I hope to do something to ser the recordstraightfor those '14" readers who are thinking of getting involved inBoer War wargames. In do;ng so I hope your wargames willbecome both more accurate and more njoyable. For thosereaders $ho $ish ro go more deepl) inro rhe cdmpaign. adetailed turther reading list will be found at the end of thearticle.

troops ofthe Anglo'lndian Army. Only 12.000 troops held theBritish colony of Natal.

In total the two Boer republics of the Transvaal and theOrange Fre State could raise almost 60.000 men. (Ahhough itis doubtful if more than 45,000 served at any one time.) Inaddition they were aided by hundreds of foreign volunteersftom Holland. Germany. America. Scandinavia and lrelandand also hoped for a rising among the many thousands ofAfrikaners ofthe Cape Colony. Over2l.000 Boerstook part inthe initial invasion ofNatal. Untilthe 50.000 man Army Corpscould anive the advantage in Dumbers was with rhe Boers.

While initially outnumbered, the British troops \r'ere notwithout experience of war. In 1899 no army in the world hadmore expeience of active service. Almost all senior officers hadseenactive service. as had manvotherofficers. NCO s and men.Since the end o{ the 1870 ! - and indeed throughout QueenVicror ia s reign Brir i 'h r ioops s ere almo'r r lwa)s in act ion insome part of the world or other. In 1899 many units had seenservice during th grat risingon lndia's North west Frontierof1897and the Sudan campaign of 1896 98.

As long ago as 1851 in South Africa as it happens-Brilishtroops began to experiment with an early form of'khaki , duringthe sth Cape Frontier War- Dust coloured uniform wascommon in India from 1857. and khaki wasworn by the GordonHighlanders during the acrion at Majuba Hill in Natal in 1881.British troopslast $'ore redcoats in action at the battle ofGinnisin the Sudan in 1885 orin Zululand duringthe Zulu Civil War in1888, dependingon which source you believe.

Bycontrast Ame.ican soldierswere still fighting in blue in theSpanish-American War of 1898. Russians and Japanese werestillto be seen in green and blue in 1904 and the French Armyvas srill in blue and red in 1914. In matters of battle dress theBritish Armywas as modern as anyother.

Well before the outbreak ofthe American War of Independ-ence, operations in Nonh America against the French andIndians, had taught the British Army the value of light troopswho could operate in open aqd extended order. Latercommanders like Sir John Moore. Robert Crauford and theDuke of Wellington added to this experience. Under pressurof local conditions troops adopted extended formations in anumber of early Victorian campaigns-

With the introduction of the Snider Enfield breechloadingrifle in 1868 the use of open and extended formations becameeven morccommofl. The introduction. in 1874. ofthe excellenrMartini-Henry rifle further .einforccd this process, culminatingin 1877 in the War Office publication of a new edition of FieldErcrcises and EroLuiotls of 1,farrry, instructing Britishcommanders to make use of exrended order. strong skirmishlines. deployment in depth and "Elasticityofmovement and useofthe advantage ofground. '

Like most professional soldiers of the era British officen atstaff college studied, in the main. the Anerican Civil andFranco-Prussian Wars. They took to hean the major lessons ofthese campaigns, especially the power of modem small armsand the vulnerability of close order formations. Then came thebattle oflsandlwana in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.

The defeat of Isandlwana proved. in bloody and honiblefashion, that modern, European style tactics did not alwayswork when faced with very large numbers of brave and highlymobile 'mass charge' warriors. As a result the British Army

THE MYTHThe British Arny in 1899 was small. out oftouch with moderntactics and commanded by a set of old buffen. Lack ofexper;ence only one major European campaign, in theCrimea. between 1815 and 1899 - made it better suited to theparade ground than the baitlefield. Such at leasl runs thegeneral impression given by many popular', and some not sopopular, books on the Anglo-BoerWarof 1899-1902.

The Boers, on the other hand, were modern. intlligent,thinking warriors. each man a crack shot. their commandenmainly young and free from the rigid dogmas of the professionalsoldier. Always vastly outnumbered. itwas the bdlliance oftheBoers, allied to the crass ineptitude of the British. that led ro thelong series of Boer victories and a war of almost three years

Going back to the British. the general impression isthat whilethe soldiers were beautiful on the parade ground- and indeedhad only just given upwearing theirred coatson active servicethey were hopeless in battle, advancing in close order massestowards the hidden Boer commandos. Britishofficers. arrosantand cock.ure. underraled Ihe Aoers. lh inkrng rhar rhi5 qJrwould prove little more difficult than the odd spot of nativebashing'thatwas all thatthe Brilish Army normallyindulged in.

Now I admit I may have used a little mild exaggeration tomake mypoint, but in the main the above contains the'popular'view ofthe two sidesin the Anglo BoerWar. A view. as I havalready pointed our, given suppon by many books on thcamDaisn. How true is it?

THEFACTIn European terns the Brnish Army cenainly was small. Thissmall size was (and indeed renains to this day) the result of theBritish aversion to military conscription, together with ourpoliticians traditional - and foolish - reluctance to pay for thesize of almy British cornmitments demand. In the 1890's (astoday) British political leaders refused to realistically plan formililary contingencies, despite repeated wamings tuom theirmilitary advisers.

As a result only just over 22,000 troops were available in thewhole of South Africa when war broke out in Oclober. 1899.Even this pathetic number included various local volunteerunits and some 6.000 reinforcements sent from the Biiish

Bfltish ltlounrcd lnfatlt\ lltlsh out a Boet scoutitlg pnrtj.25nitl wargames Foundt)'figutes frctn the co ection of Michael &Alan Pei\'. Terratt b| Michael.

Talana Hin, lookir| down from the Boer position. The Btitkhadranced tom thei camp (niddte Ercund). Talana hias the lirclbattle of the ||at. Photo : Ted Brcwn.

the battle of Belmont. Picture:British Gua ls r. Boers alNational AtnJ M seun.

adopted the multi-unit. brigade/divisional squa.e against thistype of enemy. and used it with success at Ulundi and latcragainst the Deryish Ansarofthe Sudan. Despiie this use of oldfashioned formations. against a more convenrionally armdenemy modem. open and extended formations remained the

ln 1899 all but the very worst British commanders made use ofopen and extendcd formations to varying degree. For exampleat Elandslaagte. the second battle of rhe war and the secondBridsh victory Ian Hamilton made use of widelv extendedorder. no doubt drawing on his wide experience of aciive serviceincluding the Firsi Boer War and various punitive expeditionson the North-West Frontier. By conrrast. at Mons in 1914 rhemuch vaunted Germans advanced against the British in whatseem to have been some sorr ofclose ordercompanv columnsl

Certainly many British soldiers under estimated the effect ofmagazine rifles. quick firing ariillery and smokeless powder.but then thiswas kueofmost soldiers in thcworld even upunt i l191.1. In 1899 the British Armv had no fooUsh doctrine of theoffensivc at allcosts. or thar purelv moralc factorscould alwaysoutweigh firepower. such as was to cost the French Armv som J n y l i \ e \ i n l o I l

British commanders turncd out to be mucb the same mixedbag any army is alrnost bound to end up with. Penn-Svmondsproved over'confident - although he was killed ptrlr8 thbattle ofTalana Hill - and Sir George Whire did nor prove ableto stand up to the strain ofconrnand. Catacre proved rash andBullercould Nell be considered bad enough tojoin Raglan andPercivale on a listof unfortunate British generals.

GeneralWarrenhadasl i t t lesuccessasamil i larycommandera. he hdd $hi le Merropol i ran Pol ice Commi\\ ioner rncatching Jack the Ripper'in 1888. (He was known ro much ofthe Army as, lhat dug out ex-policernan -) Methuen, theyoungest Lieutenant Generalin the Army at 54, proved agoodaverage commander. Ninning three out of his four majoractions. lan Hamilton proved competent.

Lord Roberts. Kiichener. and French althougb by no meanswithout faults. allprovd fully capable ofdefeating the Boers inopen batlle. Later in the war a number of British commandersdid well leading columns in the campaign s guerrilla stages.

THEOPPOSITIONWhat oflhe Boers? Duringthe First BoerWarof 188i almost allBoers scem to have been very good shots indeed. As rruefronrier farmers and ranchers, depcnding on their rifle fordefence and shooting for the por. this is not really all rharsurprising. ln 1899 ihe situation was nor really quite the same.

In the Second Boer War the true frontier farmer was ratherrarerwithin the commandos. as these men were diluted" with'town Boers'and foreign adventurers.leading to a reduction inthe overall shooting skill of the Boer forces. While stillout-shooting the average Bntish infantry battalion. Boersmall'arms fire was by no means always as accurate and deadlyas is commonly believed. rnost ini!ialfiing. forexample, goinghigh.

Throughout the war it was the power, range and flartrajectorlr of the modern magazine rifle, combined with oftenwell camouUaged trenches. that caused the British suchproblcms: just as the) were to cause allarmies problemsduring191,1-18- On the infrequent occasions the Boers altacked dug-inBritish troops. they too suffered heavy losses.

While it is true that the Bocrs produced some firsr rare andeven original commanders. such as De La Rey, Botha. De Wetand Smuis. others. such as Commander General Piet Joubertand GeneralCronje. proved both over cautious and indecisive.It did not take loo long following the arrival of Roberts to purpayed to Boer pretentions to convenrionalbattles.

It look the British over a year and a halfto lvin the guerrillastage of the $ar. This involved the use of over 1'10.000 Brilishand Enrpire troops. many miles of barbed wire and block-houscs. plus the tragedr'(uninrended as ir undoubrablywas) ofthe Boer refuge camps. As other nodern armies have sincefound, it is no easy thing to win a guerrilla war againsr a mobile.brave and motivated enemy. One must ask if any orher majo.world arm! could have done any better at that time?

BRITISH & BOER LOSSES. I899-1902British forces included 365.693 British and 82.7.12 colonialtroops. (The main Empne contingents cane from Ausrralia.Canada.NewZealand,RhodesiaandSouthAfr ica.Whi lernostSouth African troops werc English speaking. by the end ofthewar a considerable number ofBoers were fighting on the Britishside in units such as the National Scouts). Boer fo.ces included71.945 burgers. 13.300 Cape Afrikaners and 2.120 foreignvolunteen: a grand total of87.365.

21.942 British and Empire troops died, roughllr 7.000 f.omenemy action. most ofthe rst from disease- Some 25.000 Boersdicd. again roughly 7.000 as a result of enemy action. whilemany of lhe other deaths occured - from the same diseases rharkilled the majority ofBriiish soldiers-among tbe men. womenand children in the refuge canps. One can still visit the wellcared lbr cemeteries of the dead. of both sides. in various partsofmodern South Af ca.

Btitish trcops in ex@nded ordet, storm aPicnm: Natiotnl Amy Museum.

FURTHERREADINGT.Pakenham. The Boet Wal London. 1979.Thc nost modem comprehensive account in a single volume.but nol always as good as il mighl be on the purely rnilitaryaspects ofthe war. Also mucb too pro-Buller and anti-Roberts.P. Warwick (Ed). fte South Aftican Wat Londott. 1980.A collection ofarticles on aspecBofthe war. some ofwhich mayinterest- Of academic slyle and should be read in conjunctionR Kruger Coodbye Dolry Cfp) London. lr)5oAn excellent general account of the war. Better than Pakenhamon the purely military aspects.w. Baring Pemberton. Banles of The Boel War London, 1964.Excellent on the battles it covers: Graspan, Belmont, ModderRiver. Magersfontein. Colenso & Spion Kop. Useful maps.J. Symons- Brler'r Cd,npdign London. 1963.A detailed look at the campaign in Natal. containing much of

W.S. Churchill. Tne Boe, War London. 1990.A rcptinr of London to Ladlsnnh antl lan Hamihon s Match.The young Churchill at his best. exciting and entenaining.Lt.-Col. J.M. Grierson. Scarlet into Khaki Londan.1989.A reprint ofan 1899 book withdtails ofjust about anythingonemight want to knoN about the British Army on the eve of the

R. Chrisholm. ,ad),r'rtn London. 1979& K. Griffiths. Thank Cod We Kept The F/ag FbirS London,19'71.Both useful books on the famous siege of Ladysmith in Nalal.Both have good naps.O. Ransford. The BttleofSpion KopLondon. 1969.Although not totally up to date. still a useful book on the war'smosi bloody acdon. useful photographs and maps.D. Reitz. Conmdrdo London, 1986.Well illustrated. wilh a good deal of infonnation on both theguerrilla stages of the war and on the twosides medical services(and then failinst.M. B^rrhotp. The Roer War London, 1985-Useful because of its rnanv illustralions. Concise text.

Tbe National Army Museum in London contains variousdisplays on the Anglo-Boer War. as do many Regimentalmuseuns around Bitain and manv museums in South Africa.

Anvone interesled in further research would do well to jointhe Victorian Military Society. Details fromi The Secrerary,Arrn Farrn Cotlage, Blisworth Arm. Northamptonshire. NN)3EF. The VMS publish a jonrf.al - Sollliers ofrhe Queen - foUJtimes each year and have an excellent Anglo-Boer War StudyGroup underthe guidance of Mr Siephen Dance.

19th & 20th SEPTEMBEB 10.30am-5.30Dmat THE HE)(AGON, READING

THE WARGAMES EVEM OF THE YEABFEATURES IN'IERNATTONAI, OPEN

WARGAMES CHAMPIONSHIPSNOW INCONPOBATES 7 PERIODSAncienrs (s@itu ol Ancienr5 Shieldl

Da As lw@x Dalk 406 ScieN Shield)Mdivar/Rana'sn.e rPike fshol Strietu shieldl

Pike & Shot (Paluan P6 ShieldiNaporeoft (Naporaflc Ar*bron 5h ard)

I9ti Centurv (Conledlate HistoriGl Smelv sh'eld)Wond War II lNawbutu Rul6 Shkldr

r-ors or pizesPmncl toDhE Dlu' lda.6h Dro6 lor n_npF & ru.n" ) JL

Cl-anp'or of( rnplone tophv & pru 86 Pdnrd Amv rodhv& biz; and k;brii6 r; rha Bpd Tpan

Don't mis you pla. gt you enrry h dly, Ivtlrahre Wadam6 TroDh! & cash Drizs '

tot B6i Pdid@id; Game* Wa@ama lllustaled Trcohv & 6h mize'

fil Re Dan.nshhd %tudnpAI-SO OF COURSE

MASSI!'E TRADE FAIR BRING & BUY STAIIDISPLAYS & MUCH. MUCH MORE

Trade Enquin6 to: Roy Bos, Eln Faft, Hankdo!, Wilts.All other enquins to: Chris snftn, 8 Bramwel Close. Thatchao,

Bakhn RG13 4FZ lT! 0635 6139a1Snd SAE lo! infoma$on & Iiee lacls shr

NORTHERN STANDARDMAY 2nd 1992 10.00am.5,00Dm

THE GUILDHALL, ON THE QUAYSIDE,NEWCASTLE.ON.TYNE

Fe.tulnslHE NORTH F-AST WANGAiIES CHAfiPIONSHIPS

FOUR COMPETTIION PERIODS:AndnB lsaEt! ol Anoenls Trophv)

Pike & Shole (Bk & Shor Sd,er! TroDhvlNapolon'6 lN.r eo c A5gEudn Topli!)ACW (Confademre H6ronol Sd e\r TrcDhvl

Ind'ud@ trophi?s cnd calh prizs lor b. qrn4^ ard annp6 upAls. toph'a forqnnrnq team & bsl painled amv* DEMONSTRATTON GAMES *

Nubury nrl6 TroDb!, & cait pnze lor th. B.!rDetuonrb.don?artl.lp.tlotr g.m..r ri..hou & Modelltng

* PAINTTNG COMPETITIONS *9 Clas.es

ptos* BIG TRADE FAIR *

Make a weekend ol it, stay in the ara for Sundaland WalqanesClub Opn Day on Srnday 5th May lor fiiendly sam6 etc at

Depdord & Milffeld Communiry Cnre. Sundaland. roan to 4pm.Thde Enoui.is lo

Ro! G Bo$, Elm Fam, Hankenon. Wilis, SN16 9SZCompettons, Demotut aijon. Cd6 & all olir lquines to:

Paul Stevensn. 8a E esley R@d, Sundedand, Tvne & War, SR47R.l(TL 091-520 1828)NORTHERN STANDARD is olganied by Sundnand Waqames Club

& sponsoiad by NEWBURY RULE5

CALL TO ARMSNETI/BURY & READING WARGAMES SOCIETY'S

POPULAR OPEN DAY22nd FEBRUARY

NEWBURY TECHNICAL COLtfcE 10.30an-5.30pmWARGAVLSCOIIPL l l nONS ANLltNlc MLDIEVAI I J00 1490r

NAPOLFONI. NAVAL. ACW rrlRLS & fL RY RULE5IDEMONSTEATION&PARTICIPATIONGAMES

I4ANY TRADE STANDSThde enquinG b Rov G. 86, Elm Fam. Hankenon. Wihs SN16 9SZ

CompebtoG & oL\4 enquines b Chns Sdilr, 8 BEnwell Cloe,Tnarcham. Be&shire RG13 4FZ (Tel: 0635 61398)

THE GREATWAR ON THE EH,STERN

As prornised in issue 49 this article is devoted to organising yourforces. The structure around which I have organised my ownforces foreach of the Empires isthat of the Army Corps.

An A.my Corps is a self-contained grouping of lnfanlry,Cavalry. Artillery and Support Services. Thus i1 includes all theelements necessary for wargaming at whatever level ofsophistication is deemed to b most fun, be il a bartalionskirmish, with a gun and a troop of cavalry, or a full-blowncampaign including politics and serious logistics. What price theinvolvement ofV.l. Lenin? Apart from these considerations itIooks rather good.

Following their victory over the French in war of i 870-71 theArrfly of Inperial Germany was taken as an example ofefficiency to be copied by many olher count es, Russia andAustria-Hungary to name but two. Therefore. I shall look inmore detail at Germany for the following reasons: there aremore figures available for the cerman Army; there is moreinformaiion readily availabl in English and that, having beencopied, may shed some light in the darker areas of the otherPowers' less-well docunented Armies.

FRONT19111-1918: Part II

by N.H. Comish

TIIE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARMYThe lite ofthe Gernan Army was the Prussian Guard Corps,which was basedin Berlin. It was also the seniorofthe 25 ArmyCorps that comprised the Army at the outbreak of the GreatWar. The others, which numbered 1-21, were based throughoutthe Empire, recruiting locally and beingregarded as an integralpart ofthe community; the .hree other Army Corps fomed theBavar'an Army and numbered 1 3i Saxony and Wurttemburghad 'national forces' but. as with the Bavarians, the onlydifferences were in uniform details.

The man power was divided into the Active, firslline troops;the Resewe: the second resene i.e. the Landwehr: and theLandsturm, home guardforce. The capabilities of the First-lineof Reserves differed very little from the Active troops;under-rating them was to cause the Allied planners someserious problems during the early weeks of the war, due rounder-estimating the number of troops that the German HighCommand could bring to bear at the Front. In terms ofequipment the Firsr Reserves were almos. as well provided for

Th,o photot of some of Dave An&ews' WWI couection - not the Eastem Frcn' but the only WWI troops to come near our camerurccentlt! Figures are 25mm Wargames Foundry - designed by Dave hinself.

as the Active units. The Landwehr and Landsturm were oftenequipped with obsolescent or captured weapons and equiprnentandclothing.

Thrce Army Corps concem us during the early weeks of thewar in the East: Ist based at Konigsberg; XXth based atAllenstein. and XVIIth based at Danzig. Furtherto these therewas the 1st Cavalry Division and the lst Reserve Corps. Therewere also various Landwehr brigades and Landsturm forma-tions.

As each Army Corps was constituted in the same manner,one description willserve for all. I will deal with each branch ofthe seflice in turn.

INFANTRY

On the establishment of each infantry division was a regimentof cavalry of 600 all-ranks, divided into four squadrons. Thusan Army Co.ps included a full cavalry brigade. There was nohorse anillery provhion, that was exclusive to the 'Independent' cavalry divhions.

CAVALRY

ARTILLtrRYEach infantry divnion had a Field Anillery brigade composedof two regiments, ach of two battalions. Each battalionconprised three six-gun batleries. This gives a total for eachdivision of 72 field-guns.

Additionally, each Corps included a Heavy Aftillery Regnn-ent which was made up of iwo battalions each of either four4-gun batteries of 150mm howitzers; or two 4-gun batteries of210mm mortars.

Each Army Corps included rwo infantry divisions; each oftwobrigades. Each brigade had two, rhree-battalion, regiments. Allreginents consisted of twelve companies ofinfantry (each c.250all rankt numbered 1'12, plusa rnachine'gun company, no. 13.The numbrs ran consecutively through the three battalions.

there were also 'independent' machine-gun formations, theywore a different uniform, that on mobilisation were absorbedinto the divisional structure of the 'lndependent' cavalrydivisions.

On the strength ofeach Army Corps was a Jaeger battalion,to provide the light infantry element. In practice their usage,particularly as the war dragged on. became indistinguishablefrom that of other foot-soldiers.

TECHNICAL AND SUPPLY UMTSTheoretically an Army Corps included the following elements:a flying group of 12 aeroplanes; a Pioneer battalion; asearchlight detachment; bridging troops; plus ambulance andsupply trains. Communication by telephone and radio wereboth available, as were motor vehicles, but there were only12-20 lorries for each Corys.

THE GOLDEN HORDEA PROFESSIONAT PA]NT]NG SERVIC! INALLSCALES

WARGAMES STANDAND. CONNOISSEUR CUSTOM MADETERRAIN AND BUILDINGS SCRATCH BUILDINGAND

CONVERTING.AL. WOU COjLDf !R WANT INONE DLACt

COfttCt: AlAtf SlUAnl,! 3 IEOIPE CRTSCAI{T, WTLII|^I/ISIOW.

LONDO|fIIT 5BY. tEl: Oer-5276609,

l8

CAVALRY FORMATIONSIn August 1914 there were eleven 'Independent' cavalrydivisions. They were created by combining the \urplus'regiments remaining after the requirements of the infantrydivisions had been mel.

The lst Cavalry Division that playedan impo(ant role in thedefeat of the Russian invasion of East Prussia is typical,therefore, it would seem sufficient to give its Order of Battle.

The three bngades included lhe tollowrng regimenrs:

lst Brigader 3rd Cuirassiersi 1st Dragoons2nd Brigade: 12th Uhlans; 9th Jaeger-zu-Pferd (mounted

inrantry)3rd Brigade: 2nd Cuirassiers; gth Uhlans

Added to them were a Jaeger battalion: a mountedmachine-gun battalion; a horse artillery battalion of three4-gun battedes;Pioneers;a motor transport column and a unitof signalle$.

RESERVE FORMATIONSThe first reserve infantry divisions were similar io rhe activedivisions, but with only half the field artillery and neitheraircraft nor heavy guns. The second reserve, the Landwehr,which formed an important part of the forces in the Eastduring the early days of the war, were organised into Brigadeswhich consisted oftwo 3-battalion regiments: a bartery offieldartillery and a squadron of cavalry.

WARGAMING ORGANISATIONAt the end of the organisational section for each country is abreakdown for wargaming based on the menifigure ratio usedbyJ.E. Davies in his World War One rules i.e. I:60. This givesan acceptable sized unit from battalion up, rhat is aesrhetialtypleasing and not unwieldytoplay with. However, as I am moreof a modeller than a wargamer, I prefer my a illery to be 'realrather rhan 'symbolic', I like a battery that looks like a baitery.caissons and all. ln addilion to thisheresv,I alsoratherlike the'funnies' such as Staff and other command srouDs andsomerimes include the odd wa' Co're'pondent;r P.O.W onthese and similar bases-

TIIE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARMYA) Th Infantry from Active to Landsturm, had the samenumber in its battalions. 1076 all ranks. This gives a unir of 16figures including an officer.B) Cavalry, a regiment comprised 680 officers and men, thus 8troopers, a bugler and an officer.

MILI..H'RT(Estabtished 1982)A PERSONAI 0UALIIY SERVICE IOR lsnlt &

25Em {|ARGAII/IE flGURS OF ANY ERARedy paintd lsm lsm' l5rm.. 25hm 2$m' 25m'.F@l t0 70 10.80 100 !1.25 fl.50 1200Mouled 140 1160 200 2.50 t3.00 14.00'N,q.POLEONiC & SYW FICURES " CONNOISSzuR STANDARDAI pdces include the @s ol the nguePairninS senice lsm lSmr l5m" 25m 29m' 25m"f@r !055 !0.6s S08s 090 l l . l5

165Mouted l l0 !1.30 !l70 180 t2.30 3.30

You provide lhe ieruesOrders over 100 5% disoutOlders over 1200 10% disutOrdeF over 1300 l5% ds@ut

NEW IN!SI'PERB VAIJI'E!!

Essex lsmrn pairted army packs t**An fr'ished to ou qu.lty paintirg srddqd sho'ld !e ll?3,20 yoE lorjusr t19.95Napolsnic&S.Y.!V.slEuldbell40l0}!sIdtue m.95(enbendualEl)

MAI], ORDERlatge S.&E., lalosue dd ffidq tl (nMps o y)

Postaqe & Packaging I0%, Mininm 50p, rnaxiM {5legda lllirE. 6br p.lnH IEy pact! ,{9.9S

Bf _3_.slr-ERrON PLAcE, @- EETMOOR, ru, PEI{ZANCE.

CORNWAtI,Tel: 0?36 50865.oUAlnY I5 STAND.qRD'

Suqi-n*r,il"g tEN6v stockino Enoies Eaola & Llong

fhe ed Napobonic nasiine rvrrrDte E2.50 pod rre

Bitain 312-110040Somans & Gauls

Eli2abth s lrish WarThiny Year WarEngl ish Civ i lWarSeven Years War

French & lndian Wa6Clive in lndia

Ameican War of IndependenceNapoleonics

Seminole WarU.S.-lvlexican War

Ameican Civ i lWarIndian Plain Wars

Maximillian ExpeditionThe Grat Paraouvan Wa,

ka|an warc of InzependenceAuslrc-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

Spanish Amefican WarJohnny Beb

ACW Rules f11.50

Ttude Enquiries lnvited

NRZealandAqentsaPM. P.O. Box t2so

Chrisichurch, New Zealand

MIBLITON S,G,Via A. Barducci,

50029Tavamuzze, Firenzew are Mnilon S.G. s

WORLDWIDE MAIL ORDER SERVICES.A.E. lot ILLUSTRATED LISTS.

FREIrORPS 15,25 Princetown Ro.d, Bangor,Co. Down BT2O 3TA, Northern lreland.

************

-;-THE BEST WARGAIV|NG| F|G|UFIES ltv THE wORLDtl 9

"r,* -7/')17:

.?,,,,r, .. -*.,,;"' .y'r1" rerr".,t tzzz..t ura.2.AI the Wofe t Amy REGUL\R |N[.{NTRY are of .aure suizble for tlE European rheate of the 7 yea6 '|aLMINIATURES

AMERICAN MILITIAfhese wil also tu in rcI wik Aneri.an Revolutionat'y arntes.Al M'litamen advancing with musketA2 $anding flring musket - greatcoJrA3 Running with muskerA4 AI rcady budskins:nd brref@tA5 Crouching low, movinsioruard with muskelA6 Kneeling firing - waistcoatand lhidneve!47 Drummer adv:ncins

BRITISH REGULAR INIANTRYB2l krgeant aI attention with halberd822 krgeant :ta(k ma.ch halbrdFRENCH N.ECUI,AR, INFANTRYFl8 Sergea ar anenioo wlth hrlberdfl9 sergeant-aftack march - halberd

SEND f2-95 FOR OUR FULLY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (POST FREE UK)lNc luDlNG:25mm: SAMUFAI, GRANo ALLIANCE ( lare 17rh century European) & AnMY OF LOUIS x lv , OTTOMANTUFKS. NAPOLEON IN EGYPT. INDIAN MUTINY, WOLFE'S ARMY OF THE SEVEN YEAR WAR. ALAMO &THE OLO WEST & AMERICAN CIVI I WAR.

25mm FANTASYT- LEGENDS OF NIPPON {ONl, GOBLINS, NINJA, Elc}1smm: AGE OF IVIARISOFOUGH, l inc Gred Northern War) & INDIAN MUTINY (1457)

OIXON Miniatures, Spring Grove Mills. linthwaite, Huddersfield, W. Yorks, HD7 5OG. Tl:04a4 446162

PnlCtS - FROM lst tEB'92All25mm FIGIIRES - 50p each

HORSES - 75p eachAI orhet kiLs and a..essories wi rcnain asliste'l fot now in tudine aI lsnn figures.

COM|NG NEXT MONTH:H igh lantle\ antl G renad ie6

POSTAGE & PACKING:-UN TED KINGDOM & BFPOOrders !nde. f2O ADD 10% lmrn 5Op)Orders ovef f20 ADD 5%Ofde.s over f5O POST FFEE

EUROPE (SLrlace only)Orders under f50ADD 25% (min f l )Orders over fso ADD 15%

OUISIOE EUFOPE & WOBLDWIO. SUBFACEOrders under f50ADO 25% {min f l )Orders over f50ADD 20%

K E e E 3:::::;Jilf;"^33?#.'"*'

TWO NEW NAPOLEONIC TITLES IN ONE MONTHIPN/06 PENINSULAR ARNtIEs 1808-lil

Jan-packed with infomation on aU the arnies and an o\eFvicwoftheuniforms. An indnpensable addition to a Napoleonrcrareamerslibrary t5.95 + p&p

1809/10 THE BATTLE OF LINZ, IT MAY IEO9Vandamme and Bernadotre baltle rhe Aunrians. A weahh oldetailed researchon rhis hnheno olerlooked encounter. t3.75 + t&p

, / \ANSCIILUSS

.RIVENDELL'Wathcn way,

Marsham, AylshamNORFOLK NRIO sPZ

17th & T8ft CENTURY

Amyofjame5ll 4.50Bririrham! or.Jmalll ,r 50

Dui.h Any orwillim III 4.95Inpnal CrYalrj l69l.l? l4 3.OOLnpnal Intonl r69r.l7rJ rooDsiih Am! 1699-1715 3.?5FEnchcaY'l 1633 l7l5 1?5

NAPOLEONICAvo ice i romwater loo 3 .95

E8$rc.q_!8!SS!4!BaFPw 02 Fresch*iller I ?5FPw/CDj FPw Guide 1.75NE\ \ I Armi .so i lST l r t1 .95

CRIMEA\ II AR ARMY &TNIFORM CUIDES

C\rB/ot Bnbin. Frde & Sadinra 3.25Rus.A Tur lcJ I95

ANSCHLUSS RULESl \ \ l ) lH . l lh tD i \ l ighr l l lhhccnrur \S l im ish) : i50HClrl EbhdFidLolBtr[Dr\lod I llr lNl)gcN8iln r']5HGI) l EhhdFld lo fBx t r l t \ lod lTh . l r i l r c rmpJ ln l9 iHOr)l Ehh,!FliNdlBnttl! \lodI P.iin\uLrr(rnl)Jiln rqiCAU 111 Diplomn.\ .1. O rd \!.rn\ \4rlcotric crmpJln SNcm lilrTFS'01 Throueh Fir.rnd Smole l.l5US WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

AwVo1 Ouildford Crhourc 3?5AwL42 Cmdcr 315AwL43 Trenbn 3.'75 Vol l: l?93 I80l 4.50

Vo l2 : 1776 1783 ,150vo l l : l?56 '1763 I50Vol,1: l?40'l'748 1.50vol5: l00SBall Actions avo l6 : Rus ia 173?-1391 3 .vo lT : Bnk tn 1803 '15 J .95vo l8 : Thc R.n 1803 15 39 t

NAPOLEONIC ARMY & UNIFORM GUIDESAUVoI Rusia 3.95 AULO8 Polfld lAUL02 lhlJ- 1.95 AUVo9 ltu$ii (97-06) 1AUt03 \apler / Cl.r. Be 1.95 AUUIo Badennlbburs 3.AUL/O4 SaxonJ- I95 AUL/11 SN'.d.n lAUV05 Pruis,a{o31,1) r.95 ALlVt2 WesFharia 3.AUV06 Ausha 195 AUt/13 Ba\&a lAUW] ContofRhm. 395 AUL/I{ Forer-qn R-ets 3.

r95 Bnlsh vormr*,Re6 r3(b l5

I8O9CAMPAICNl809^]l Sdcil. 2951809O2 Tndn 195I 809n3 abensb.rg I 95t 309/16 Aslen E$[nE ] 251809,t? The Pir\. 2951309,03 Rab 2 95t309D9 wagrm I95

r81.3 CAMPAICN

l8 l l /01 Lu@n 295l8l3/t 2 Bauu.n 3.1518l3Dr Gos Balen 3 50l8ll0,1 Th. KaEbach 295l8l3&5 DEsd.n 3.50l8ll/t6 kiPziS 195

I8 l4CAMPAIGNl3l.rtl Blenn. 1951814,0: ljRorhicte .115

PENINSULAR CAMPAICNPEN/01 Rolica& vinic.o I95PENr'o2 corunna 1.95PEN/it3 c'o$rne rne Dotrm I95PENr'B Tala\ era 3.95PEN&5 3a)len 3 95

POSTAGE & PACKINGUKDFPO 40! p.r TiLl.

Eu'op. - 60p pd Tnl.,Jmaii . I 35 p$ Tde

When replying to adverts please mention Warganes Illustrated.

AN INTRODUETXOEtrSIm0{APANESE WAR,

TO THE1931" 1945

l:r'Cltris Peers

.-:{i:ti

For the peoples of East Asia. the conflict which we reter to asthe Second World War was merely the culmination of a warwhich had already been in progress for a decade when Japanattacked Pearl Harbour. The J apanese. like many other outsidepowers, had maintained a presence 'n China since the latenineteenth century. and in 1894 had fought a brief war whichgained for them the island of Formosa (Taiwan) and theLiaotung Peninsula in Manchuria. In 1919 the Treaty ofVersaillesrewarded Japan for its help against Germany with theformer German rights and possessions in Shantung Province,but unlike the other imperialist nations, which were turningaway from teritorial expansion, the Japanese. short of spaceand raw materials. still had further ambitions ;n the interior ofChina. Th 1920s and 30ssawan increasing contrast btween arapidly modernising Japan and itshuge neighbour, torn by civilstrife and remaining backward and moslly unindustrialised. In1928 China was nominally united under the Kuomintang orNationalist Party. but the local warlords remained difficuh rocontrol; war continued against the Communists in the South,and the country appeared irresistibly weak to a foreignaggressor. ln 1931, using a bomb attack on a railway as apretext, the Japanese army attacked the forces of the localwarlord in Manchuia and quickly took over the entireprovince, alihough furtherexpansion west alonglhe Creat Wallwas checked by a resolute defence. The Nationalist leader,Chiang Kaishek, did not intervene;his priorities are revealedby the fact thar at that time the bulk of his central forces -300,fi10 men, 200 heavy guns and 100 aircraft - were tryingunsuccessfully to eliminate theCommunists. However. when inJanuary 1932 the Japanese used another minor incident as anexcuse to send marines into Shanghai, bombing the city whenthey were resistd, they went too far. Professional Chinesetroops held off 30.000 Japanese in positional fighting until May,when a ceasefire was agreed and the League ofNalions called into adjudicate. Not surprisingly the League declared theocupation of Manchuria illegal, bur no attempt was made toenforce this decision and in the following year Japan withdrewfrom the League. When it become obvious that the Nationalistswere in no position to defend their northem provinces. theJapanese army began a policy of small-scale conquests which by1937 had taken them as far as Mongolia in the west and theoutskirts ofPeking in the south. By that time, however, thingshad changed in both counries. making the time ripe forfull'$rale war.

THE COURSE OF THE WAR,1937-1945

2 1

Oppositei Ttl/o pics of Colin Rumfo's Japanese WWII forcesin 20mm scale. Raventhorye, Lamming, & Figurcs, Amour,AftiIery are the manufacturc6 rcprcsentel. Colin's teftainbegan life as Total System Scenic blocks, but has acquied a

the Yellow River. In 1937 the Japanese regarded thcm asrelatively insignificant. but the Communists were tobecome themost determined of their enemies and the chance which tookthem north to the main war zone a maiorfactorin the ultimatedefeat of the invaders.

Japanese troops had been stationed in the Tientsin regionsouth-eastof PekingsincetheBoxerRebel l ion, andonTthJuly1937 they used routine exercises as a cover for staging another"incident" which led to fighting with the Chinese garrison at theMarco Polo Bridge on lhe Yongting River. The Chinese 29thArmy,withonly l0,000men and notanks, aircrafi, antiaircraftguns or heavy artillery, fought bravely in defence of Pekingagarnsl lhe equivalent ot t$o divis ion\ s i lh slrong air ruppon.but by the end ofJuly the city had fallen and the Chinese wereretreaiing southwards. Meanwhile the invaders had alreadythrown away their chance of exploiiing local support by thebginning ofthe trail ofatrocities which marked their advanceeverylvhere in China. Prisoners were killed, civilians attackedand undefended localities bombed, and theirtotal disregard forpublic opinion quickly turned the whole population againstthem,leadingto a. upsurge in support for the Communists andother anti Japanese guerrillas. Al this time Chiang Kai-shekhad a total of about two million men under arms. but few ofthem were adequately trained or equipped; there were alsoabout 150,000 Communists in the nonh-west, at least theoretically allied with the Nationalists against the Japanese and betterled and disciplined. ifno bettersupplied with modern weapons.Against then Japan fielded 300.000 regulars and 150,000Mongolian and Manchurian "puppet" troops, many of themcavalry, under Japanese officers, but the Japanese were farbelter provided with artillery. automatic weapons and airsupport. and it was estimated that in the initial battles the ratiooflosses was more than ten toone in theirfavour.

In Augustof l93TtheJapanese landed at Shanghai, intendingto advance up the Yangtse River to Nanking, the Nationalistcapital. Ten army divisions plus the Madne Corps, a total of300,000 men, were committed, with 200 tanks as well as strongair and navalsupport; the Chinese had 50divisions in the area,but they had little mobility afld were strung out along a broadfront. At the time there were only about 80,000 men in Chinawho were considered to be rrained and equipped up roEuropean standards (they had been trained by Cermanadvisers, including Hans von Seeckt) and nearly all of these,including the officers who could have been invaluable intraining new units, were sent into the battle for Shanghai andIost there - a severe blow to future Chinese DrosDects.Ho{ever. an excepl ional l } ferocious ba le conL'nuid 'n andaround the cityuntil November when Shanghai fell, followed inDecember by Nanking, scene of the infamous "Rape ofNanking" which shocked the world. Meanwhile in the Pekingarea the Japanese forced the Pass oI Nankou, after fiercefighting near the Ming tornbs which are today so popular withtourists, and poured west into Inner Mongolia. At rhe sametime they struck south towards Wuhan, exposing their dghtflank to the Communhr forces in the mountains of ShansiProvince. It was to become a feature ofthe war that while rheJapanese were often iresistible in the open plains they hadmuch less succss in the mountains which criss-cross China. andwhere their tanks were useless. On 24th SeDtember theJapanese 2lst Brigade was climbing the P'ing-hsing Pass in along motorised column when two brigades of the Comrnunhtll5th Division under Lin Piao blocked the road at both ends

By 1936 the Japanese army. which had previously had to makewar almosr secretly behind the backs of the civilian govemnent,had achieved undisputed power in Tokyo. It was now able topursue openly its long-standing policy of total conquest ofChina, although with hindsight the idea that acountry ofabouteighty million people could have subdued a vast sub-continenloften times its population and more than nventy times its areaseems just another symptom oI the madness which wasovertaking Japan at the time. On the other hand. Japaneseinvestment had tu.ned Manchuria into a powerful industrialbase, and it may have seemed that the same could be done forother conquered regions, producing a "snowball'effect inwhich China could be defeated with its own resources andmanpower as the British had done in India. And ifJapan was tostay on the mainland at all, it was neessary to strike quiklybefore Chiang Kai-shek finally consolidated his hold on hhcountry and became irsistible. By 1935 the Nationalists haddriven the Communists out oftheir stronghold in the south. but

'this victory turned out to be an illusion, as Mao Tse-tung'stroops extdcated themselves from encirclement in the famousLong March and reached a secure area around Yenan north of

and encircled it. TheJapanesefought with their usualfanaticismbut were destroyed, and the entire 5th Division under GeneralItagaki was forced to retreat in confusion. This was the onlydivisional-sized batde fought during the war by the Conrnun-ists, but it was also the firsl major defeat inflicted on theJapanese. The Chinese even captured a nurnber of tanks andarmouredcars, bul having no-one whoknew how to ddvethemaway were forced to destroy them. (wilson-see Bibliography-relates another example ofthe technical backwardness ofmanyChinese at this timei when the Communists took a Japaneseairfield in , night attack some of their men had never seenaeroplanes before. and when ordered to destroy them wereunablc 1o recognise their targets!)

This succss slowed the advaflce towards Wuhan but d;d notstop it. and by the end of 1937 the invaden had reached theHwang Ho or Yellow River. But China fought on. ChiangKai-shek moving his capital inland to wuhan. This surprised theJapanese, who appear to have imagined that with the fall ofNankingthe war would be over. Early in 1938 they advanced oflTungshan simuhaneously from Nanking and the north. intend'ing to link up their forces in northern and central China. Itseemed lhal the units opposing them were of poor qualitycompared to those lost at Shanghai the previous year, but theycontained a number of volunteer divisions of high morale andwell-equipped with artillery, and were made the subject of animprovement programme by German advisers. They had afurther advantage in their commander. General Li Tsung-jen,one of the few really good generals in the Nationalist forces.The Chinese strategy was to decoy the enemy north fromNanking in order to delay an advance on Wuhan, and Lisucceeded in doing this. only to find his 80.000 men trappedbetween the two pincers. However, in a long and confusedbattle in and around $e c'ty ofTaierchwang. the Chinese heldtheiratlackers, includingtwoelite Japanese divisionswithtanksupport. Iong enough for reinforcements to arrive. The battlewas a sort of Chinese Stalingrad, with the Japanese takingfour fifihs of the city. but being unable toconclude the fightingbefore being surrounded. Two Japanese divisions were des-troyed by 7th April and the rest of the arrny driven back.Chinese morale soared. but the high command failed to followup rhe victory with offensive action and were caught unawaresby an enemy ihrust west from Kaifeng. This was blocked bybreaking the dikes on the Yellow Rivr and flooding a hugearea. at enormous cosl in life to civiUans as well as soldiers ofboth sides. Nevertheless the Japanese rctained the initiative.and in October launched the greatest offensive of the waragainst Wuhan. Four hundred thousand Japanese defeated fourtimes their numbers of hastily sraped-rogether Chinese troopsand on 25th- October the city fell. the government escaping rothe wesl by a perilous boar trip through the Yangtse gorges. Inthe same week Canton in the far south was taken in anamphibious operation. the--southern coasl having been leflvirtuallv unatteflded.

The;nd of 1938 was a dark periodlor China, despire thegradual improvenent in the popular will to resist and thebattle'worthiness of the newly raise divisions. The heavy losssof the past eighteen months had reduced the army to 240divisions, totalling 2',t million men on paper. but in reality.according to a Japanese estimate. only about 900,000 srrong.The Russians had delivered much new equipment, includingaircraft, but nowhere nearenough to go round. andthe shortageof trained officers was still desperate. On the other hand Japanhad only 23 divisions in China, wasopcrating ar rhe endofverylong lines of communication and was beginning to lose thequalitative superiority w'oich had so far offset the disc.epany innumbers. At Shanghaiand Nanking the Japanese had inflictedabout five casualries for every one they suffered, bur ar Wuhanthe losses were equal. Both sides therefore wenr onto the

defensiv. The Japanese concentraled on holding the rnajorcitiesand railway linesin eastern China. which gavc eachofthedivisions there an average front of 100 miles, while $eyattempted to starve the Chinese into submission by blockadeand minorlandings along the coast. Chiang Kai-shek divided hisarmy into ihree pans. of\lhich one was to undergo training inthe wesi. one to hold the line in central China. and one toconduci guerrilla warfare in the occupied areas of the east. Ofcourse the lerm _occupied" is only relative. and north China inparticular was a chaotic nixture of supposedly -pacified'regions under Japanese control. pockets of Communist.Nationalisr or purely local guernllas and even regular Kuomin-tang troops liling off the areas where they had been encircled.and areas which. usually becaus of hostile terrain, had simplynever been penetrated by ihe invaders. The main Communistbase area around Yenan. beingtoo remote and mountainousforregular operaiions. was never seriously threatened.

Alongside the policy of naval blockade the Japaneseattempted to attack lhe inaccessible western fastnessesofChinafrom the air. and the new capilal of Chungking was repeatedlyflattened in a sustained bombing campaign which ne!erihlessfailed to break the morale of the defenders. The Chinese AirForce. now equipped with modern fighters like the RussianPolikarpov I-16. was improving all ttr time. and the airNar wassoon to enter a new dimnsion with the unofficial involvmntof American pilots. the famous Flying Tigers . who protectedrhe supply routes from Burma under Chinese command. Frorn1939 onwards rhe fighting dclined in intensity. the big baitlesgiving way to a larger number ofsmaller clashes as one s'de orthe other atrempled to make local gains. steal ihe enemy sharvest. ravage the countryside or (as happened after thcDoolittle raid on Japan in 19,12) to capture threatening airbases. The following table ofadmitted Kuomintang losses gives

" t^'Ji

\-- l,- \ ,

t - Jl-

; \ 1

an idea ofhow the fightinggraduallywound down, compared toa figure of perhaps a milion a year in the first two years of thewar (1937-9):19401941

3,1{J,000145.000

194219,13

88,00043,000

Smaller campaigns continued throughout 1939, a Japanesethrust at Nanning in the far south and another al Ch angsha inHunan Province with four divisions being brought to a halt byChinese resistance. ln December Chinese gue.rillas of bothparties began a winter ofJensive in the north which had somesuccesses and forced the Japanese lo construct moats andblockhouses to protect the raihvays. ln May and June 1940.however, amuch largerbattlc developed around Yichang, acitywest of Wuhan which offered a base for bombing Chungking,only 240 miles furtheron. The Chinese committd iii divisionsagainst the Japanese atrack. but were defeared with 60,000casualties. Their attempts at counteFattacking were beaten offand Yichang fell a blow to Chinese morale which seriouslyreduced their capacity for further offnsive operations- Mean-while the Cornmunists attacked the enemy garrisons in the eastwhich had been deplered for the Yichangbattle. This'HundredRegiments Campaign seriously damaged Japanese industriesand communicauons. bur rhe Communrlrs $ere ne\er agarnable to attempt anything on this scale; in fact early in 1941f ight ingbrokeoutbetweenChineseNational i l tsandCommun-ists, and thereafier each pany seemed to regard the other as agrealermenace than the foreign invaders-

The Gcrman invasiol of the USSR in June 19,11 brcathednewlife into the Chinese theaire fora while. astheJapanese nolonger had to keep such strong forces in Manchuria in case ofaRussian attack. and a second attempt Nas made to captureCh'angsha in Septcmber. If Taierchwang had been theStalingrad of the war in China. this was its Arnhern. for theattackers used paratroops for the first time to secure abridgehead over the Liuyang River while engineers attemptedto prepare roads behind them to bring the tanks and artilleryforward. Ch'angsha fell to a picked dilersionary dctachmenl incivilian clothes. but the heavy units were delayed by hcavy rainand unable to link up. so on 30th Sptember the Japaneseevacuated the city and were driven back to their startingpositions with 41.000 casualties.

In 1942. being by now heavily committed elsewhere againsttbe British, Americans and Dutch. theJapanese had tosuspendaltacks in China. Their conquest of Burma cut off the lastoverland supply route to China from the outside world. bu! thismerely encouraged the Americans. nolv officiallv alUes of theNationalist regime. to begin an airliftfrom lndia. and as a directresult to form the 14th Air Force which by 19,13 had reversed thelongslanding Japanese air superiority over China. On theground. in return for the deployment of 30.000 Chinese inBurma. the Allies began to train and re-equip Kuomintang unitson a large scale. although even by the end of the war onl!' onedivision in tefl had begun the training programne. In 1942Chiang Kaishek received the Anerican General JosephStilwell as his Chief of Staff and his integration into iheworldwide alliance was formalised in the formation of lheChina'Burma India Command. although a comment bv thecommander of ihe Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma,General Tu Yuming. put a different perspective on thesituation: -Stilwell onlv thinks he is commandins. In fact he isd o r n g n o s u c h r h r n g . . ' . w e C h r n e s e r h r n k l h a r t i e o n l y " a y r okeep the Americans in the war is to give them a fet! commandson paper. They will not do much harm as long as we do lhework. Relations betwecn Chiang and Stilwell were oflenstrained. but it is difficult to apporrion ihe blame to one sidealonet the American was notoriously difficult toget on with. but

Chiang made the situation worse by repeatedly interfering inthe running ofthe Burma front, overridingthe man on rhe spotwho usually knew better (although Stilwe ll himself made somegrave mistakes). The fortunes ofthe Alliesin Burma are beyondthc scope of this article. but it is worrh poinring out rhar theChincse troops there performed a very valuable service, but assome of the few well'trained units tha! Chiang had they weresorely missed in central China. and represented a considerablesacrifice on hispart.

Early in 1943 the Nationalists were badlydefeated in Shansi,and from then on the main brunt ofthe war in north Chinawasborne by the Communisis. However, a further Japaneseadvance from Yichang against Ch'rngkingwas repulsed in May,and the retreating Japanese were severely damaged byAmerican air power. The first offensive on a major scale since1938 was launched byJapan in April 19,9 as a direct response tothe American air threat. This was Opration Ichi go, which wasdesigned to eliminate the air bass in south west China homwhich the new B'29 bombers could attack the Japanesehomeland. From the Yellow River in Honan Province 100.000men and 500 armouredvehicles advanced south, linking up withtroops from Wuhan to take the cityofLoyang. The 34divisionsopposing them were of poor quality and, despite localcounteFattacks. unable to combat the armour on the flat. dryplains. Fulther south Ch angsha finally fell to the Japanese inJune. and aftcr resisting well for 11 days at Hengyang theChinese gave way, opening the way to Chungking andKunming.In the farsouth another operation took Nanninganddefeated over 30 Chinese divisions. and despite serious supplydifficulties the Japanese continued the offensive for the rest ofthe year. making slow progress but ventually succeeding incontrolling for the first time a land route between Manchudaand Vietnam. culting Nationalist China into two parts, onebased al Chungking and one isolated on tbe coast aroundFukien. Out of 12 U.S. air bases,7 had been aptured. The

1 \ l - . - ^

,' \ \ ^.-c\ \ / r u * * R d ^ . " !

Kuomintang attributed much of their poor showing in thiscarnpaign to the fat that th Communists were no longerco-operating with lhen, and to the loss ofmost of the best unitswhich wer either fighting in Burma or training in tndia, buteven so they did less well than night have been expected. TheJapanese, after all, were short of supplies, lacked air superiorityand had sent many oftheir best nen to the Pacific. It is likelythal the Chinese generals, aware that the war was turningagainst Japan, were increasingly relutant to stand and fight,preferring to trade space for time and wait for the enemy tocollapse. Stilwell. and his replacement wedemayer after 18thOctober, franticallytried loorganise defence linesto avert wbatlooked like the totalcollapse ofthe Chinese army, but itwas notuntil Decemberthat Chiang transferred troops from Burma andelsewhere inChina and checked the Japanese,whowereby nowat the end ofthir supplis. The ampaign of 1945 took the formofa scramble between the Chinese factions to re-occupy the lostposilions asthe invaden fell back towardsthe coast. but the warin China was finally decided by outside events. the Japanesesurrenderof August 1945 findingmosrof the conquered regionssdll under their control.

THEARMIES

late 1942 onwards. As is well known. the main asset of theJapanese army was the incredible courage of its troops, whowere also extremely mobile for marching infantry. They hadbeen indoctrinated since childhood with feelings of hatred andcontempt towards the Chinese and were inclined to underestimate lhe enemy, leading to one of their major weaknesseswhichwas rashness and lackolcaution. Until 1943, airsupportwas a najor factor in their successes and was provided by avarietyof aircraft . Eightyfive Italian FiatB20swere operatedasthe Army Type I Hea\ry Bomber from 1937 to 1940 tosupplement the main force ofMitsubishi Ki'21heavy and Ki-30l ight bombers, which se edfrom 1938unt i l theendofthewar,although increasingly obsolescnt. The Ki-15, a fast single-engined reconnaissance aircraft, almostimmune to interceptionby lhe Chinese fighters, provd to be extremely useful for deeppenetration ofenemy airspace{rom 1937 until late 1942,when itwas withdrawn from frontline service because of heavy lossesto more nodern allied fighters. Japanese Army fighter aircraftwould be the Kawasaki Ki-10 biplane between 1937 and 1940,the slightly more modem Ki-27 ( Nate") monoplane fromsummer 1938to late 1942, and the Ki-43 (*Oscar") from the endof 1941. During 1937 the army was re-equipping its air arn andmost of the burden of fighter support fell on the Imperial Navy.which at first had to rely on obsolescentcarrier-based A2Ns andA4Ns, but by the time ofthe Shanghai landings was deployingthe new A5M2 ("Claude") which served until 1941- Navymachines continued to take part in the Chinese war at least untilmid'19,12. and between Septmber 1940 and December 1941A6M Zeros received their combat initiat;on there. achievingdramalic success against the Chinese fighters. Arny units in theearly 1930s probably relied for air support nainly on Type 91parasol monoplanes and Type 92 biplanes. with Ki 3 single-engined light bombers.

In contrast to Japan. China had no real industrial base ofitsown and so had to rely on a mixture of imported equipmntfrom vanous sources. The Kuomintang originally dependedheavily on German advisers. andthe uniformsofelite troops inthe 1930s tended to reflect this influence. while after 1941 theUSA took on the task of re'equipping as well as training afavoured few divisions. The main supplier of foreign aid duringthe war, however, wasthe USSR. which surprisingly supportedthe Nalionalists and between 1937 and the German invasion ofRussia in 1941 sent more aid and eouiDment than the West wasto do throughout the rest ofthe war. including aircraft. artilleryafld small arms. Nevenheless. Chinese armis remaineddesperatelyshortof e!erythingexcepicourage andmanpower.The infafltry divisions did not have integral artillery as thesescarce and prestigious weapons were kept in a central reserveand handed out when needed. both for fear of losing lhe fewguns available and because local commanders were oflen nottrusted with them. Chiang Kai shek was always more concernedto reward loyalty than ability. so the best generals seldom hadthe best equipment and the infanlry had to rely for support ontrench mortars. ofwhich a division might hav about 20. and onrlmorl equrl ly scdrce machrne-gun'. Ihere $4" even a ser iou.shortage oflight section machine'guns. weaponswhich in otherarmies wre regarded as indispcnsable and issued in hugenumbers. This state of affairs was not enlirely du lounavoidable economic factorsr the regime s obsessive fears ofreal or imaginary internal enemies often meant that the waragainst the Japanese was not given the priority it would sem tohave deserved. For example in December 194-1, when theIchi-go offensive had cut Nationalisl China in half and wasthratening to overwhelm the enlire country. the Americansfound a huge cache ofunused arms. including 50 artillery piecesand 50.000 tons of ammunidon. which the governmeni wasstoring 'in case of emergency .

Anotherproblemwasthelackof central isal ion.fordespitei ts

The Japanese army of world war II is reasonably well known toWesterners from its campaigns ill Burma and the Pacific. but itshould be notedthat in the Chinesecontext it appearedin rathera different light. Here the terrain was more suitable forconventional operations, and the bulk ofthe Japanese armourand heavy a illery was deployed in China. so that whileelsewhere the Japanese seemed to be the lightly'equipped.almost primitive army, relying on spirit and cunning rather thanhardware, in thiscampaign the roleswre reversed. A Japanesedivision, with about 72 artillery pieces. the same number ofanti-tank guns and over 600 machine-guns, was fantastiallywell-equipped by Chinese standards, but suffered the corresponding penalty of being road-bound and tied to its supply lines.Because of the low ratio of troops to ground this was a verymobile war, despite the shortage of motor transpon on bothsides. and the Chinese rended to be the ones who made use ofdarkness and supposedly impassable lerrain to encircle anddemoralise lheirenemies. At first the Japanese were very rigidin their tactics; their artillery co-ordination was poor and theyhad no training in night fighting. but by l94l rhis was beginningto change, and Chinese observers may have ben right to claimthat many of the tactics which cam as a nasty shock to theEuropeanshad been larned in China.

Nevertheless by European standards the Japanese army wasan old fashioned force, relyingmainlyon infantry- The artillerywas mostly light. 37mm. or 75mm.. and the tanks thinly-amoured. although this did not matter much in China wherearmour-versus-armour battles were v;rtually unknown and evenanti tank guns mrely encountered. In theory there were threetypes of division, "A , "B' and _C": B was the standard.while th 'A" grade had additional artillery and often armouredsuppon and tlie "C" type was less well-equipped and used,likethe Manchurian and Mongolian auxiliaries, for garrison oranti-guenilla tasks. Japanese industry, however, was not equalto the demands made upon i1 by the war and all types of un'twere often shon of their official cornplement of weapons or,parlicularly from 1944 onwards. restricted by ammunitionshotages. Large numbeN ofcavalry were present in Manchur-ia. but were seldom committed to batrle further south. Tankswould be the Types 94. 95 (Ha-Go) and 97 (Te-Ke) lights andthe Types 89 and 97 (Chi-Ha) mediums. the lights with 37mmguns ormachine'guns only, the mediumswiththe short ranged57mm L18. although a few of the later types like the Type I(Chi'He) with the long-barrelled 47mm misht be available from

25

apparent strength (a peak of 3]l rnillion men in 1945) theNationalistarmyremained a coalition of Iocal warlords, some ofwhom Chiang was quire right not to trust (42 generals defectedtothe Japanese in 1943 alone, and atotalof hal f amil l ionmenwere lost in th;s way during the war). There was a vast gulfbtween the central reserve kept by Chiang, which was at leastadequately fed and clothed. and the divisions of the prov'ncialarmies. some ofwhich were in a state that almost defies belief.There were not always enougb rifles lo go round, and someunits were found lo be incapable of marching owing tonalnutrition. because coffupt officers stole the rations. Menwere xecuted for no reason- soldiers beat their offiers todeath, and disease was rampant; conscripts arrived at theirunitsinchains at least if they were lucky, for dcaths while on the wayto join them ran into hundreds of lbousands. HorrifiedAmericans found that most of the warlords troops whicharrived in Burma and India for training, after long marcheswithoutpropersupplies, were fit only for th hospitals. Many ofthese accounts read like something fron the eightenthcentury, and it is not surprising that in th first naior war torcenturies in which fewer nendied from disease and hungerthanfrom enemy a