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The Foundry, Mount Street, New Basford, Nottingham NG7 7HX. Tel: 0602 792002 Fax: 0602 792209

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WARGAMES FOUNDRYNAPOLEONIC FRENCH

WE THINK THEEMPEROR HIMSELF

WOULD HAVE APPROVED!NP76 NP78

The Foundrv, l\,4ount Street, New Basford. Nottinqham NG7 7HX. Tel: 0602 792002 Fax: 0602 792209

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25mm NAPOLEONICWARSDesigned by Alan & Michael Perry

GRENADIEFS N EAFSftIi, CIIIFAIGX DRESS

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f Post a Packins tor the u.K.I Odels up ro !15.00 add 15%I Belween f15.00 and 30 00 add 10%I Belween 130.00 and 850.00 add 5%I over eso posl paid Minimum p&p sopt _I Add 30% (Posraoe.ot used will be credned)I UgA & Au3tr.li.:I Add 50% forAir lvlailI lPoslase nol used will be dediied)I crnlooue'I tisr onry bslr.l.dI unn d Kinqdon 60p 42.s0I Euop 41.20 C3.50I Besr or urod 92,@ 44.50

STOCKISTS UNIIEOSTATESOFAMEBICA WESTGERMANY FBAIICEwAFcAL4Es FOUNDRYis'E ap dt Pendnqon M i,atu.6*;'.tu"!.b-u K t;cb'ytu.;y ,sae Ma"ie* D' *

AUSTRAIIA CANAOArTArY BELGIUM IFEIAND ;;-;;;;; ms""*"

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HEROICS & ROS FIGURES1/300th SCALE METAL FIGURES fr .40 Packs containinq50 infantrv or 20 Cavalru or 6 Guns & Crew

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wanGAilftlllurfratedA belated THANK YOUI to all of you Nho votcd W1 BesrWarsames Maeazinc in last vcar s F. l .A S C O. awards Thereis a iactical reison for waiting so lons ro say thanks - :nd it sth i ! : F. l .A.S.C.O. vot ing t ime h. ts come aroLrnd again (see thead. onpage 30) soma) 'be $ 'ecancombinethcthrnkswi thal i l r lecan\ J \srngl ' | 50 thank\ J ! r rn in rnt ( ip l r ion l

Th( con\enl rnn La 'enLl , ' 'eem' ' , ' be chJngrns fehruar \ 'formcr l ! a dead month. is no$ qui ic bust wi th the in l roduct ionof rhe York Show in reccnt years and rhe molingforward ofiheV.NI .S. Fai r th is year . Apr i l has empi ied of \ i r tua l lv evcrvth inger \ lcDl )a lu le. hur lunc hrs he\ ' imc ,he hu 'h\ l mnn h r lhe\ e a r i n l u o l & l u { l s i h . e ! e r : l ' h o s ' . l r ' l ' ' n e A n , ' r r l ' 1 .move is Midland Militaire ! hop fo^fxrd lronl its traditionalwimbledon finals wcekend lo rhe third lveekend in June Therennis nevcr seemed to hale any adverse cflect on MM (thoughthe Julv hcai ma! wcl l have done) but i t is , r shos ' that seems &)hrve ieclined during the past coufle of year! Lrsr vear'!besr ever F. l .A.S.C.O. rhe weekcnd l reforc cer ta in l ! h i t i rbadlv. and thc move forward i5 obliousl) intcnded to rcvcrsethe position. Hopefully bolh sholvs will lhrive.

Al l those rumours that tbe Nal ionals (anothcr 'wnlk inglroundcd for th pasl J or 5 years) $cre nol going ahead areUNTRUE (see p.5 l ) . The Pinner c lub have p lomiscd a.adicalshake'up and it\ certainl! needed

In the Statcs in August Gencon and Origins .rgain co b'neinto: mega sholv. Whi lsr rh is is mr in l l a FanlasvrRolc p l r !show thefe is .rn historical miniat res reprcsenration. lvlostnotabl\'this !-car Mr Todd Fisher of rhe Empcror's Headquar-ters inthicago is scheduled to slage a French Rclolution gamcon a tabletop.l0 fecr br- 1,1fecl teaturing 1790s Paris (seemrrglvat a one moiel= one house rario 1) scfatch-bu ilt bv Ian weekle)and Min iature Archi tec l Andy Copel take Somcwhar uncon

SUASCRIPTIO S fol l2 ssuesoiWargames llluslratedare!22 in lhe u.K.Europe & st ol Woid sudace: !26. Resl ol Wodd airmail: t36.BACK IUdBEES All issues excepl nos. 1 , 2 &3 arestillavailable at 12 each posloaid.Bacq nurnbers ol our occas onal specral eflra pL blical onWaraarrres worlo a.e also sl i lava able Nos.2.3.r ' [240posrpaid:No.st1.80 postPaid.BIIIDERS for Wargames I ustnled (capacily 1 2 issues).BindefsforWarqames World also avallable. Same capacity, sameDrice. Price:E6aosl oaid in l.JK.Rest ol Worlcl: add tl.50 extra poslage.Fron! STRATAGE PUBIICA'IO S ITD',t8 Loyera l.ne, rew'.k, [otl.. tac24 lHz, Eaglind.

Waroanes lllustraled is oublished on the last Thusday ofeaci month by: Stalagem Publ cat ons L1d , 1 I Lovers Lane,Newark. Notts. NG24 lHZ Tel: 0636 71973 EDITOB: DuncanMaclarlane. TYPESETTING & REPFODUCTION BY: PressplanServces Lld. PRINTED ln England. DISTRIBUTORS: ComagMagazine Market ng, Tav stock Road, West Dra)'lon,Middlesex UB7 7OE. USA: The Emperors I'leadqlarters,5744 Wesl l rv ing Park Road, Chcago. 11nois60634.Tel:312777 8668 CANADA: RAF[,4 Companv Inc.,20 Parkhill RoadEast, Cambridge, Ontaio, Canada, N1F 1P6 AUSTRALIA:Rav ComDton. Essex Minatures Ltd., I Lowanna PlaceHornsby, NSW 2077. FRANCE: Jeux de Guerre DiiJusion6 rue de l\,4essonier. Paris 75017.

Front cover photo: Redarbl Entetprbes 25nir R!,ldsse r(figut\ nnu&ittg thtaryh a illagc scft chhrilt bt L?nJohn!,l. Fig te s pautted b| Cllris L?eson.

Contentswargaming the Ballle of MhlaluzeShaka Zulv's g.eztest battleKurskT- lTJulJ 1943Part IStna o bnsed on the zctions inrotr insXLWII Pan?$ Corps

RichardCra$ley Stratagens&CircumslancesTadical sophistication |or tva/'s ot theRoses L'onnancters

PeterP.H,Heath'Hurt iosHerman'A Rattle of B tain scenado

AngusKonslam etalA Peter the Great PotPourriMo.e notes on the Rusizn zrn! atNa.ra & in Lironia

ReadrsLettersStphenSimpson ThreeNornanBallles, l106'1124

l: Tincheb.z! 1106ColinRumford TheRangRevic$

Looks at R& R Miniztures Latt rencc ofAnbia range

Pagel3 lanKnighl

16 MartinS. Pike

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26

3840

50 ClassifiedAds

c|npulet sinulalion ol naval warlarc

ot tteets durino lh8 grsal \a g r o t l h e b a l e s l r i p . '03EAol l0uGHTS s ta s bY

Br l ig l r i t l r r Sa l l l ss o lC! r r ie l (1S14) , lhe

Far r ra id . {1911) ihe 0oqqerBank{1915) !nd Jd la rd 0916)promol i ig lhe user lo ad f r id l ,

Avallable ro{ l0r tlre lBlt Pc+!ompafibh. (c!., !qa, rga)aid li6 Aniimedes.avaikbls Mai.lr lsl lor llai sT and comFodoBamiqa. Ptce e31 s5lRollclAos slrra r disk llre Eallles ol Yalu (189!) Ye o, Sea 11904) Uhan1r90,r). a3d Isushina (190s) Pri@ 116.95SlsMlScx ernar ! d isk lhe Ba eswl r r lheEsmecr and lheBanksor lh !RvdPare 11939 l JavaSea11942)and Not thCape(1943) P tu8 ! l6 95ar 0 ' .e . q ( 'dP p0 uq . do , /a . I n - r00r , r , " o 'o -ed oo ' l - speqr lp'b" - 0 ',q,. o0 o Tmctn neset'ch stslems Lld 83 GrcenFortL0rdon NW63LJ - ork pDhonean 0rder !s nq voroe0 r(rd i0

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B.r.l.yerd & Acc.s Ord.E W.tcomo

"ni,tiiffiffiiffi" SKYTREXFar No: 0509 23Oa74

Mail OrdorAddres!:2A AROOK STREET

WYMESWOLDLOUGHBOROUGHIEICESTERSHIRE

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.!,"f:1fl\5*:3"':, Il$I lilltl(7eh scale metal models

by rnroNCOASTAL FORCESSTARTER PACK Tg.q)contains models, rules,

NEW MODELSCF304 "$a"Gerhan "E" boat f1.95

This cl.ss rorese.ted the oeakof Geman developrned (1943)

CF904 Oiltanker4so0lons t7.50This model is based on a laroeclass buih 1917-30 which weie sordto all narions fo. coastat oit trsnsport.

BRMSH FORCEScF1 MTB532

1.50cF2 MfB311 f1.50CF3 HMSGEvGoose f2.95(Srean div.n MTB)CFa F hmtle'B'dassMcB 42.50CF5 F:irmil.'D'classMTg

2.95CF6 AirS6:R.scuMGB e2.5OCF20'U'classsubmaine t2.95cF30Flowerclasscotuene e5.50lCF31lsl6cl.$r.wler 84.95icf4o Hu.r class lyp r Desrrover

n.95CF41 Hunt class Vpe 2 06roy.

F/.95CF42 V & WAA.$on D.sroyer

rr.95CFIX| V&Wlo.g rangescori 17.95

GERMAN FORCES

Cf320'R'classscon MGBCF321 M2t hervy e*on

ITALIAN FORCEScF40r Mslt MrB fr.50cR02 vAs3o1MGB E1.50MERCHANT SHIPSCP$l B ridergoship f6.95CRl02Gormanrsoship e5.95cFllrBrfti.hcAMBhip 46.95

RED EAGLE WW1 AIRCRAFTBd Fagle tr,r,|lh ecrte modetatrcEfi r. rhe 'deat modesror bolF colle.io'3 and w.l9ame6. SmstJ enouOh to nst ararg col*non orgams ir a rcsonabl ares but t.rqeeroughio 0i@ good drd'/ dnd allo* yo- to pa'nr lh cotourlut wwt

RED EAGLE STARTER PACK 13.50

includes rules + 4 aircraft

lNr me nodars whkh reere$ sia la's d '\c erd o,ww|

Bl'll;:ftlllHil3iii ffi '""''- "s.";-

AUS'FA!IANAGENTBA'TLEFIE!D

50 Cli!.old P.nde,Crmp.i, N.S.W. Au.tr.ti._

POSTAGE & PACKINGU K.10%o.derva l le

over ag post iiee.BFPO(Europe)asabove

BFPO{Ours ide Europe)30%oder

Europe 2o%orderU S A )Canada | - - -N zea land I

WE ACCEPT AARCLAYCARD,ACCESS, SANKAMEBICAFO,EUAOCAFO, VISA, CHARGEX,& MASTEBCHAFGE J IJSTSND YOUR CABD NIJMBEFAND EXPIAY OATE

HINCHLIFFE WW2 20mm rhe scaleQUALITY WHITEMETAL KITS

l80lopquahryww2 mode,s kils AVATLABLE not iust a Drcmise. TheoL,a'rty.s youropinion given a ie Corvent:ols. WHy PAy MOFEwhen you can have the BESTAVATLABLE at SKYTREX pBtCES.

NEW MODELS THIS MONTHNEW IJ,S, ARMYIIODELS

20/166AM3$uan ighibntt94l e5.95 NEw JAPANESE MODELS20/1,663 V3Al U.S Vd'.cs iqFr 'a-t 20 BttFo {t{ra{ r ur! Ilcle / t595 )0 ,3 t ! /p .q?$, oLrer ,6 r r t95?0/67M5righru{'912ed1/ tr)95 2087rlp95pt.Got'9t..!1. F.9520 '16TAVtA l l ighrh 942tdk .595?0t31-p97r I . {D, ,e l a .s

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NEIIY EAiLY WAF BFMSH iIEW GERMAN MODETS2(1173 Mdild.Ml.ltanl f595 2o/t5zptAustBtg4o t4.5020174 MarirdaMk.2rank t5.95 2ol153p,|AustFl940 t55o2orl75 Al3.ruisr1anl t5.95 2olj54pr38ll)C1940 f5 502U175AAl3Mk2Cruisartanl t5.95 Z0l155pr AusfE1940-41 t5.952011753A13C/o*supponlankwilh3in 2Ol177pn BetehtvaqanCommand

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9TABLETOPGAMES

53 MANSFIELD ROAD, DAYBROOK,.. . . .

NOTTINGHAMNG5688u"b P&P [,4in. 25p U.K.Overseas: 15% Sudace i,,tait. 60% for Air Mail

E ,:Eii.f'!E"Y:"!",&6ii"l?"f"o Fl

vd!i., rld"rnis & Esk; Ami6r

br su'lFd nudid

NEI| PRUSSIAN CIIDESP l INFANTRY . . . 95pP ] CAVALRY, . 95P

FREI KORPS 9ip

:{O PRICE INCREASESO\OURI'IGURES. STILL

BoJrnr0r{vrh!nsr nhhr

DB^(rarPlarAitirdn

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NAPOLEONIC

BN24 Fusilir Standard Bearer

BN1 1 Fusili.r athck na.ch

aN Fusilie. adv muskerBN12 Hrghlands OfilcerSN2g llighlander Slnd BearerBN29 Higl ander P vale FninqBN13 Hi0hlander DtummerBNltl Highlander alrackingBN15 Highlsnder afiack march

FN4 French lineOliicerFN5 Frdnch Un Eagl S.aGtFN6 Fr6nch Lin orunmErFN32 Frondr lino Flsirior GuardFN33 Frencn line Genddier Gua.dFN7 Lin. Fusilier AnackingFN3 Li^e Fusirir Anack Ma.chFNS LinGr.nadierAnackingFNl0 Line G.snadler Aneck MarchFN18 Line Grenadief MarchingFN24 Line G @nadief Marching

SELEUCIDSsE1 Aroyaspld Pharangilr FronrsEz A4yra3pid Phalsnqilio RearSEl a Phalangil6 Fronl FankssE2a Pharangn6 n..r Ranks

sE4 homan argFaspid

sEc4 A9eoa Caval.y EHCsEC5 Aoema Cavarry SHc

sEcg Gala(an cavaky Mc

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R2M shiding,h. drnq dadiave h.

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F215 Ken.hietirourshinqsword

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WR# u p B&

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e,4MfsrlirrnSr.idC.lt*r 8""k"MATCHLOCKMINIATURE.S

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'Legacy of Glory'New Napoleonic rules

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ENGLISH CIVTL WAF NOTES & OUEBIES,EIGHTEENTH CENTUBY NOTES & OUERIES,NAPOLEOI{IC NOTES & OUERIES& TvEwRENAISSANCE lrllllTAFY NOTES & OUEFTES 11450-16601

Once upon a time in the West Indies& Once upon a time in the West

Country.14.50 each inc p&p or18.50 the pair,

PETE BERR)-

IN THEWESTCOUNTR]'

WPETE BERRT'

Matchlock Miniatures - Boxer Rebellion25mm figures now out.

51st class stamos or5 lRCs lor samole & lists.

POS-IAGE 10% MN sop MAX e2.75 EUFOPE

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ti

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The bank of Goqkli HiI payed the way for Shaka's victory at Mhktuze the foqoh'ing !e$. The grcat man is seen centre top, pointingwith astegai as his impi fends of the Ndwandwe hordes. Figures 2,nnwaryanes Foundry frcm the collections ol AIan & MichaelPetry. Goqui HiA fron the editols colection.

WARGAMINC THE BATTLE OF MHLATUZEShaka hiu's geatest battle described by lan Knight

Despite lhe continuing fas.ination with the 1879 Argo-ZuluWar, intercst in olher periods of Zulu history rcnains static.Perhaps it's easy to undentand why: they lack the rcd-coatglamour of an kandl'i/ana or Rorke's Drift, hard and fastinformation is often diffiflrlt to come by, and the welter ofAftican nams can sem intimidating to the uninitiated. Yet itnedn't b so: as the drama sries Shaka Zulu has re.ently shown,therc are nany fascinating mnflicts and adventurs to e\ploreacross the range of Zulu history, some of them evry bit asexciting as the moEre familiar man2.]. AltfuU'gh Shtl@ Znuprimadly concentated on tbe adventures of the fiIst wbite traderswho visited A dand in the 1820s, it did suggest somthing of themilit?ry revolution r\{ought by Shaka himsf, and hoptuly,there{ore, sonething of the wargading potential of the period.

Historians aie coNtantly re-assessing King Shaka, anenormously important 6gure whose life is weathed in legend,and wh6e image has been distorted by a century and a ha]{ ofmisinfomation and wilful propaganda. Though he was certair y arud ers mpir-builder, he is no longer seen as the sadisticp6ychopath h was once believed to be, nor is he now heldresponsible for ihe upsurge in intr-tribal fighting populadyktrown ss the n/ec"ns. This aro6 out of natuml tnsions withinthe socities of the Afticrn Fopls irNolvd, and it was underBsybefore Shaka became king. Neve(heless, Shaka mergd as themilit?ry genius of the period, and his dse was mteoric. Btwen1816 and 1824 his fornerly insignificant Zulu army took on aIivals and cane out on top; many neigbboudng dans aliedthemselvs to the Arh crown, whilst tho6 defeated in battlewere forcibly incorpomted, and the result was the Zulu kingdomwhich the British had to fight so hard to overthrow fifty yars

A[ ofthis was largly due to Shaka's skill as a commander. Heis generaly creditd with having invntd the famous broad-bladed stabbng spar, an acl which has become so much a part ofthe folklore of South Aftica that it is impoGsible to veriryhistoricaly. Certainly, other poples in the region were known tohave also usd stabbing spears independendy of the Zulu, and it isjust possible that the new weapon was a general rsporse to anew and increasingly severe style of warfare, What we can sayhowever, is that whether or not Shaka actudly invented theweapon, he was certainly the frsl to firly apFe.iate its potential

FiShting at the 6)er's edge in the Battle of Mhlatuze. Photo byIan Knight offigurcs in hb co ection.

1 4whn allied to new battlefield techniques and geater discipline.Shaka's men rushed down on their enemies in tight formation,throwing out 'homs" to encircle them on either side, anddestroyed lhem in a fierce boul of melee. There were few who

Shaka's most famous struggle was with the Ndvandwe. TheNdwandwe were one of the early power'blocks to emerge fiomhe nfecane , theitJ krng, Zwide, subduing clans north of the Zuluby a subtle combination of diplomacy, treachery, force andwitchcraft - the latter being no small fator, since the people ofthe region believed implicitly in the influence of evil spnils. Thishad begun as early as 1810, long before Shaka even came to thethrone: ar that rime he wa merely a promiling young warrior inthe army of Zwide's main rival, the Mthelhwa king Dingiswayo.He was so successful, however, tha. Dingiswayo became hispatron, and in 1816 placed Shaka on the ihrone of the Zulu. Thisenabled Shaka to put his military concepts tully into practis, andma*s the start of his career of conquest. Shodly thereafter,Dingiswayo died, apparently bewitched by Zwide. Both rheNdwandwe and the Zulu sough! to step into the power lacuum-The Ndwandwe sent an army soutb in 1818, which Shaka met ona rocky ridge known as Gqokli Hill. In a crucial and bloodystruggle, which tesled Shaka's skill and new nghting techniques 1othe utmost, the Zulu fought the Ndwandwe to astandstill, and thelatter wiihdrew. The next year they tried again, having apparedlyused the respite to modiry their amry along Zulu lines, and thestage was set for one of the most imponant battles in SouthAfrican history.

It's impossible 1o be precise. but Shaka's army probablynumbered between 6000 and 8000 men. whilst the Ndwandweperhaps doubled ihat. Zwide himself did not take to the field, andthe Ndwandwe were led by t{o redoubtable generals.Soshangane and Zwagendaba. whose subsequent careersrevealed a flair for independent marauding. In the face of theseoverwhelming odds, Shaka's strateSy was !o retire southwards,taking wilh him all the Zulu cattle he could, and hiding ordestroying grain supplies. Both the Zulu and Ndwandwe wereaccustomed to living off the land, and when the Ndwandweadvanced inlo Zulu ierritory and found there was no food to behad, they suffered accordingly. The Zulu, meanwhile, stayedtantalisingly out of reach, harrying the Ndwandwe patrols, butretusing to be dmwn into battle, and retreating deeper and deeperinto their own territory.

Shaka led the Ndwandwe through some of the most rugged andinaci:essible parts of his kingdon. He drew them into theNkhandla forest, which was then a dense belt of bush covering theimpossibly corrugated country nonh of the geat Thukela river.One night, when the Ndwandwe were camped in the forest,Shaka sent parties of Zulus who seqetly infiltrated their camp.During the night, the Zulus rose up and stabbed the nearestNdwandwe warnoN; the Ndwandwe sprang up in terror andcontusion, laying about themselves in the darkness. Most of theircasualties were self inflicted, and their morale was badly shaken.The next moming Shaka set off again, and they followed himdown lhe Thukela valley. past Komo Hill an inpressivelandmark wheie several scenes in Jlaka ZLl, were filmed - andno.h rowards the site of the present-day to$n of Eshowe. Here,the Ndwandwe decided they'd had enough, and they gave up thechase, and began to retreat. Now Shaka tumed about. He waiteduntil they reached the Mhlatuze river, then swept down to the

The Battle of Mhlatuze was, in many wals, the decisive one ofrhe mlecane, and its consequences rebounded aross thecontinent. Unfortunately, though some gaphic accounts of thefiShting survive, it\ difficult to piec together the exacr .acticaldetail. There were no written ac.ounts by wihesses, and even theprecise sile of ihe battle is lost. Local tradition places it beneaththe waters of the Nlhlatuze hydrolectric dam-

Broadly, however, Soshangane was trying to get his rroopsacro6s the iver when Shaka struck. Though the Ndwandwe weredemoralised, they were by no mans broken, for thy seem tohave deployed several regiments as a rearguard io cover thecrossing. Shaka's men swept down into the valley, and n6hedstraight at the rear guard, apparently spreading out to encircle itin the favoured manner. The Ndwandwe force was heavilyoutnumbered; it tried to extend to meet the Zulu threar. butwithout strong support, the Zulus were able to push rhem back onthe main body. Some of the retreating Ndvandwe lumed about,and fighting then raged back and forth to the river,bank.Ahhough the Zulus were beuer tnined and their morale washigh. the Ndwandwe had rheir backs to a natural obstacle, whichno doubt stiffened their resolve. According to oral accounts, themelee wds despe'ately 6erce. and bodres prled up in row. tso or

At last, Shaka's nen forced a way aqoss the river. They mayhave punched through the Ndwandwe lines, but it seems likelythat they found a crossing point further up-stream, and were ableto roll ap the Ndwandwe flank. The Ndwandwe collapsed incontusion. and began to fall back. Shaka kept up the pressure,and at last the Ndwandwe broke and scattered. The jubilantZulus chasd them from the field. until Shaka manased to callthem ro order. Regrouprng. he ddvanced rdpid\ into Zwidestenitory. The Ndwandwe wer so taken by surpdse that theirwomen and children actually tumed out to welcome the Zulus,believing them to be fieir own triumphant warfiors retuminghome. The Zulus prompdy saked the impodani Ndwandwehomesteads, but, to Shaka's disgust, Zwide himself managed toescape. A large nunber of his people fled after hin, whilst theremainder were incorporated into the Zulu state. The remnantsof the army defeated at Mhlatuze split into marauding bands, whofled nonh, where they later formed the basis of the Shangane andNgoni states, whose iniuence exlended as far as Lakje

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For Shaka. Mhlatuze confinned him as the undisputed ruler ofwhat is now Zululand- To celebrate the victory, he organised ahuqe ceremonial hunt, and he built a new capital, KwaBulawayo,on a ridge ove ooking lhe misty-blue tr'4hlatuze valey. Thoughthe remainder of his reign would boast nany nore militaryexpditions and, indeed, the remnants of the Ndwandwe wereto mount an unsus:essful atternpt to regain thei old teritory afew vears later- Shaka was now more able to devote his attentionto building up the new Zulu state and military s)stem. Whatemerged in those filst few years after Mhlatuze would establish aDattem of mle which lasted until the British blew it away at thebattle of Ulundi in Julv 1879.

WARGAMING TIIE BATTLEThough they may lack a European element, Shaka's camPaignshave a number of assets Aom a wargaming point of view, whichoughr to make Lhem ever) bil as satirfyng as. say Ancienlgarnes. In the la-rger ballle5 - .uch as vlhlatu/e bolhorotasonists were armed and dressed in broadly the same style-(Ndw;dwe

mililary costume would have ditrered from dle Zuluonly in terms of regimental distinctions), so there is no markeddisoanrv in weapon capabililies. And, ahhough lheir 'larivertrinslhs mav haue 'aried, neilherside outnumbered Ihe other lothe irt of iegree which characlrises the battles against theBritish. In other words. both sides can be dra*n ftom a commonpool of Zulu figures, both can be {ormed inlo similar armies, andthe resultant battle should be a fast-moving, free-wheeling contestin which all hangs on the outcome of a successful melee

Our lack of detailed knowledge about the real battle ofllhtahtze at least allows us to adapt it freely whilst retaining itskey features. We know the state of the armies: the Ndwandwewas the larger of the two, but they were demoralised, whilst theZulus were in good condition and perhapc better trained We alsoknow the raclial objeorve.: Soshangane was lrying lo enricaleha army. whilsl it $as drsrupted by lhe nver{ros'ing

As to trrain, all we rcally need to know is that there was ariver with at least two crossing points. The table, therefore. can best up as shown in the diagram: with a nver a quaner of the wayin tsom one end, with a clear crossing point marked more or lessin the middle, and another off to one side. No doubt the rest ofthe battlefield had all the usual terrain features which make upthe Zululand landscape hills, dongas (dry water-coulses), andcMlian homesteads (r'rru?i, popularly known as kraalt. These canbe added according to inclination or availabilityi but irh worthspending a few moments placing them at potentially interestingDoints around the table, where they might later ;nfluence thehsht.

We can be equally ftee with the strength of ihe opposingforcs. Since we don't know exactly how many men wereinvolved. we can use as manY as are available - but remembetthar the Ndwandwe should have more. A suggested ratio is sixZ'rlu regimen$ and eighl Ndqandse legiment. Regimenl' alrh's Lime Drobablv numbered beiseen 8m and a thou'ddwaniors apiece, o; both sides, so again it s possible to choose anyman:figure ratio that suits the figures available. as long asapplie5 to both.ides. ldeallv. you need about lhin) figures perregiment lo creale rhe nghl vi\ual eflecl. bul )ou cdn gel away

The basic start position sbould rcflet the historical situation atthe point of contact. Five of the Ndwandwe regiments should bepretry much in the cenfe of the table, moving towards thecrossing point. The remaining lhree are some way behind them,facing the other direction, and acting as a rear'guard. The Zulusshould be placed on the table in three blocks of two regimentseach, reFesenting the "chest" and "homj'. The "homs" shouldreally be in column at this point. Since both armies have the sameweapon-tlpes (stabbing speals. knobkenies and shields). aU of

which are essetuially melee weapons, the only differencesbetween them should be reflected in any morale mtings. At leastsome of the Ndwandwe regiments should begin the action on alower morale fooling than that of the Zulus.

The rival objectives are simple. The Ndwandwe connandermust get as many of his regiments off "his" end of the table (i.e.beyond the river) as possible; fighting on the far side of the river ispermissible, and a sirnple points system should allow him to gainmore from retiring in good order than from merely fleeing in arcut. The Zulu player musl just try to destoy as manyNdwandwe regiments as possible. His object is to break up theNdwandwe army, so scattering it in rout can be considered anaccepuble victory condition. After all, in the historical ontect,there would be plenty of tirne to mop up the straggler laterl

Hopetully, the resulting game should be fasi and turious, andthe initial dispositions should enourage the panidpants to makerhe mosr of the .p.rce available. as the Zulus try to cul round tohead off the Ndwandwe retreat, and the rear'guard try ro blockthen. The Ndwandwe mmmander will, of cou$e, have thequandry of whether lo commit his men to ihe fight or simply headthem for home, and hop the Zulus don't catch up with them

And if you want turther inspiration, just watch a few of thosebattles staged for Shaka Zulu; there may be some strangecostumes in evidence. but the atmosphere and setting is just aboutricht!

FURTHER READINGThere is still deFessingly little information on Shaka s waJsreadily available. E.A. Rittels classic bio$aphy Sld,td Z&1,(currently published in hardback by Greenhill Books) is anessential read, though muh of it is fictionalised, whilst Tle Zalrrin the Osprcy "Elite" sries includes muh information o{costume, weapons and organisation,

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KITRSK 7-ITIVLY 1943Part I

by Martin S. Pike

Kursk was the major tank battle of the Second Wodd War andprovides tbe perfed sening for a minicampaign basd on MajorGeneral F.W. von Mellenthin s book pan.er Baftl?s in whichthe offensive and defensive actions of the XL\aIII panzer Corpsat Kursk over the period 7 ro 17 Jdy are described. The aim bfthis mini campaign is to provid an easy, workable game whichcaptures the flavour of the time without becoming too boggeddown in detail. It is in a modular form and is Dlaved ou! on atable 5 x 5' wirh each side set victory conditio;s so that awinn. or Ioser in each module can be assssed. In each moduleth German player must fulfil a specific condition for play toadvanc io the next modul. Failure to met the conditionmeans that the module must b replayed; this probably mansthat the initial assault force was not strcng enough, but willmean that valuable time has been lost. Ir h intended that thGerman is the main player and that the Soviet forces arecontrolled by an umpire. or tbe cerman ptayer itplayingsolo.and tbey are rherefore activated by a seriis oievent cards.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAI BACKGROT]NDThe events leading up io the Battle of Kursk are well known anddocumented (see bibliogaphy) but a brief resumE will, I hope,pul Lhe game into context. Essentially, after the tailuraar

Stalingad and the subsequent rctrcat of the cerman forces toth DoneE basin, Field Marshal Eric von Manstein's counter-offensiveon rhe ftonl of Army croupsouth fina[ypekred outrD the spring mud. leaving a large bulge in lhe front, west otKursk. (See Map 1. ) The ptan was ro pinch out rhis butge. usinglhe classK pjncer lacrjc for which rhe Cerman Army wasfamous. However, Hitler's wish to use the new tanks rhencoming into production resulted in the continual postponemntof the attack until July 1943, by which time tha Soviets,anticipating an aitack in the Kunk area, were well dus_in andfortified.^

On the-north fare of the bulge, in the area of Army croupCentre, the attack was to be dlivered by Colonet GenerilModel's 9 Army. milst on the southem fad of the bulge, in thege9 ol4rmy Grcup South, the atrack was to be made byColonel ceneral Hoth's 4 Panzer Army and Army DetachmeniKEMPF. For rhis attack Hoth had five panzer divisions, onepanzer genadier division and rhree infantry divisions. On hisdghl, deployed ro act as a flank guard, was Army DetachmentKEMPF, consisring of three panzer divisions and thrce inJantrydivisions. In the aftemoon of 4 July 1943 Hoth made ipreliminary anack to seize Lbe highgoundofthe Soviel ourpostline, prior to the main arbck on the 5 July asainst the Soviermainline ot resistance. By the moming of i Ju'ly the villages ofSawidowka, Alexejewka and Luchanino were in Ce-rmanhands, but not without significanr losses to Panzer crenadier

l 7

Di \ r ior ( iJ . \ Dtur \ fhLnrd. I P! . r t r ! . .1 L I r |nzer Dir i \ ion\oI \L \ i l l Pz CLir l \ .

s E I t t \ Glhc rc l i , in n l r r \ o I l Lh. - r . lu l \ l91 l \ nr rhe Ciernrrn. int ( ) \sc, .s ion o1 lh . r r l i r ! : ! , ( ) l S!$ ido\k i , A ler ieresh xndl r ' . h i u i n o 1 \ L p : l t , u r \ i r h r h . S o \ i . r \ . c r i n ( l l i n e r h . x d o frh. f r o i rh. h icher nL, f lh l rxnk o i ! n ihurr r \ o l the l \ \er P.nrl l P r n r . ' I ) \ i l o r N o p c r r l i n ! t o r h . . x \ t o l r h c m r p r n d \ i l lrcDr ln L. \ .1 \ t l r rh . ior \ \ r c l .m. . t \ L) l ( ; to \ \ l ) . t^ (h lo\ \ i rh in h is hook \on i \ le l lenrhm. \ho \ r ' ( lh i . l . l Sr l t l ro\LYI I I P/ aor t ( . r | re l \ nr .n l ion\ 11 Pr . . \ . .p t t . s l \ thr l i l\ r r \ .d l . r . l \ l ih Gtus5 Dtr ts th lunl Lh()u!hour r l re l r l lc .Con\rqu.nt l \ I f . l t tLr \ r l i led t r r lca\ mg 1l Pz out of rhe \cenr ol l ld c l .c .cc in{ th ! I i r \ ou ld rd\ !nc. no.rh\ xrd! jusr o$lhe ersro i Ih . . r r t . k . .p in! f r lc s j rh rhe torsr c l .mc.h o l a; , r rJ1) . r r r j . / i / i r , l ] rJrd t .or .c t in ! Ihc cr . . Icm fhnl f ronr ! l t !ck lh i (dc! is ion $. r \ in l lu . . r .d b\ th . rdd.d comple\n\ rh l l rnorh. lPrn/ . r l ) l \ i \ ion rn l l lh f r$ocix t .d So\ i . r roops lo ot to\ .t h . n r $ o u l d r f \ o h c B \ l e r \ i n ! 1 ( r r t t h ! l l P / r n d i t s o p e r l l i n srr . r . Dueh o i l l l \ l .chr is .d Cort \ r .d r l l o l \ \ \ l Tr k( l l ) r f . n . . ,1 nor hc used r l ld rh. l r r r n l th . orr t l rccor les f r .

l . r rh. \e $ho h l . ro hr \ . r \ . r k in ! hr ic l . rh . lo l l ( r \ rn l r isof l . r .d lo f CiO( \L\ I I l Pr ( 'Lr r t !

BRIEF FOR COC \LYIII PZ CORPS\ i ru r r ! ( l . f . r i r l O oaorp\ . in \ o l \ .d l f rh .

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P!4hr,''t*tIEFF0|\.T

IiUP 1: TH BATru OF XUNSK

and yourdivisions are to attack overihe streamto yourfront inan effort to pierce the Soviet second line of dcfence on thesouthern face of the Kursk salient. Unforrunatelv a cloudbursron the night of,lJuly has turned the steep banks ofthe streambetwcen Sawidowka and Ssyrzew into a swamp and considerably increased the defensive strength ofthe Soviet second line.Attacks against this line on the 6 July proved fulile. However,thc ground has now dried out more and you are hopeful ofachievingsome success- You conlrol the areato the south ofthisslream. Your ordeF are ro prerce rhe So\ ier defcnr i \ e po' i r ionsand seize the high ground around Nowosselowka. en route toOboyan. and from ihere advance to seizc Oboyan itselfand irsbridge over the River Psel. It is Army's inte ntion that the bulk ofyour Corps will eventually wheel rightand support II SS PanzerCorps as it engages the Soviet reserves expccted to arrive viaProkhorovka. The ultimate objective is a link up with Model's 9Army at Kursk. As the left hand Corps of the atrack you areresponsible for protecting the left llank of II SS Pz Corps,operating to your righ!. Once you pass north of Beresowka,elemenls of 322 Infantry Division from LII Army Corps willprotect your left flank. Intelligence has shown that facing the 3Pz Division is ihe 7l Guards Rifle Division of 6 Guards Armvand opposite -6fr$ Dc"^, r1,zJ i, o? CudrJ. Rifle Divrsron.supported by elements of III Mechanised Corps from 1st TankArny. 67 Guards Rifle Division is known to be badly batteredafter th last 3 days of the offensive and you consider thar itsdefensive strength must now be relatively low. The rest of lllMechanised Corps is opcrating against ll Pz Division. Yourorder of banle. with the laiest strensth returns. is attached.

GERMAN ORDEROFBATTLEXLVIII Panzer Corps (yon Knoblsdorff)CorpsTroopsARKO 118 (Artillery Command Staff coJocated with CorpsHO)154 (mot) Artv Abteilung (Full Strength)I HQ Grp. I Scout Car.3x l5cm How. 3 Ttucks687 Arty Batterie (Horse Drawn)2x iTcm Kl8 Gun, 2 Wagons730 (mo, ArtyAbteilung (Fu1l Strength)I HQ Grp. 4 Trucks. 3x l5cm G226 Assault Gun Abteilung (FullStrength)3 S l u G I I l . l S t u H 4 2559 Panzer Jager Ableilungen (FullStrength)I HQ Grp. I Sd25l.4 Marderl l52 Panzer Abreilung (Panther Detachment Laucheri) (31%cat11 Pz V. I Eng Pltn. I Sd 10/4. I Sd 251. (5 Pz V dest)3 Panzer Division (LtGen Wsthoven)HQ 3 Pz Div.l HQ Grp. l Truck, I Sd 7/2Panzer Regiment 6l HQ Grp. 1 SdKr2sl. 1 Pz I I Ilst BD (18% cats Pz I I I .3 Pz IV. I Sd 7/1. I Pz I l (Flarn). (2 Pz I I Dcst)2nd Bn (20% cat6 Pz l l l .2 Pz IV. I Sd 7/ l . I Pz I I (Flam)- (1Pz lVdmgd 2 weektPanzer Grenadier Rgt 31 HQ Grp.2x l50mm IG.2 Sd7/1.5 Truckslst Bn (22% catI HQ Cry.7 R Pltn.7 Sd 251, 1 Pak io. i a,dcks. z Sd 25{),

1x75mrn IG. I Sd 251/9. 1x81mm Mtr. I Eng Pltn2nd Bn (11% cas)1 HQ Grp. 8 R Pltns. lxSlmm Mtr. 13 Trucks. I Eng Pltn.2x7.5cm IGPanzer Grenadicr Rgt 3911 HQ Grp. 2x l icm IG. I Sd 7/ l . 1Trucks1st Bn (12% crs)i HQ Grp. 7 R Phns. I x8lnrm Mtr. 13 Trucks, 2x7cm IG, 1Pak 38. 1 Eng Phn2nd Bn (22% catI HO Grp.7 R Pltns. l x8lnm Mtr.9 TrucksPanzcr Pioneer Battalion 39 (20% cas)I HQ Grp.8 Eng Pltns. I K Bridge,3 Sd 251. 17 Trucks. 10MinesPanzer J ager Baualion 39 (20% cas)I HQ Grp. 1 StuG I l I . I Marder I I . I Pak. l0. . t Trucks. ( l SluGll l dest)Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion 3 (10'/. cas)l HQ Grp, l Sd 231-8.3 R Pltns.2 Sd 251i9.1 Sd 250/7.3 Sd 222,3 Sd 250, I Eng Pltn. I Pz I I F.2 m/c. ( l Sd 222 dest)75th Artillery Regiment (Full Slrengih)I HQ Grp. 2 wespe SP.2x 10.5cm G. 3x 15cm How.4 Trucks,l HumrnelSP.2 Sd l lHeeres Flak Abteilung 314I HO Crp. l Truck. I Sd 7.2 SD 7/2.2 Sd 7i 1. l Flak 37 (88mm)Panzer Greoadier Divisoo Gross Deutschland (Lt Gen Hoern-lein)HQ PGD GDl HQ Grp. 1 Sd 7/2Panzer Regt GD1 HQ Grp. 1 Pz IV. I Sd 7/21st Bn (20% cat8 Pz IV. I Sd 10/,1. 1 Sd 7i2, (i Pz IV dest. I Pz IV dmgd 5 days(t2t7))

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STRATAGEMS AND CIRCI'MSTANCES(Tacttcal sophtstlcatlon forWars of the Roses commanders)

by Richard CrawleyThe battles of the Wan of the Roses were fought by medievalarmies in a medieval fashion. The arrnies were basically feudalin character and consisted of a great bulk of more or lessunwilling troops stiffened by cadres of men-at-arms andhousehold troops. This mass of troops was raised either fromthe great nobles' estats or more generally by a conmission ofarray issued by (or on behaf of) the King. Their service was fora stricdy limited pedod (often 40 dayt, so we hear of situationswhere the victor in a strategically inconclusive battle was forcedimmediately to raise a new (and prsumably less expedenced)army to deal with a second threat to his rule. Fot exampleEdward of March, after his victory at Mortimer's Crcss andhaving himsef acclaimed King in lrndon, immediately raised anew army p.ior to defeating the Lancastrians at Towton.

The effect of this limited service by, often inexp#enced,troops was to severely curtail the medieval general's options.Battle ltras given in three Wards (or Baules) which wouldusually line up opposite the enemy's three Battles. An exchangeof archery would then occur after which one side, finding itselfat a disadvantage, would be forced to attack. The receivedwisdom of the day was: "He who attacks is lost". The fight thendegenerated into an enomous melee overwhich the comman,ders had little influence save to stand in the fronk rank andencourage mer men.

The foregoing is the tmditional portrayal of late medievalwarfare. In many ways it ri quite accurate, but there pre a goodmany exceptions. Enough exceptions in fact to make Wars ofthe Roses period battles more interesting to the wargamer thanthe tmditional view might suggest. What follows is a briefoutline of some of these tactical factols, stratagems, andfortuitous tums of circumstance along with some suggestionsfor including them in youlgames.

These rules are designed to assist in generating interestingbattle scenaios without resort to setting up a campaign andwithout requiring the services of an umpire. You will need a setof rules suitable for the period and an ordinary pack of playingards with the Jokers left in.

These suggestions may be used either for large skirmishes orfor pitched battles. The troops are deployed in contingents- Acontingent is assumed to be the smallest unit of command in thegame. Normally each \rill be led by asingle lord or captain andthere may well be more than one contingent in each Battle. e,9.for a refight of Tewkesbury the King's Battle might actuallyconsist of his own contingent, Clarence's contingent, Sir JohnHowad\ contingent, and those ofa couple ofminornobles. Ina skirmish game a contingent will represent a smaller number ofmen;theten men levied from Ambridge and theircaptain, Johnthe Archer, for xample.

The basic strategic situation assumed is that the two armiesstart having camped overnight fairly close to each other andexpecting to give battle.

21

SETTINGIJPStraaegic sihrationOne player (or side) is the King'sarmy, the other rcpresents aninvading pretender or a rebellious magnate. Roll percentagedice to find out who is King for the day and pick an appropriate

King Pocsible pretendersHenry VI Richard of York, Edward of March,

Warwick the Kingmaker

RoI01-35

36-70 Edward Menry VI, Margaret of Anjou,Somerset, Warwick

7l-75 Edward V Richard ofGloucesrer76-90 Richard III Buckingham, the Woodvilles, Henry

Tudor91-100 Henry VII lnmbert Simnel, Perkin WarbeckIf you are fighting a skirmishlevel game, you will need anoutline scenario to determine who comnands each side in thebattle.

Make a list of the contingents available to each side, startingwith the King'sand the pretndr's household troops, then anyclose relatives' or associates' contingents, and then such othertroops as are available in miniatur folm.Set up trraitrThe terrain should be fairly open for larger battles; farmlandwith the occasional village, hill, stream or small wood.Remember that thh h before the Enclosure Acts so there willnot be long hedgerows marching across the countryside. Forskirmish games any historically appropdate terrain may beused, wban or rural. First St Albans and the Bastard ofFauconberg'sattemptsto take London in 1471 springto mindasexamples of urban (or perhaps suburban) skirmishes.

Having set up the terrain it should be divided into areas asshown in figure 1. The neutnl zone and the two flank zonesshould be about one bo*shot wide (or at least a normal infantrymove if this leaves youl deployment zones too cramped)according to the rules in use,

At this point you should also determine *hat the \reather islike, using whatever system suits your rules.IhtImirc size of forcesEach player has three Battles. Draw a playing card from thepack for each Battle to determine its strength. Keep them,without sho$ing your opponent, until the end of the game:2 t o 67 t o 1 0Jack, Queen or King

One contingentTwo contingentsThrce contingentsFour contingents

The contingents are then picked Iiom the list prepared earlier

Opposire: 2 pics of Wars of the Roses statagems: an improvised barriude and a (prcviously ) hidden force. AU noops & teftain fromthe editot's co ection. The 25mn frgurcs include Citadel Miniaturcs, Wargames Foundty, Essex Miniaturcs and Stratagem Figurcs.Mostly painted by Ton McKe aL Buidings include scnkh builts by Rob Bake\ Mike White, Hales Modeb & the MiniatureArchited and rcsin "flat pick" lrcm Waryames FoM&t. The Brcenery by Foliage Factoty, Dean Forcst Figures, K&M Trces. Thebanicades ttro ofaset of fou pieces awilable thrcugh Figuret, Amour, A i ery in rcsin - plus a cast metal bench & chai lromRedoubt Enteryrises. Stones from Recar beach & a quarry somewherc in No hYorkshbe.

22

and amnged in three Battles. Each Battle must have adesignated commander. lf you draw a Joker or th Ace ofSpadesat this point, keepit to one side and draw anothercard.Dtemin stratagm pointsEach side dmws a card to detemine the stratagem pointsavailable. This card should be kept, face down, to one side untilthe end ofthe game. Again ifyou draw a Joker place it to oneside. The Ace ofSpades you may use now or save for lateranddraw again.2 o r 3

? t o 9l0orJackQueen or King

One stratagem pointTwo stratagem pointsThrce stmtagem pointsFour stratagem pointsFive stratagem pointsSi\ stratagem points

May deploy contingents or Battles whichare the subject of friendly stratagemsin thered flank zone.May deploy contingents or Battles whichare the subj ect of friendly stratagems in theblack flankzone.

Irrd Stanley raised a considerable force for the Lancastrians but apparently remained idle some six miles away,possibly because the Lancastrians retused lo let him line upin the position ofhonour opposite Salisbury's retinue-

Selectone enemy contingent before deploymena. Thereisa3 in6 chance it is removed hom Dlav.

THE STANLEY SYNDROME

LAAGERLOUTS

Spnd saratagem pointsStratagen points are spent by wri.ing the titles (given in capitalsbelow) ofthestratagems.obe usedon a sheet of scrap paper. Atthis point it will also be necessary to note which enemy and/orfriendly contingents and/or locations are affected by thestratagems chosen.Dploy troopsThe table is divided into zones as shown in figure one. A playermay only deploy forces, includingthose in hidden deployments,in his own deployment zone unless he holds the followingardsiAceofspades May deploy contingents or Battles which

are the subject offriendlystratagemsin theneutralzone.

Salisbury's left flank was prorccted by a stream. Tostrengthen his right he deployed his baggage waggons in acircle on that side.

The waggons may not be moved. They provide cover forone cofltingent. Obviously oflittle orno use to an attackingarmy.

Northampton, 1461)Another Yorkist assault, this time on a strongly defendedLancastrian camp, backed by a riverandfronted by a deep and

Red Joker

Black Joker

ffyou have all three ofthese cards and a reasonably-sized armyand you still don'twin then I'm aftaid there is no hope for you:take uD needle-Doint.

muddyditch.TRENCHWARFARE

First St Albanr, 1455A Yorkist assault on a lightly defended town in an effort tocapture the King (HenryVI).

AN IMPROVISED BARRICADE cost = I pointThe Lancastrians did not have time to fortify St Albans.The town had a surounding ditch and barriers across theroadways. Doubtless these were slightly reinforced -indeed they stoppedthe Yorkist attacks.

Enough to cover the width of two roads or equivalent.Attackers should be at a disadvantage: minus 1, dis-ordered, ar whatever.

STRATAGEMS AND CIRCUMSTANCES

CONFUSION TO OUR ENEMIES cosr = 3 points

POSSIBLE TREACHERYIn the end the Yorkists only won by means of treachery.Lord Grey ofRuthyn's men, atasignal from the Yorkists,changed sides and helped the Earl of Waruick\ men acrossthe ditch.

The side choosing this option mus. immediately (beforedeploymeno and secretly nominate one enemyontingentas the possible traitorc. Obviously this can't be the enemycommander-in-chiefs contingent orthat of one ofhis closerelatives (except the Duke of Clarence might perhapsbetray Edward VI). When the signal is given there is a50%chance that they willswitch sides.

Wakfild, 1460Richard o{ York, spending Christmas at Sandal Castl nearWakefield, believed thatthe only Lancastrians facing him werethe contingent of Lord Clifford. He sallied out to destroyClifford while he was unsuDDorted.

ATEMPTINGLURE

The Lancastrian dilch was sieep sided and, rnade slipperyby heavy rain. defied Yorkisl altempts 1o cross.

Enough to cover the front of the army. May only becrossed by unopposed troops who become disordered.

Some o{ our Lancastrian defenders, seeing a Yorkist partyride out to parley, assumed that the battle was off for theday. They stood down and thereby left pan of the townditch undefended.

Select one enemy contingent at random. Half of itsfigures are removeduntil tum 6.

Blore Heath, 1459A snall Yorkist force underthe Earl ofSalisbury was caught bya much larger Lancastrian army. After charging three times,once mounred and rhen l$ice on foor, rhe Lancasrr ian' weredriven off.

ln fact Clifford s contingentwas merelythe centre Battle ofthree. York s force was surrounded and he and his sonEdnund- Earl ofRutland were killed.

Theplayerchoosingthis option may add two contingntsto his force. These, and up to halfhis original {orce, may bedeployed off table to left oi right or both to enter asrequired on a pre-designated game tum-

ELA'K

Z C N E

PRE I : I . ]DEP'Sl: ' L a' 1.'1a f.lI ZCNE

i :P-ar i . lEr ' . - Z. l r ' : t

Second St Albans, 1461The Earl of waruick, mistaken as to the likely direction fromwhich the Lancastrians would attack, was caught on the hopwhile redeploing. The resuh was almost a fatal blow forYorkist hoDes.

SPIKED PA\{SESWarwick's men prepared a sophGticated range of defences.These included pavises studded with large spikes, thesecould be hidden behind, or thrown down in the path of

Enough to block two roadways or equivalent. Providescover fron archery for defenders. May be converted to

SPIKEDNETS

Edward and his fellow Yorkist commanders decided thatdiscretion was the better part ofvalour and fled on the eveof battle. His men. findina themselves leaderless and

cost = l pointArso used were large nets like fishing nets with up ghtspikes through every seond knot.

Enough to cover two roadways. Treat as caltrops.AND WILDFIRE WITHALwarwick's Burgundian handgunners were equipped with"wildfire

. presumably some t ind ot incendiary ammuni-tion and/or explosive firepots.

Affets one contingent of gunners. They may start firesand are also given a bonus in close combat for thrownfirepots.FORCED FLANKMARCHMargaret of Anjou's army of Lancastrian Nonhemers,after a forced march, approached St Albans ftom the SouthWest. Warwick, expecting them to come from the Northwas surprised by an attack on his "safe" left flank.

Enemy must deploy first. Friendly army enters at thebeginning of the game on one of the ends of the table. Ifboth sides choose this stratagem they cancel out eacholner smanoeuvre.SUDDEN ADVANCE cost = 2 points per contingentThe Lancastrian army was preceded by a mountedontingent under Andrew Trollope. tuding through thestreets of St Albans they sowed panic and suryrise in theYorkist left.

The designated contingent may make two moves at thestart of the game before the enemy can respond.

Towton, l{61Edward, having proclained hinself King in Irndon, marchedNonh and, with War,{ick and Fauconberg at his side, defeatedthe Lancast an lords ifl the bloodiest battle ever foueht onBritishsoil.

THE ARROW STRATAGEM cost = I point per enemyBattleThe archers of Fauconberg's Yorkist van, hidden by ablizzard, used their short range arrows to make theLancast ans think that they were almost upon them. Firingblind the Lancast an archers wasted their own shafts, mostofwhich fell short.

Only usable if there is a snowstorm or fog on thebattlefield. Player using this stratagem can force thearchers olone eneny ratle to begin firing immediately,Isuggest you limit eah contingent to, say,6 tums worth of

LATE ARRIVALS cost = 2 poinrsThe battle continued long and hard and was onlyswayed inthe Yorkists'{avour by the arrival of troops under the Dukeof Norfolk.

Player using this stratagem may designate one contin-gent as rnaking a long flank march on one or other flank.Each tum roll a lo-sided die. If the number rolled is less

that the cunent turn number the designated contingent isplaced at a random position on the designated flank. lt willmarch towards and engage the nearest enemy contingent.

Pilliovn, 1462The LancastdanJames Buder, Earl of Ormond was defeated bythe Earl ofDesmond's Yorkists in the only major battle ofthewars of the Roses to take place in lreland.

NEVER ON A MONDAYMuch of Ormond ' force refused to fighr because il was aMonday?l

Use the same rule as that suggested under The StanleySyndrome. See Blore Heath above.

Uedgeley Moo., 1464A party escorting Scottish ambassadors who had been visitingKing Edward was arnbushed by the Duke of Somerset, SirRalph Percy, and sundry, other die-hard Lancastrians.

MYLORDISDEAD! cost:2 pointsWith the death of Sir Ralph Percy lhe remainingLancastrians lost hea( and fled.

Player may designate one enemy leader, rews of whosedeath (should he be killed in the following battle) willspread like wild-fire through the arny. lf that leader iskilled all remaining leaders on that side have a2in 6 chanceof breaking off. Their contingents must then take moralechecks.

lrsecoaa Field, 1469Edward IV found himself faced by a much larger army led by thetum-coat Earl of War,rvick.

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outnumbered, fled before a blow was struck, throwing offtheir livery jackets to avoid identification.

* Only ifyou hold any three aces from the initial set upprocess. You have obviously got the strategic drop on ouropponent. There is a 5 in 6 chance that his advisors willforce him to flee. Congratulations you can now be King!Now set up a new battle.

Balnel, l47lPitched battle in foggy conditions between Edward IV (newlyretumed from exile in Flandert and a Neville/Lancastrian armyunder the Early of Warwick.

The Londoners built protective barricades fiom wine pipesfilled with gravel.

As above, see fi$t St Albans.FIELDSOFFIRE cost: l pointThe defenders also knocked down some walls to give aclearfield of fire for thei anillery.

Player may remove a section of wall or hedge within hisdeployment zone. The section may be as wide asthe bas ofa single artillery piece model.

Bosworth, 1485Richard III faced a smaller army of English and WelshLancastdans and French mercenaries under Henry Tudor.

AN IMPROVISED BARRICADE

THESTANLEY SYNDROME

OvERNIGI{TBOMBARDMENTWarwick's gunnenhad fired throughout the previous nightin an attempt to demoralise Edward's men before thebattle.

Contingents in the enemy vanguard have their moraleadversely affected (minus one or whatever). Thi stra-tagem is rendered ineffective by the stratagerns SUDDENADVANCE and AGGRESSI\.E APPROACHMARCH,AGGRESSIVE APPROACH MARCH cost : 2 pointsEitward marched ovemight to put his army closer to Barnetthan the Lancastdans expected. This saved the Yorkisrarmy from the effects of Warwick's ovemight bonbard,ment.

Immune to effets of overnight bombardment. Deployas close as possible to forward edge of deployment zone. Ifyou have the Ace of Spades you may deploy the wholearmy in the neutral zone.MISTAKEN IDENTITY cost = 2 points per occasionThe Earl of Oxford's men, returning from having routedthe Yorkist left, were mistaken by Montague's conringentfor Yorkists. The resulting exchange of arrows led to criesof "Treahery" and disordered the Lancastrian right.

The player selecting this stratagem may, under anycircumstances where two enemy forces come together inpoor visibility, request that they check to see ifthey attackeach other. There is a 50% chance that they will thenengage in two tums of archery or one tum of melee asappropda.e.

Tewksbury, l47lPitched battle between Edward IV and a Lancastrian forceunder the Duke ofSomenet.

KNOWNGROUND ost = I pointpercontingent

On thisoccasion it was both Lord StanleyandHenryPery,Earl o{ Northumberland who failed to act whn needed.

Asabove. see Blore Heath.

PROBABLETREACHERYSir William Stanley, brother of Lord Stanley, intervenedon behalfofHenry Tudo' at rhe crucial momen'

As for Possible Treachery Gee Northampton above)except that the opposing player is informed. beforedeployment of the possibility o{ treachery ftom thedesignald contingent.

DETACHED SMALL FORCE

Edward, fearing a possible anbush, had secredy moved abody of 200 mounted spearmen into Tewkesbury Park.These later charged into Somerset'sflank-

A contingent may be secredy positioned in any accessi-ble tenain feature. 'Accessible' means in the player'sdeployment zone unless he holds a Joker or the Ace ofSpades as detailed above. The contingent nust havewritten orders which nayinclude responses tosignals.

l,ondon, 1471Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg attempted to force anentry into London, probably with the aim of rescuing Henry VIfrom Yorkist captivity in the Tower.

PLAYTESTING TIIE MECHANISMS :The concept of stratagems was iested fi$t in a skirmish gamebetween the Pargeters and the Bellamies, those irascibledenizens of fifteenth century Bo$etshire. The Battle ofPennyHassett revolved around an attempt by Sir John Pargeter (andthe Anbridge militia led by John Archer and his son John) torescue his daughter Elizabeth from the lascivious clutches ofJohn Bellamy esq. The Pargeter forces were commanded by awargamer playing hisfirst medieval Same who, with knowledgeof World War II tactics, tried to'thoot in" his poleaxe armedtroops using crossbow "covering fire". The effect of this was along range shooting duel in which the crossbowmen came ofJapoor second to the Bellamy longbowrnen.

Three times the Pargeters attempted to closs the bridge intoPenny Hassett- Twice they were forced back under a hail of wellaimed arows. Finally they forced their way over only to findtheir route inlo the village blocked (stratagem: AN IMPRO-VISED BARRICADE). The fighting here was fierce andlooked bound to go the Pargeten' way when a troop of theirhorse led by Edmund Grundy ardved behindthe Bellamyflankhaving crossed the dver downstream (stmtagem: LATEARRIVALS). Another stratagem was to prove vital at thispoint however. As Grundy's men clattered past the rirhe bamon the outskins of the village, a group of archers hidden withinthe barn (stratagem: DETACHED SMALL FORCE) began toshootthrough holes cutin thethatched roof. Grundy was killedinstantly and his men fledin disanay.

With his archers free to come around onto the Parseters'flank and his cavalry resene ava'lable to threaten thJorherflank, Bellamy now proceeded to push the Pargeters back overthe river. The retreat became a rout and Bellamy was able toretum to the village and have his wicked way with the Pargeter

Since Penny Hassett, which was a large scale skirmish game,these mechanisms have also seen a massed battle between theforces of Richard III and Henry Tudor in which the result ofBosworth was revened, despite Henry's cunning plan to trickRichard's archen into shooting off all of their arrows into themist.

Somersef s battle advanced initiallyalonghidden roads outof sight of the Yorkshire archers.

One ontingent is automatically immune to archerywhile making its first move of the battle. Lasts for one tumonly and not on a tum $hich ends in contact with the

25

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HURTINGHERMANN(or, GORING GOERING)(A Scenarlo module for the forthcomlng 'Ea$e day'

Battle of Brltaln alr nrles)by Peter P.H. Heath

INTRODUCTION

THE HISTORICAL ACCOUNTBy l5thAugust, what was already known. at least in Bitain andArnerica, as The Baitle of Britain . had been underway formore than a month. with the Lu{twaffe aiming to destroy theforward airbases of the RAF. along with the south coast radarstations. as the precursor to'Operation Sealion'the proposedNazi invasion of Britain. To compare numbers of aircraft onboth sides is, to be realistic. a lessthan productive pastime. bothsides maintaining about the same numbers through replace-ments from factories. The key figures were those of pilotsavailable to fly the airraft. figures which were crucial. TheGermans started with more pilots. and maintained thesuperiority in numbers throughout the battle. as they had amuch larger pool of replacements lo call upon than did theBritish. The RAF pilots did have a major advantage over theirLuftwaffe opponents. They were flying over home territory.and ifshot dowfl, would often be in the air again within a coupleof hours. (Several RAF fighter pilots werc shot down no lessthan six times during the battle, and still went up againl)Ge.man pilots had only the prison cage to look forward to.Nonetheless, by the middle of August. attrition was beginningto take itstoll onthe experienced pilots ofboth sides.

Policy within the RAF at this time was to rotate squadronswhich were depleted to relatively quiet sectors, rotaling with

26

Air combat is, I feel. a hitherto largely ignored area of figurewargaming. This is due. at least in part, to the complexmechanisms that many (but not all) setsofrules have adopted torepresent three dimensional combat, covering as they must.great distances and heights. That one possibly acceptablesolution to these problems has now been arrived at, withoutcomplex formulae or sticks to indicate height. is thanks to acertainNigelRoberts. Hisbasicsysten.developedforthe giantair combats over France and Germany in 1943 between the US8th Airforce and the Luftwaffe, and shortly to be in print as'Purple Heart Valley', has been further deve loped and adjustedby me to represent the air combats over Briiain from 10th Julyro 30th September 1940.

when considering this battle. the ouicome ofwhich. it can becogently argued, in the long term sealed the fate of NaziGermany, most think of th battles in the skies above the hopfields of Kent. and the streets of London, contrails leavingsweeping lines across tbe blue, as immortalised in Paul Nash'spainting.'The Battle ofBritain . But. whilst tbis js true. ir mustalso be remembered that few parts of the British Isles avoidedthe unwelcome attentions ofthe Luftwaffe during this period.and the scenaio I Dresent for vou in this articl aqoresses onesuch raid.

As you will have noticed from the title, this is a scenaio andtaster for the new rules, but it is also designed to be fullyfunctional with any set of World War ll air warfare rules which

units now resied. Two such q iet'sectors were those ofNo s 12and 13 croups, though as 12 Group included Dux{ord,Coltishall and Wittering, all hardly what one could describe asrestful locations during the ongoing battle in the south, only 13Group was not fully taxed, and many ofthe pilots had, as yt,little experience of combat.

The men of Luftflotte 5, based at Stavanger in Norway andAalborg in Denmark. had been kicking thcir hcels in the mostpar., whilst their comrades in France were earning laureh overSouthern England. When, on the 14th August, orders arrivedfrom Goering\ HQ, for a co'ordinated attack on industrialtargets and airfields in North East England on the followingday. confideflce amongst the bomber and fighter crews washigh. With the long distances involved in this attack, the onlyfighter escort was to be Me110s, fitted with wing tanks to extendtheir range, though Cerman intelligence suggested lhat therewould be little or no RAF fighter opposition. as all were nowdrawn inro the fighting around the south coast.

The Gennan plan was asfollows:From Stavanger. T0Hel llsof I and III/KG26. escorted by 2l MellOs of I/KG76. wouldtake off at aboul 10.30am. At about the same time 50 Ju88s ofIand lll/Kc3o would set out from Aalborg. The respectivetargets were Newcastle and Sunderland for the Stavanger force,and the British 'fighter' base at Driffield for the force fromAalborg. (Gelman intelligence was faulty in this respect, asDriffield was purely a bomber basc.) In addition, a decoy forceof 17 Heinkel and Dornier seaplancs and fllring boats wouldappear before the main force from Stavanger. and fly iowardstdrnb rgh. rhus. rn rhe unh[el \ e\ enl L, Irhere being any enem)fighrersabout. rbey would b divertedfrom the maintheatre of

To ensure that both bombers. and Mellos would havesufficient endurancc forthe round trip. the bomb load for bolhHellls and Ju88s was reduced to 30001b. and the Me110s, inaddition to the wing tanks. also had to dispense with their tailgunners. This last was a ganble. andone which was destinedtohave disastrous consequences.

The Luftwaffe plan. as it turned out. hinged upon one wrongassumption, in rhal the RAF, far from having only a minimalpresence in the North Easi. in fact disposed of, (from south tonorlh. and wilhin response range):12Group: 235 Sqn (Blenheims) at Bircham Newton.

264Sqn (Defiants) at K'rton in Lindsey.73 Sqn (Hulricanes) at Leconfield.

616Sqn (Spitfires) also at Leconfield.13 Group: 41 Sqn (Spirfiret at Catterick.

79 Sqn (Hurricanet at Acklington.72 Sqn (Spilfires) also at Acklington.

605 Sqn (Hurricanet at Drem.This combination of fighters was to prove the undoing ofLuftflotte 5.

At about l0.15am on the l5th August, a mixed force of 17

27

He59 seaplanes and Do18 flying boats lumbered west fromStavanger on their decoy mission. By just after 10.30arn, 65He1lls and 20 Me110s joined forces over the Norwegian coast,(5 Heinkeh and 1 Me110 had aborted on takeoff due tomechanical failure). At the sametine, above Aalborg,50Ju88swernowin formation. TheGerman aircraft began, in'Vics'of5, to fly west towards theirtargets.

Shortly after noon the Radar station aa Banburgh picked upan unidentified slow movingplot to the north east, and 80 milesout. The minutes ticked past, and by about l2.30pm the'bogeyt, flying at 15,000 feet, and now about 50 miles out,which until then had been heading to\ ards Edinburgh, brokeup into separate plots, one of which turned round, the othertumed south west, towards Newcastle. (ln fact what hadhappened was that, due to a navigational enor, the Hellls andtheir escorts had found themselves 70 miles no(h of theirprojected course, and so were flying just behind the decoyforce, thus losinganyelementofsurprise!) By now, one flight of605 Sqn Hudcanes had been scrambled from Drem inanticipation of a raid on Edinburgh, but this flight was thenvectored onto the course oI the 'bogeys' heading forNewcastle.Other Radar stations had now picked up the raiders, and theorder to 'scramble' was given to Acklington and Catterick. Thethree 605 Sqn Huficanes, coming in tuom th rear quarter,wer the first to gain contac. with the Hellls and Mellos.Thirty miles north west of Acklington a tull scale battledevlopd as 72 Sqn Spitfiresjoined in the melee. The Germanformations were shaken, but still flew on towards theirobjective. Now 79 Sqn Hurricanes and 41 Sqn Spitfires fell onthe enemy. The Mel10 escorts, inferior to the British fighters,and lackingtail gunners in addition, were overwhelmed. No lessthan 7 of the esco( fighters fell to the guns of the RAF, whothen waded into the midst ofthe bombers whilst they were still

Map'A' General Situation Map

off the coast. The tight 'Vic' formations were broken up, andsomethingakin to panicseemed to overtake the German crews.Bombs wer released haphazardly over Newcastle, Sunderlandand the North Sea.30001b lighter, theHeinkels broke forhome,less about I of their number. Not one British fighter was lost,though one Hurricane was forced to break from combat with

/ -

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11-*i'.)

.g/

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/ :L - 4

28To the south, by 12.30pm, ihe Ju88s from Aalborg were

picked up by Radar,50 miles offFlamborough Head, at 12,000feet. Spitfires of 616 Sqn and one flight of 73 Sqn Hudcaneswere inmediately scrambled from Leconfield. By the time theunescorted bombers had crossed the coast the fiehtem hadgarned combal alurude. Pressrng home alracks ; i th greardetermination, they shot down 7 bombers for no loss, yetthough the battle raged on, th 'Vic' formations maintainedcohesion. Over Driffield, bombs rained down, destroying fourhangers and 10 aircraft. The airfield's anti-airraft defencesclaimed anolher Ju88 as the bombers turned for home. Theirordeal was nor yet over, as 264 Sqn Defiants and threeBlenheirns frorn Bircham Newton snapped at their heels,though with no further sucesses.

For lhe loss of about 24 aircraft. the bombers ofLuftflotte 5had succeeded in destroying 10 British bombers and trainers atDriffield, claimed 11 Spitfires and Hurricanes shot down,(though nor one fighter was lost in fact. on the British side), andcaused minimal damage to urban areas of Newcastle andSunderland. none of which was of military value. By anystandards this was a disaster of the first order for th Luftwaffe,andthe lesson waslearned.It had been the first, and last,largescale daylight raid made by Luftflotte 5 during the Battle ofBritain.

'Start' Location (Airbase)DremAcklington

CatteickLeonfield

Type & numbrSqn Nunbe. ofaircraft

605 3 Hurricane (1)72 l0spitfire (3)79 9 Hurricane (3)41 ll Spitnre (4)

616 9 Spitnre (3)?3 6 Hufficane (2)

The aircraft types involved to any extenl in thisscenario are, forthe Germa.s. Mel10C, HelllP and Ju88A. For the British,Hurricane I and Spitfire I and II. For those who are withoutmodek and are prepared to use counters. the following can beohotocoDied and used.

WARGAMING THE RAID

And for the Lufiwaffe:Typ & numb.

'Start' Location (Airbas) KG Number ofai.c.afrStavanger ttKG26 35 Helll (12)

IIrtKG26 30 Hel11 (10)ItZGl6 20 Me110 (7)

Aalbors VKG30 25 Ju88 (8)IIVKG30 25 Ju88 (8)

NOTE: The figures given in bracke$ are the suggested 'scaleddown'forces which should be used ifthe game is to beplayed in a limited tine frame, such as at a club.

I suggest that to make for a truly interesting game, the sidesshould be as follows:BritishRadar Plotter/Sqn allocations officer. (Who takes command ofaircraft'on table'once he feels that his primary job is done).2 Sqn Leaders. (Eah commandingno more thantwosquadronsat any time).GtlmanOberstofKG26.MajorofZGT6.oberstofKG30.In addition, I suggest that an umpire is vilal ! Therefore the idealnumber of people involved is seven. Less, or more, can becatered for, it\ uptoyou.

RULESlnitially there w;ll be no on table'moves, preparaiion beingmade by meansofmap movement- lt is suggested that Map'B'is used to plot each side's respective moves, with three copiesbei.g made; one each forumpire, British radar plotter, and ihe

MAPMOVEMENT

H111P

Spitfire*Hurricane-Mel l0H e 1 1 1Ju88Decoy force

2 map sectors per map move.2 map sectors per map move.2 sectors per map move.l sector per map move.r sector per map move.l sector per map move.

'Once 'scrambled' one map move must be spent gainingornbat altitude above thehone airbase.

Umpi.e NoteThe Gerrnan decoy force enters on move I at the Stavangerentry/exitpojnt, and moves straight towards Edinburgh, until5sectors away. It then turns back and exits whe.e it entered. AnyBritishfighters vectored in on il will failtoengage.

BRITISHRADAR

The forces histoically available, and their 'start' locations, are,for the RAF:

No RAF fighter nay be \rambled' or ordered into the airunless a radar conlact has been made and tracked for twoconsecutive maD moves. or an airbase or urban area has been

29

British radar has a theoretical detection range of 5 sectors outinto the North Sea. To sucessfully plot enemy aircraftconcentrations ("bogeyJ') a D 10 nust be thrown by the umpirewhen the bogeys enterpotential plotting range. (See map B forchance of success.) If the dice roll is successtul, the umpiretransfers the plot, and whence it has come, tothe British radarplotter's map. Once bogeys have been plotted, they remainplotted as long as they remain within range. (Obviously, theGerman playen should not be infomed as to whether or notthey have been plotted. )

British players in comnand ofthe scrambled squadrons willbe vectored in by the radar plotter towards the bogeys, oncecombat altitude has been reached. Once the squadron is onesector away from the bogeys, it no longer requires vectoring, asit will use visual sightings to close. Once both 'side! are in thesame sector, on tablecontact begins.

The German players are given the following orders:KG26. Your objective is to bomb military and stmtegic

installations in the docks areas o{ Newcastle andSunderland. Between entry and exit of the map, youmay pass through no more than 20 sectors due to tuellimitations. ln addition, you must remember that if yourformation is disrupted, accuracy witl be severelyhampered. You naydelay initial entry byup to two (2)

2G76. Your objective is to protect the Hellls of KG26 fromany unwelcome attention. Between entry and exit ofthemap, you may pass through no more than 20 sectors dueto fuel limitations. Note that you have notailgunnersonthis mission. You may delay entry by up to two (2) rnap

KG30. Your objective is to bomb the fighter base atDriffield.Between entry and exit of the map, you may passthrough no more than 20 sectors due to fuel limitations.ln additionyou mustremember that ifyourformation isdisrupted, accuracy will be severely hampered. Entrymaybe made on map movethree (3) or four (4).

Umpire NoteIn the German orders mention is made of avoiding formationbeing disrupted. For the puryosesofthe game, point out to theGerman players that bombers should fly in 'vic' formation of4-5 aircraft. (lfusing the scaled down numbers, formations of3aircraft are used.) Once the bombers are in formation of lessthan three, or no longer flying in 'Vic' formation, formation isdisrupted.

Upon arnval above the assigned targets, the followingbombing flow chart should be consulted by the umpire, andboth sides informed of the result.

WINNERS AND LOSERSBritish Overwhelning Victory: Destroy 21 (7)+ CemanBdtish Marginal VictoryrDestroy 6-20 (6) Gerrnan aircraft.Geman Marginal Victory: Bonb suc.essfulty one.arget ANDlose no more than 15 (5) aircraft.German Over.rhelming Vicrory: Successfully bomb bothtargets AND lose no more than 15 (5) aircraft.

Any other result is a draw. Any result other than GermanMarginalor Overwhelming Victory means that Luftflotte 5 willcease further operations in daylight against the No(h East forthe rest ofthe Battl ofBritain.I hope that you, the enterpdsing rader, and potential umpire,will introduce players to this scenario, and will have as muchsuccesswith itas I did when play-testing it at Norwich.I give youfairwarning: the Germans willfind it difficult to win!

IB4k dAd ,' @c 6i s 1r)

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