Warm Up: 1/13 1. The Evolutionary Perspective

would be interested in: a) the differences between natural

blondes and fake blondesb) the genes that may make one more

likely to show signs of a psychological disorder

c) The thought processes made when deciding on a college

2. The cognitive perspective would be interested in:

a) The processes made when deciding on a college

b) How someone learns a languagec) All of the aboved) None of the above

3. Explain the difference between the psychodynamic perspective and the perspective and the humanistic-existentialist perspective.

4. How does the socio-cultural perspective play a part in your life?

Review: whiteboards

Answer the following with the correct school of thought:Would focus on how we mentally represent the world to explain

behaviorsMight argue that your behavior is the result of your freedom to

make choices in lifeMight look at the relationship between an individual’s cultural

heritage and the frequency of psychological disordersMight argue that children who are shy and withdrawn engage

in behavior because of environmental influences and reinforcement

Would tend to attribute your dreams to unconscious processesMight argue that the reason males exhibit more aggressive

behavior is because of their hormonal make-up

HOMER: HYPOTHESIZE, OPERATIONALIZE, MEASURE, EVALUATE, AND REPLICATE/REVISE/REPORT

The Scientific Method

Objective DOL

WWBAT identify the 5 parts to the scientific method; know the difference between population and be able to explain potential sampling problems.

Explain what a hypothesis is and why it is used

Know the consequences of volunteer bias.

Objective & DOL

Review: Psychology

Psychology- the scientific study of behavior and mental process

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control the events it studies. Think-Pair-Share:

How do you think Psychologists do this?

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method: an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand knowledge Imagine the chaos if we

didn’t have a way of doing this

No way to prove anything

HOMER: an acronym to explain the scientific method

HOMER

Hypothesize OperationalizeMeasureEvaluateReplicate/Revise/Report

HOMER: Hypothesize

Hypothesize To make a specific statement about behavior or

mental processes Stems from a research question

Does misery love company? Do opposites attract? Does drinking tea make a headache go away? Do kids who learn to read before kindergarten graduate with higher GPAs?

Operationalize

Operationalize – define a fuzzy concept to make the concept clearly measurable Ie: what are opposites?:

Different sexes? Different political identifications? Different personalities?

What are you measuring in a personality? Comical/seriousness?

Measure

T-P-S: How might you measure how funny someone is?

Measure: deciding how to assess data Age, weight, height - easy Personality, political beliefs, “good” behavior, how

funny someone is- more difficult Scales, observation

Evaluate

Evaluate- do these results make sense? Is it consistent/different than what other researchers

have found? What are possible explanations that would support

these findings?

Replicate/Revise/Report

Must provide enough information about how the study was conducted for others to replicate the study. Allows others to evaluate the psychologist’s

conclusions and methods

Sections of a psychology paper

Hypothesis Hypothesis, why you suspect this, previous research

Methods Operationalized variables, how you will gather

information (natural observation, survey)Results

The data foundDiscussion

Did the data align with your hypothesis? Why or why not?

Warm up

1. What are the words that make up the acronym “HOMER”?

When researchers conduct scientific research, the people that are studied are referred to as the 2)______ and the group that is targeted for research is referred to as the 3) _______.

4. Create 3 hypotheses you would be able to study.

Objective DOL

WWBAT explain four types of observational studies: Case study, correlation, survey, and natural observation

SWBAT match each observational method with its definition or purpose

Give at least 1 pro and 1 con for each method.

Objective & DOL

Station Activity

There are four stations

You will travel with your partner and work on your worksheet.

You will work in pairs around the stations. Please work only with your partner so that everyone is involved.

You will have 9 minutes at every station to: Write which observational method you’re working on and its

definition The pros and cons of the method Read and take notes on an example of the type of study Answer the questions asked.

Raise your hand if you have any questions throughout. I will be circling around.

When the timer goes off, immediately circle to your next station.

Review

Warm Up: 1/15

Word bank: Case study, correlation, survey, natural observation

1. A way to get a lot of data quickly with relatively little effort.

2. An in-depth look at one person, animal, or group to get data that is not widely available

3. Looking to see if two occurrences are related.4. Looks at behaviors or occurrences in a setting outside of a

laboratory.

5. Give one pro and con for using a case study.6. Give one pro and con for using a correlational study.7. Give one pro and con for using a survey.8. Give one pro and con for naturally observing phenomena.

Population vs. Sample

Population: The entire group targeted for study

Sample: the group that is studied

Whiteboards: Write “population” if it is feasible to study the entire

group of interest or “sample” if you need to get a smaller representative sample Every high school student in America The students of Sierra High School

• Homecoming

The importance of a good sample

Literary digest predicted that Alf Landon would beat Franklin D. Roosevelt by a landslide Polled millions of voters by phone Yet, Roosevelt won by 11 million votes

Think-Pair-Share: what could have gone wrong?

During the depression, only the wealthy had telephones

Types of Samples

Random sample: every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected Ex: every other student who walks in the door

Stratified sample: selection is made so subgroups of the population are represented equally Example: 25 freshman, 25 sophomores, 25 juniors, 25

seniors

Purpose of a good sample

(I promise this has an academic purpose…) Would you volunteer for study on sexual activity? Why or why not?

Volunteer Bias: the error that typically results when volunteers are selected to participate Money Kinsey

What are some possible problems that would result from volunteer bias?

Announcements

Quiz FridayBring Books Friday!Look at announcements board and extra

credit opportunityHomework: Project ideas

P. 32, reflect and relate: Come up with three possible behaviors or events that you could observe and make a hypothesis. discussed today. I will give a rubric tomorrow for the project. Ideas due Thursday We will go over these Friday

The Experiment

Review: Cause and Effect

Think Tank: With your partner, come up with as many causes as

possible why higher income and years of education are correlated. More education causes higher income because of better

jobs Education causes higher income

People with a higher income can afford an education Income causes more education

Higher motivation or perseverance to achieve causes both?

Parent examples causes both?

The Experiment

Experiment- a scientific method which seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables. Example: introducing alcohol dose, change in

temperature, or injection of a drug to see effects on test taking

alcohol dose, change in temperature, or injection of a drug are all example treatments

Treatment- a condition received by subjects so its effects can be observed.

The Experiment

Experiment- a scientific method which seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.

Consider the following: determining whether alcohol causes aggression

Independent Variable: AlcoholDependent variable: Aggression

Independent and Dependent Variables

Independent variable (IV): a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed. May be introduced, removed, increased/decreased

Dependent Variable (DV): a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable happens as a result of the Independent Variable It Depends on the IV

Placebos

Placebo- a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine (example: a sugar pill that looks like Advil)

Placebo effect- the measurable or felt improvement in health not attributable to treatment (example: someone who takes a sugar pill that looks like advil, but experiences the same headache relief)

Given this information, write in your notes what you think this picture means:

Warm Up

What is an independent variable?What is a dependent variable?

Why are they used?

Practice: whiteboards

Several recent studies suggest that yoga may help strengthen social attachments, reduce stress and relieve anxiety, depression and insomnia

What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? Yoga

What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)? Social attachments, stress, anxiety, depression,

insomnia

Practice: whiteboards

Studying whether or not violent television programming caused aggressive behavior in children

What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? Violent television

What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)? Aggressive behavior in children

Practice: whiteboards

You may have heard teachers or students claim that printing text on green paper helps students read better, or that yellow paper helps students perform better on math exams.

What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? Color of paper

What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)? Academic performance

Experimental groups and control groups

Experimental groups- receive the treatments

Control groups- do not receive the treatment

Helps psychologists be sure that the effects are only because of the independent variable

All other conditions are made the same

Placebos

Placebo- a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine (already in your notes)

*Used to know the true effects of the independent VariableTo avoid the placebo effect fromtaking a pill, having an injection,or other effects of watching tv, physical activity, etc… the Control group typicallyreceives the Placebo

Practice: whiteboards

Studying whether or not a new drug, Oppimorphine can lessen depression. Group A receives Oppimorphine, Group B receives a sugar pill

What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? Oppimorphine

What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)? Depression/lessened depression

Who is the control Group? Group B

Who is the Experimental group? Group A

What is the placebo? Sugar pill

Practice: whiteboards

Scientists want to know if wearing a magnetic bracelet really does improve agility and balance. They give Group 1 a rubber bracelet with no magnetic qualities and Group 2 a rubber bracelet with a small, hidden magnet.

What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? Magnetic bracelet

What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)? Agility, balance

Who is the control Group? Group 1

Who is the Experimental group? Group 2

What is the placebo? Only rubber bracelet

DOL

Psychologists are curious if drinking Earl Grey tea alleviates migraines. They give Group A 3 servings a day of Earl Grey tea, and Group B 3 servings a day of colored, flavored water with no additives.

1. What is/are the Independent Variable(s)? 2. What is/are the Dependent Variable(s)?3. Who is the control Group?4. Who is the Experimental group?5. What is the placebo?

6. Explain the purpose of an experiment.7. Explain the purpose of a placebo.

Warm Up

In your “Thursday” section of your warm-up sheet, write what being “college and career (“real world”) ready” means to you

BECAUSE YOU CAN’T JUST GO AROUND PUTTING POLES IN PEOPLE’S HEADS

Ethics in Psych Research

Objective DOL

WWBAT explain ethical guidelines in psychological research and explain two controversial psych studies.

What is informed consent?

What did psych’s learn from Milgram’s study?

What did psych’s learn from Zimbardo’s study?

Objective & DOL

Ethics

Think-Pair-Share: What doe it mean if something is ethical?

Ethical: Moral; referring to one’s system of deriving standards for determining what is moral or okay. Ie: is it moral to drink? Is it moral to drink and drive? Is it okay to kill someone? Is it okay to kill someone to save someone else’s life?

Ethics in psychology

It used to be that psychologists could do essentially whatever experiments they were interested in.

Today there has to be informed consent.informed consent- a subject’s agreement to

participate in a study after they have learned the purposes of the study the nature of the treatments.

Ethics in psychology (cont.)

Ethics can limit the kinds of research that is done Ie: does separation from one’s mother impair social

development? How does brain damage to a certain part of the head

impact one’s ability to function “normally?” What kind of study must be done for the second?

Case study The first example?

Correlational study. Why?

Debriefing

if the participant knows the true reason behind the experiment, it may impact their behavior or response.

If the true purpose for the study cannot be given before the study, the subject may be deceived by the psychologist and be debriefed after. Debriefed: the purposes and methods are truthfully

revealed.

T-P-S: What do you think the circumstances might be for deception to be considered ethical? If the benefits of the knowledge required outweigh the harm

done and it is reasonable to believe that the partipant would partipate if given the benefits of the study.

Unethical experiments in Psychology

Milgram’s Obedience Study: Participants were recruited by newspaper and compensated

for their participation Told it was an experiment about learning and memory Each participant was assigned the role of “teacher” and inflict

an electric shock to the “learner” if they got a wrong answer. Shocks were labeled from low to deadly. Participants were in a room with a scientist as they gave the

shocks, and encouraged to go on, even when they heard shouts from the “learner” How many participants do you think gave shocks labeled “XXX”? How many do you think stopped? (Partipants were told they quit at

any time and still be paid)

Video

Write down the unethical components of the study and the critiques.

Must make at least 5 notes about the video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8olVHKgIBXc

Warm up: 1/17/13

1. What is a control group? Why is it important?

2. What is informed consent? (give at least 2 components)

3. What are ethics?4. Challenge question: What did the Milgram

Study teach about conformance to authority?

Reflection/Predictions

What was unethical? Participants experienced intense anxiety, were not

told the full story. They were debriefed.How many would go all the way?When Milgram posed this question to a group

of Yale University students, it was predicted that no more than 3% would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65% of the participants in Milgram’s study delivered the maximum shocks.

Are people evil?

In another variation, teachers were instructed to apply whatever voltage they desired to incorrect answers. Teachers averaged 83 volts, and only 2.5 percent of participants used the full 450 volts available. This shows most participants were good, average people, not evil individuals. They obeyed only under coercion.

"It’s got to go on, it’s got to go on." What can we learn form this experiment?

Further Study

The physical presence of an authority figure dramatically increased compliance.

The fact that the study was sponsored by Yale (a trusted and authoritative academic institution) led many participants to believe that the experiment must be safe.

The selection of teacher and learner status seemed random.Participants assumed that the experimenter was a

competentexpert. The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous.Later experiments conducted by Milgram indicated that the

presence of rebellious peers dramatically reduced obedience levels. When other people refused to go along with the experimenters orders, 36 out of 40 participants refused to deliver the maximum shocks.

Zimbardo prison experiment

http://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html

CFU: think-write-shareWhat is a time where you acted in a way you

would not have expected or which you knew you could have behaved better as a result of peer influence?

Close Reading

Read and annotate the text, highlighting areas that show unethical componenets to a study. Number paragraphs

Circle key terms – No more than 5 per chunk Chunk as you go to group paragraphs of similar

content Left column is a one sentence summary per chunk Right column is a question per chunk (could be

confusion or higher-level)

DOL

What is the Milgram study? The Zimbardo study? The “Monster” Study?

Rank these in order of highest-lowest of unethical. Justify your ranking.

Test time!

Take a deep breath, and relax! You will do fine!

Please ask me if you need clarification on a question!

Good luck!!

Extra credit: on the bottom of your test respond to one or both of the following: 1. List conditions that made a participant in Milgram’s

study more likely to proceed with the experiment 2. List conditions that made a participant less likely to

proceed with the experiment.

Prework for study

On your homework, write the following for each hypothesis: 1. What would you have to measure in this

experiment? (ie: overweight/normal, male/female, number of bites, number of items ordered, amount of food left, number of chews, amount of time spent eating)

2. How would you measure this? (count and record, tally, stopwatch?)

Star the hypothesis you wish to use, and raise your hand for me to check.

DOL: On a piece of paper answer the following

1. What is my hypothesis?2. Why do I think this?3. What are my variables?4. How am I going to measure these?

4b: what materials do I need to bring with me?5. Who is my population?6. Who is my sample?

*You may take a picture of this on your phone to refer to, and then immediately put your phone back away.

Textbooks

Rank the top 3 chapters you want to cover