warm-up: 12/8 does gender inequality exist in this country? in other countries? explain your...
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Warm-Up: 12/8
• Does gender inequality exist in this country? In other countries? EXPLAIN YOUR OPINION!
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Cultural Differences
Gender Inequalities
Cultural Differenc
es
Gender Inequalit
y
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International Sexism:
Greece
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Serbia
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Ireland
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American Hippies
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Georgia
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Gender
Gender – “a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” - Domosh and Seager
A woman in Bedugul, (on Bali) Indonesia who works for 45 cents an hour 10 hours a
day, six days a week turning bricks. Brickmaking in the US is a traditional male
occupation
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• Gender is a social as well as biological difference.
• Modernization has reduced the inequalities but has NOT eliminated them.
• Even in Europe & the US equality has NOT been achieved.
• UK, Germany, India, Israel, Pakistan & the Philippines have had female leaders; the US has not
• Barriers to economic & social advancement are found in the political and corporate realmAfrican woman with head
wrapped to protect against the cold, sand & sun
Woman in Germany prepares tea
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Gender Inequality• Women make 80 c. to the Male dollar-even
accounting for time off to raise kids.• Over her career, the average U.S. woman loses
$1.2 m. to wage inequality.• Every industrialized nation except US &
Australia have paid parental leave with a guaranteed job upon return
• Women over 65 are twice as likely to be poor as men.
• Women choose jobs closer to home• Occupational segregation-women have less
chance to advance-take lower paying jobs in more restricted locations
• Male dominance is a world-wide phenomenon• In general Western women are better off than
elsewhere
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• Women typically bear children and are confined to the home
• Male dominance is the norm• Education and development
reduce gender inequalities
Women in poorer countries
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Female–Male Income Differences
• Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.
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Demography & Health
• On average women live 4 yrs. longer than men
• Core countries-5 to 7 yrs. Longer
• World Bank=Africa +3 yrs, South America & Europe, US + 6 yrs.
• Women less likely to:– Smoke– Drink– Eat too much– Drive too fast– Have very high stress
Darfur refugee woman-she lost almost everything as she and
her 4 children fled militia attacks
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Longevity Gap
• In all cultures men tend to marry younger women
• The (somewhat joking) American rule is (1/2)Age + 7
• Many women who spend their younger years raising families die alone in poverty
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• Higher health risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth
• Poor countries = risk of dying because of pregnancy 80-600 times higher
• 250,000 women die of illegal abortions each year
Quality of Life
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Quality of Life-Maternal Mortality Rates• Western World rate is
5/100,000 • South Asia has
highest maternity mortality rates=650/100,000
• Reasons:– Inadequate medical
care– Excessive number of
pregnancies– Malnutrition– Lack of adequate birth
control
250,000 die each year from illegal abortionsWomen not as well nourished as men-female children often worst
offWomen need 3X the amount of iron in childbearing years as men-
but don’t get it in periphery countries
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Chinaa) One-child policy has brought an
imbalance in male-to-female ratiob) The number of abortions following
gender-detection tests (which are often legal) skyrocketed
c) Millions of babies die from food deprivation, denial of medical care, abandonment, and murder
Female Infanticide
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Chinad) Number of males unable to find wives
during the present decade will double or even triple
e) Some Chinese scholars suggest this situation could lead to social disorders
f) One-child policy has been easier to enforce in urban and near-urban areas
Female Infanticide
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China• China’s traditional
attitude toward women-a burden
• Female infanticide was a common rural practice-but after the One Child Policy-it rose in urban areas as well.
• Abortions in China are legal after gender identification tests
• Millions of female infants die of food depravation, denial of medical care, abandonment or murder
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India• 300,000 more girls die than
boys • Modern technology making
detection easier• Laws forbidding prenatal
testing
Female Infanticide
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Female Infanticide-India• India-gender detection
tests often result in aborted females-the ratio of men to women in India is widening in some parts of India (narrowing in other parts – which ones?).
• Although outlawed-dowry still exists in India-families with sons receive payments from the bride’s parents
• Dowry deaths are common
• Laws against female infanticide & dowry deaths exist-but are not always enforced.
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Women in India• Hindu culture
attaches great importance to the male dominated family.
• Hinduism teaches a reverence for all life-yet girls are still forced into arranged marriages-disputes over dowries and “Bride Price” often results in the death of the young bride.
• Many dowry deaths are reported as “kitchen accidents” and never investigated.
An Indian infant girl is given polio vaccine
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Dowry Deaths in India- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead
to dowry deaths-female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of women
Noida, India-Nisha Sharma sits in front of her dowry that her father planned to give to
her groom’s family.She made national headlines in India, when she refused to
marry the groom after his family demanded an even
higher dowry.
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Family and Social Conditions
• Great contrast in treatment of boys & girls that puts females at a physical & psychological disadvantage
• Many girls have to work 7 or mores hours a day as children-married off as early as possible;– Mauritania 39% of girls
married by age 15, 15% had children
– Bangladesh-73% married by age 15, 21% had 1 child by age 15
9 yr old Nepal girl picks tea-1 of 180 million children world-wide that work instead of attending
school.97% are in periphery or
semiperiphery countries.
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Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
- populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work.- produce 70% of the region’s food. - only a small percentage of women have legal title to their land.
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Women in Muslim Countries
• Many women in traditional or fundamentalist Islamic states live in isolation and servitude.
• In Iran, Afghanistan, & elsewhere, women’s rights have eroded.
• Ayatollah Khomeini’s 1979 Revolution in Iran created a theocracy
• Taliban took over Afghanistan in 1997 & took women out of public life
Muslim women wearing the chador-note that updated technology and computers has not changed the
religiously conservative areas of the Muslim world
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• Education gives the chance to improve one's circumstances–Where education levels are higher,
women's circumstances are better – In much of the less-developed world,
girls are left at home when boys start school
–United Nations and UNICEF estimate that between 65 and 75 percent of all Indian women are illiterate
Women and Education
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Education & Opportunity
• Education is the key to remove gender gap.
• In India, overall illiteracy is 55%, for women it is 65% to 75%
• Progress in education & literacy lags in South Asia & Sub-Saharan Africa
• There is also a sharp contrast between urban & rural areas
• Barriers remain in certain professions-even in the West
School in Somalia
School in NY
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• More girls now go to school than used to, at least at the elementary level
• A growing number of women reach levels of higher education
• It will take several generations for the gender gap to disappear
• Recent reports from Africa and Asia suggest that in some countries progress in women's education has been halted or even reversed
• In Africa, economic setbacks and armed conflicts have combined to erode education systems
Progress in Education
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Economy & Productivity
• Women in the periphery produce over ½ the food, build homes, dig wells, plant & harvest crops, make clothes, etc.
• Women in Africa work hard:– Cultivating corn & staple
crops– Walk long distances for
water– Gather firewood– Take care of the children– Cook the meals
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Africa• Women probably have the hardest life• Produce an estimated 70 percent of the food by
hand labor• Gather firewood from ever-increasing distances• Left many times without a husband who has
moved to the city• Often cannot get bank loans or title to the land
she works• A young girl will start working 12 hours a day as
soon as she is able
Economy and Productivity
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Women in the Labor Force
• Core Nations-35% to 39% of the labor force are women
• Middle & South America about 24% to 29% of the labor force are women
• Sub-Saharan Africa-37% are women-about 80% work on plantations.
• Asia about 50% of the labor force are women-mostly on farms
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Informal Economy –private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or vegetable gardening.
South Korea-women sell
food from their small market gardens near
an ancient temple
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• The dominance of males– In the United States, approximately
half the voters are women– In the United States and Canada,
women did not receive full enfranchisement—the right to vote—until 1920
–Male domination of political institutions was well established by 1920
–Not all countries have given women the right to vote
Politics and Public Life
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• The right to vote does not necessarily give women equal political power
• In recent years there has been an increase in the amount of women in political leadership
• A few national leaders have been women
Politics and Public Life
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Politics & Public Life• US & Canada did not
grant enfranchisement to women until 1920.
• Several women have been leaders of their nations-but no woman has ever run or been elected as President of the US
• US-half of all voters are women:– yet only 17/100
Senators are women– 6/50 governors are
women– 73/435 House members
are women
New Zealand was 1st to grant the vote to women in 1893Australia-1902, Switzerland not until 1971, Portugal 1976Top: Violetta Chamorro-President of Nicaragua; Gloria Arroyo-President of Philippines; Margaret Thatcher-PM of Britain; Indira Gandhi-leader of IndiaOthers-Golda Meir-Israel, Tansu Ciller-Turkey, Angela Merkel -- GermanySome Muslim nations of SW Asia still do not allow women to vote
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Ellen Johnson-SirleafPresident of Liberia
Elected with a stunning 60 %
of the voteThis Harvard-educatedGrandmother, the first
womanelected to lead an
Africancountry, faces huge
challenges; Nov. 2005 election
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A. Identify the trend shown in the graph above.B. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on population
growth in the developing world.C. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on economic
development in the developing world.D. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on gender roles in
the developing world.