Warm UpWarm Up1.1. Complete your Student Complete your Student

Notebook work and turn it in. Notebook work and turn it in. DUE TODAY!DUE TODAY!

2.2. Complete your Complete your Nature v. Nurture PowerPoint Nature v. Nurture PowerPoint

and email it to Mrs. Bradley.and email it to Mrs. Bradley.3.3. Work on your Field Study.Work on your Field Study.4.4. Study for your vocabulary Study for your vocabulary

test.test.

Unit 5Unit 5Socializing the IndividualSocializing the Individual

Warm UpWarm Up1.1. Pick up a Sociology Pick up a Sociology

book and the Unit 5 book and the Unit 5 illustrated dictionary illustrated dictionary definitions handout.definitions handout.

2.2. Begin defining the Begin defining the words listed using words listed using the glossary and the glossary and creating your creating your drawings.drawings.

Unit 5Unit 5Socializing the IndividualSocializing the Individual

Personality Personality DevelopmentDevelopmentWhat is personality?What is personality?

You probably think of someone’s social skills or social You probably think of someone’s social skills or social appeal.appeal.

PersonalityPersonality = sum total of behaviors, beliefs, and = sum total of behaviors, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.values that are characteristic of an individual.

Factors that Shape Factors that Shape Individual Personality Individual Personality

DevelopmentDevelopment1. Heredity1. HeredityEveryone has Everyone has characteristics that are characteristics that are present from birth.present from birth.

• Physical TraitsPhysical Traits• Inherited Characteristics Inherited Characteristics

such as strong muscles, such as strong muscles, good eyesight, etcgood eyesight, etc

• Aptitudes – ability to Aptitudes – ability to acquire skills such as: acquire skills such as: music, art, mathematics, music, art, mathematics, sports, speaking, etc.sports, speaking, etc.

• Biological DrivesBiological Drives

Factors that Shape Factors that Shape Individual Personality Individual Personality

DevelopmentDevelopment2. Birth Order2. Birth OrderOur personalities are also Our personalities are also

influenced by whether we have influenced by whether we have brothers, sisters, both or neither brothers, sisters, both or neither and whether they and whether they are older or younger than we are older or younger than we are.are.

• First Born ChildrenFirst Born Children – – achievement oriented, achievement oriented, responsible, conservativeresponsible, conservative

• Younger ChildrenYounger Children - Risk takers, - Risk takers, affectionate, socialaffectionate, social

• Middle ChildrenMiddle Children – peace makers, – peace makers, creativecreative

Factors that Shape Factors that Shape Individual Personality Individual Personality

DevelopmentDevelopment3. Parental Characteristics3. Parental CharacteristicsThe characteristics of your The characteristics of your

parents can have a large parents can have a large effect on your personality.effect on your personality.

• Age of ParentsAge of Parents – Older – Older parents often raise parents often raise children differently than children differently than younger ones.younger ones.

• Level of educationLevel of education• Religious orientationReligious orientation• Economic statusEconomic status• Occupational backgroundOccupational background

Factors that Shape Factors that Shape Individual Personality Individual Personality

DevelopmentDevelopment4. Cultural Environment4. Cultural EnvironmentEach culture gives rise to a Each culture gives rise to a

series of personality series of personality traits – model traits – model personalities – that are personalities – that are typical of that society.typical of that society.

U.S. – competitiveness, U.S. – competitiveness, assertiveness, assertiveness, individualismindividualism

China – respect for elders, China – respect for elders, deference to authority, deference to authority, family obligationsfamily obligations

Gender differencesGender differencesSurvival patternsSurvival patterns

Nature versus Nature versus NurtureNurture

NatureNature• HeredityHeredity• Birth OrderBirth Order• Mental abilitiesMental abilities• Physical abilitiesPhysical abilities• Aptitudes andAptitudes and

talents talents• Brain chemistryBrain chemistry

NurtureNurture• CulturalCultural

Environment Environment• ParentalParental

Characteristics Characteristics• Parental modelingParental modeling

and nurturing and nurturing• Economic status Economic status • EducationEducation• Training and practiceTraining and practice• ExperiencesExperiences

Nature! versus Nature! versus NurtureNurture

Twins Twins * * Identical twins are Identical twins are genetically identical.genetically identical.* For this reason, twins * For this reason, twins separated at birth and separated at birth and later reunited have later reunited have been subjects for been subjects for scientific researchers scientific researchers investigating the investigating the influence of heredity influence of heredity and environment on and environment on human personality.human personality.

Nature! versus Nature! versus NurtureNurture

Twins Raised Apart from BirthTwins Raised Apart from BirthTom Patterson and Steve Tazumi Tom Patterson and Steve Tazumi

are twin brothers separated 40 are twin brothers separated 40 years ago as infants in an years ago as infants in an orphanage in Japan and onlyorphanage in Japan and onlyrecently reunited. recently reunited. Although raised in different kinds of Although raised in different kinds of families in different parts of the U.S., the families in different parts of the U.S., the twins found that they walked alike, talked twins found that they walked alike, talked alike, and even had scars from injuries alike, and even had scars from injuries they suffered on the same place on their they suffered on the same place on their body. They are both weight-lifters and body. They are both weight-lifters and have both owned a gym; they both have both owned a gym; they both married American women and they both married American women and they both gave their first child a Japanese name and gave their first child a Japanese name and their second an American name.their second an American name.

Nature! versus Nature! versus NurtureNurtureTwins Raised Apart from BirthTwins Raised Apart from Birth

The woman seated alone The woman seated alone onstage at the opening of onstage at the opening of the Maury Povich show was the Maury Povich show was already famous in the twin already famous in the twin literature: Barbara Herbert, literature: Barbara Herbert, a plump 58-year-old with a a plump 58-year-old with a broad, pretty face and short, broad, pretty face and short, silver hair, found her lost silver hair, found her lost twin, Daphne Goodship, 18 twin, Daphne Goodship, 18 years ago. Both had been years ago. Both had been adopted as babies into adopted as babies into separate British families separate British families after their Finnish single after their Finnish single mother killed herself.mother killed herself.

Nature! versus Nature! versus NurtureNurture

Twins Raised Apart from BirthTwins Raised Apart from BirthBoth women grew up in towns outside of Both women grew up in towns outside of

London, left school at 14, fell down stairs London, left school at 14, fell down stairs at 15 and weakened their ankles, went toat 15 and weakened their ankles, went to work in local government, met their work in local government, met their future husbands at age 16 at the Town Hall dance, future husbands at age 16 at the Town Hall dance, miscarried in the same month, then gave birth to two miscarried in the same month, then gave birth to two boys and a girl. Both tinted their hair auburn when boys and a girl. Both tinted their hair auburn when young, were squeamish about blood and heights, and young, were squeamish about blood and heights, and drank their coffee cold. When they met, both were drank their coffee cold. When they met, both were wearing cream-colored dresses and brown velvet wearing cream-colored dresses and brown velvet jackets. Both had the same crooked little fingers, a jackets. Both had the same crooked little fingers, a habit of pushing up their nose with the palm of their habit of pushing up their nose with the palm of their hand--which both nicknamed "squidging"--and a way hand--which both nicknamed "squidging"--and a way of bursting into laughter that soon had people of bursting into laughter that soon had people referring to them as the Giggle Twins.referring to them as the Giggle Twins. ((Psychology TodayPsychology Today, August, 1997), August, 1997)

Nature versus Nature versus NurtureNurture

• JUDITH HARRIS, Author, "The Nurture Assumption:" It's the assumption that what makes children turn out the way they do, aside from their genes, the environmental part of child development, is the experiences they have at home, and in particular the experiences they have with their parents.

Nature versus Nature versus Nurture!Nurture! In Harry Harlow's initial experiments In Harry Harlow's initial experiments

infant monkeys were separated from infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at six to twelve hours their mothers at six to twelve hours after birth and were raised instead after birth and were raised instead with substitute or 'surrogate' with substitute or 'surrogate' mothers made either of heavy wire mothers made either of heavy wire or of wood covered with soft terry or of wood covered with soft terry cloth. In one experiment both types cloth. In one experiment both types of surrogates were present in the of surrogates were present in the cage, but only one was equipped cage, but only one was equipped with a nipple from which the infant with a nipple from which the infant could nurse. Some infants received could nurse. Some infants received nourishment from the wire mother, nourishment from the wire mother, and others were fed from the cloth and others were fed from the cloth mother. Even when the wire mother mother. Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment, the was the source of nourishment, the infant monkey spent a greater infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate." surrogate."

Nature versus Nature versus Nurture!Nurture! Unfortunately: Unfortunately:

"...the actions of "...the actions of surrogate-raised monkeys surrogate-raised monkeys became bizarre later in became bizarre later in life. They engaged in life. They engaged in stereotyped behavior stereotyped behavior patterns such as patterns such as clutching themselves and clutching themselves and rocking constantly back rocking constantly back and forth; they exhibited and forth; they exhibited excessive and misdirected excessive and misdirected aggression..."aggression..."

They were unable to raise They were unable to raise babies of their own or babies of their own or socialize with other socialize with other monkeys.monkeys.

Nature versus Nature versus Nurture!Nurture! Feral ChildrenFeral Children

Genie spent 13 years of her life lockedGenie spent 13 years of her life locked in her bedroom. During the day, in her bedroom. During the day, she was tied to a potty chair in she was tied to a potty chair in diapers; and most nights, she was then bound diapers; and most nights, she was then bound in a sleeping bag and placed in an enclosed in a sleeping bag and placed in an enclosed crib with a metal lid to keep her shut inside. crib with a metal lid to keep her shut inside. Her father would beat her every time she Her father would beat her every time she vocalized and he barked and growled at her vocalized and he barked and growled at her like a dog in order to keep her quiet; he also like a dog in order to keep her quiet; he also forbade his wife and son to ever speak to her. forbade his wife and son to ever speak to her. She became almost entirely mute, and knew She became almost entirely mute, and knew only a few short words and phrases, such as only a few short words and phrases, such as "stopit" and "nomore.""stopit" and "nomore."

Nature versus Nature versus Nurture!Nurture!• RescueRescue

• Genie was discovered at the age of 13, when her Genie was discovered at the age of 13, when her mother ran away from her husband and took mother ran away from her husband and took Genie with her. They came into a welfare office Genie with her. They came into a welfare office in Temple City, California to seek benefits for in Temple City, California to seek benefits for the blind. A social worker discovered them and the blind. A social worker discovered them and thought that Genie was six or seven years old thought that Genie was six or seven years old and possibly and possibly autisticautistic. When it was revealed that she . When it was revealed that she was actually 13 years old, the social worker was actually 13 years old, the social worker immediately called her supervisor, who called the immediately called her supervisor, who called the police. Her parents were charged with child abuse, police. Her parents were charged with child abuse, and Genie was taken to a children's hospital in Los and Genie was taken to a children's hospital in Los Angeles. Genie's mother, weak and almost blind, Angeles. Genie's mother, weak and almost blind, claimed she was herself a victim of abuse by Genie's claimed she was herself a victim of abuse by Genie's father. The father committed suicide shortly after father. The father committed suicide shortly after Genie's discovery.Genie's discovery.

The Social SelfThe Social SelfA number of theories exist to A number of theories exist to

explain how people become explain how people become socialized and develop a socialized and develop a sense of self.sense of self.

1. Tabula Rasa – The 1. Tabula Rasa – The Clean Slate:Clean Slate:

John Locke believed John Locke believed that human beings that human beings could be molded into could be molded into any type of character.any type of character.He believed that given He believed that given an infant he could an infant he could shape that child’s shape that child’s personality, giving it personality, giving it any characteristic he any characteristic he chose.chose.

Most sociologists think of socialization as a process, by which individuals absorb the aspects of their culture with which they come in contact.

The Social The Social SelfSelfA number of theories exist to A number of theories exist to

explain how people become explain how people become socialized and develop a socialized and develop a sense of self.sense of self.

2. The Looking-Glass Self2. The Looking-Glass Self The interactive process The interactive process

by which we develop an by which we develop an image of ourselves image of ourselves based on how we based on how we imagine we appear to imagine we appear to others.others.Other people act as a Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back mirror, reflecting back the image we project the image we project through their reactions through their reactions to our behavior.to our behavior.

Social psychologist Charles Horton Cooley – interactionist perspective.

The Social SelfThe Social SelfA number of theories exist A number of theories exist

to explain how people to explain how people become socialized and become socialized and develop a sense of self.develop a sense of self.

3. Role-Taking3. Role-Taking We see ourselves not We see ourselves not

only as others see us, only as others see us, but actually take on but actually take on or pretend to take on or pretend to take on the roles of others.the roles of others.Significant others – Significant others – special people who special people who have a direct have a direct influence on our influence on our socialization. In socialization. In adolescence this is adolescence this is most often our peer most often our peer group.group.

Social psychologist George Herbert Mead – interactionist perspective.

Agents of Agents of SocializationSocialization

The Family The Family • Has the greatest Has the greatest

effect on the effect on the socialization of socialization of young children.young children.

• Varies from Varies from family to familyfamily to family

• Varies from Varies from culture to culture to cultureculture

Agents of Agents of SocializationSocialization

The Peer Group The Peer Group • Particularly Particularly

influential in the influential in the pre teenage and pre teenage and teenage years.teenage years.

• Peer pressure is a Peer pressure is a powerful forcepowerful force

• Adolescents shape Adolescents shape themselves into the themselves into the kind of person they kind of person they think their group think their group wants them to be.wants them to be.

Agents of Agents of SocializationSocialization

The SchoolThe School• Between the ages of 5 Between the ages of 5

and 18 people spend and 18 people spend about 30 weeks a about 30 weeks a year in schoolyear in school

• Most socialization is Most socialization is deliberate. (Think: ES deliberate. (Think: ES grade!)grade!)

• Other socialization is Other socialization is unintentional: After unintentional: After all, where DID you all, where DID you meet your peer meet your peer group?group?

Agents of Agents of SocializationSocializationThe Mass Media The Mass Media

• Movies, television, Movies, television, music, newspapers, music, newspapers, internet, magazines internet, magazines and radio.and radio.

• Reaches vast Reaches vast audiencesaudiences

• Has impersonal Has impersonal contactcontact

• Has the goal of Has the goal of enriching the enriching the producers of the producers of the shows, not shows, not benefiting society.benefiting society.

Field Study: Socializing the Field Study: Socializing the IndividualIndividual

• Mass Media and BehaviorMass Media and Behavior•               Mass media includes books, films, the internet, Mass media includes books, films, the internet,

magazines,  newspapers, radio and television.  magazines,  newspapers, radio and television.  These have powerful influence as socialization These have powerful influence as socialization agents in American society. agents in American society.

•   1.  Access the internet:   1.  Access the internet:   go.hrw.comgo.hrw.com  Keyword: SL3   Keyword: SL3 SC5  SC5  Click on Click on Television and Behavior.Television and Behavior.

•                         Read the articles listed under "The Lion and Read the articles listed under "The Lion and the Lamb Project" andthe Lamb Project" and "Children and Television Violence." "Children and Television Violence."2.  Interview at least three members of your peer 2.  Interview at least three members of your peer group regarding the positive and negative group regarding the positive and negative influences of television on children.  Summarize influences of television on children.  Summarize your research and interview findings. Include your your research and interview findings. Include your opinion and supporting facts concerning how opinion and supporting facts concerning how television influences children in a brochure (Use television influences children in a brochure (Use Publisher or Word) aimed at educating young Publisher or Word) aimed at educating young parents about the influence that television has on parents about the influence that television has on their child's developing personality. their child's developing personality.