warm-up 1.name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.draw and label the parts of a neuron

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Warm-Up 1. Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2. Draw and label the parts of a neuron.

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Page 1: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Warm-Up

1. Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system.

2. Draw and label the parts of a neuron.

Page 2: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Warm-Up

•Label the parts of the neuron below.

A

B

EF

C

G

D

Page 3: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Warm-Up1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40

m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon?

2. List the following in order:A. K+ channels open and K+ floods out of cellB. Membrane is polarized (resting potential)C. Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into

synaptic cleftD. Na+ channels open and Na+ floods into cellE. Stimulus triggers membrane depolarization

3. What restores the resting potential of a neuron?

Page 4: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

The Nervous System

Page 5: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Nervous System

•Master controlling and communicating system

Page 6: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Basic Functions1.1. Sensory input Sensory input – gather information2.2. IntegrationIntegration – process and interpret

sensory input3.3. Motor output Motor output – response by muscles and

glands

Page 7: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Organization

A.A. Central Nervous System (CNS)Central Nervous System (CNS)▫Brain & spinal cord▫Integrative and control centers

B.B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)▫Nerves (spinal nerves, cranial nerves)▫Communication lines between CNS and rest of body▫Two Divisions:Two Divisions:

1.1. Sensory (afferent) DivisionSensory (afferent) Division: Sensory receptors CNS

2.2. Motor (efferent) DivisionMotor (efferent) Division: CNS effectors (muscles & glands)

Page 8: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Motor Division

• Somatic nervous systemSomatic nervous system (voluntary) – control skeletal muscles

• Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary) – regulate smooth muscles, cardiac, glands▫Subdivisions: sympatheticsympathetic &

parasympatheticparasympathetic

Page 9: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 10: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue1.1. NeuronsNeurons (nerve cells) - transmit message

Anatomy:▫ Cell bodyCell body – contains nucleus; metabolic center▫ DendriteDendrite – fiber that conveys messages toward

cell body▫ AxonAxon – conduct nerve impulses away from the

cell body▫ Axon terminalsAxon terminals – end of axon; contain

neurotransmitters & release them▫ Synaptic cleft/synapseSynaptic cleft/synapse – gap between neurons

Page 11: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 12: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue2. Supporting cells (NeurogliaNeuroglia)CNSCNS: : astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells,

oligodendrocytesoligodendrocytes barrier between capillaries and neurons protect neurons immune/defense line brain and spinal cord cavities wrap nerve fibers produces myelin sheaths (covering)

PNSPNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells: Schwann cells, satellite cells surround large neurons protect & cushion

Page 13: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 14: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

• MyelinMyelin:: whitish, fatty material that covers nerve fibers to speed up nerve impulses

• Schwann cellsSchwann cells:: surround axons and form myelin sheath

• Myelin sheathMyelin sheath:: tight coil of wrapped membranes• Nodes of RanvierNodes of Ranvier: gaps between Schwann cells

Page 15: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

• GangliaGanglia: collections of cell bodies• Bundles of nerve fibers = tractstracts (CNS) or

nervesnerves (PNS)• White matterWhite matter: dense collections of myelinated

fibers• Gray matterGray matter: unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies

Page 16: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad Neuron

Page 17: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Classification of Neurons

Page 18: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

1. Functional Classification: direction nerve impulse is traveling

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

carry impulses from sensory receptors to

CNS

carry impulses from CNS to muscles &

glands

connect sensory & motor neurons

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell,

pain, pressure, heat

Page 19: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 20: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

2. Structural Classification: # processes extending from cell body

Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar

1 axon, several dendrites

1 axon, 1 dendrite

1 process

Most common (99%)

RareShort with 2

branches (sensory, CNS)

Eg. Motor neurons,

interneurons

Eg. retina, nose, ear

Eg. PNS ganglia

Page 21: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 22: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Nerve Impulses

Page 23: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Neuron Function

1.1. IrritabilityIrritability: ability to respond to stimulus & convert to nerve impulse

2.2. ConductivityConductivity: transmit impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Page 24: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Exciting a Neuron:•Cell membrane at rest = polarizedpolarized

▫Na+ outside cell, K+ inside cell▫Inside is (-) compared to outside

•Stimulus excited neuron (Na+ rushes in) becomes depolarizeddepolarized

•Depolarization activates neuron to transmit an action potential action potential (nerve impulse)▫All-or-none response▫Impulse conducts down entire axon

•K+ diffuses out repolarizationrepolarization of membrane

•Na+/K+ ion concentrations restored by sodium-potassium pumpsodium-potassium pump (uses ATP)

Page 25: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Resting membrane potential (-70mV)

Page 26: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Gated Ion Channels (Na+ and K+)

Page 27: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Depolarization

Page 28: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 29: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 30: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

• Saltatory conductionSaltatory conduction: electrical signal jumps from node to node along myelinated axon (30x faster!)

Page 31: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)•Autoimmune disease•Myelin sheaths destroyed reduced to

hardened lesions (scleroses)•Blindness, muscle weakness, speech

disturbance, urinary incontinence•Treatment: interferons, glatiramer (hold

off attacks)

Page 32: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 33: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Nerve Conduction• Action potential

reaches axon terminal vesicles release neurotransmittersneurotransmitters (NT) (NT) into synaptic cleftsynaptic cleft

• NT diffuse across synapse bind to receptors of next neuron

• Transmission of a nerve impulse = electrochemical eventelectrochemical event

Page 34: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Neuron Talk

Page 35: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Neurotransmitters• 50+ identified• ExcitatoryExcitatory: cause depolarization• InhibitoryInhibitory: reduce ability to cause action

potential• Eg. acetylcholine, serotonin, endorphins

Page 36: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Mouse Party

Page 37: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitt

erNeurotransmitt

erActionAction Affected by:Affected by:

Acetylcholine muscle contraction botulism, curare (paralytic), nicotine

Dopamine “feeling good” cocaine, amphetamines

Serotonin sleep, appetite, nausea, mood, migraines

Prozac, LSD, ecstasy

Endorphins inhibit pain morphine, heroin, methadone

GABA main inhibitory NT alcohol, Valium, barbiturates

Page 38: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 39: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Reflexes

•Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli

1.Somatic Reflexes: stimulate skeletal muscles▫ Eg. jerking away hand from hot object

2.Autonomic Reflexes: regulate smooth muscles, heart, glands▫ Eg. salivation, digestion, blood pressure,

sweating

Page 40: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Reflex Arc (neural pathway)

Five elements:1. Receptor – reacts to stimulus2. Sensory neuron3. CNS integration center4. Motor neuron5. Effector organ – muscle or gland

Page 41: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 42: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 43: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Reflex ActivitiesPatellar (Knee-jerk)

ReflexPupillary Reflex

Page 44: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Patellar (Knee-jerk) Reflex

Pupillary Reflex

• Stretch reflex• Tapping patellar

ligament causes quadriceps to contract knee extends

• Help maintain muscle tone, posture, & balance

• Optic nerve brain stem muscles constrict pupil

• Useful for checking brain stem function and drug use

Page 45: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex:painful stimulus withdrawal of threatened body part▫Pin prick

Plantar reflex:draw object down sole of foot curling of toes▫Babinski’s sign: check to see

if motor cortex or corticospinal tract is damaged

Page 46: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Voluntary Reactions

•More neurons and synapses are involved longer response times

Reflex = Involuntary Reaction Voluntary Reaction

Page 47: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 48: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Warm-Up

1. List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc.

2. List an example of a reflex.

3. What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?

Page 49: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Human Brain

Page 50: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

4 Major Regions

1. Cerebral Hemispheres

2. Diencephalon3. Brain stem4. Cerebellum

Page 51: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)L & R hemispheresCorpus callosum: large fiber tract;

connects 2 hemispheresLobes: major regions (named for cranial

bones) ParietalParietal, frontalfrontal, occipitaloccipital, temporaltemporal

Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissueSulci (sulcus) = shallow groovesFissures = deeper grooves, separate

large regions of brainMotor & sensory function: opposite

hemispheres

Page 52: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 53: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 54: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 55: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Cerebral Cortex•Grey matter•“Executive suite” conscious mind

Page 56: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 57: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Functions of the Major Lobes

Page 58: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 59: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

2. Diencephalon (interbrain)3 main structures:1.Thalamus: relay station for incoming info2.Hypothalamus:

A. Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion)

B. Emotional response (limbic system)C. Body temperature regulationD. Regulate food intakeE. Sleep-wake cyclesF. Control endocrine system pituitary gland at

base3.Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

Page 60: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Diencephalon

Page 61: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

3. Brain Stem

•Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival•3 regions:

1. Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex2. Pons: breathing3. Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP,

breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

Page 62: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Brain Stem

Page 63: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 64: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

4. Cerebellum

•Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity

Page 65: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Protection of CNS•Meninges: connective tissue covering

CNS structures▫Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid

mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)

▫Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection

•Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma▫Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection,

tumors, multiple sclerosis

Page 66: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 67: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Meningitis

Page 68: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Symptoms of Meningitis

Page 69: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Treatment for Meningitis•Bacterial antibiotics•Herpes meningitis antiviral meds•IV fluids•Prevention: vaccines for bacterial

infections (HiB)

Page 70: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Blood-Brain Barrier: endothelial cells in capillaries prevent substances from crossing into brain

NO:•Urea•Toxins•Proteins•White blood cells•Bacteria•Most drugs

YES:•Water•Glucose•Amino acids•Gases•Fat-soluble

substances•Some drugs:

anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine

Page 71: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 72: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

The Senses

Page 73: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Special senses

• Smell• Taste• Sight• Hearing• “Touch” = temperature + pressure

+ pain of skin, muscles, & joints• Equilibrium (in the ear)

Page 74: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Sensory Receptors•Large complex organs (eyes, ears)

•Localized clusters of receptors (taste buds, olfactory epithelium)

Page 75: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Vision Tests

Page 76: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Are the squares inside the blue and yellow squares all the same color?

Page 77: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Bezold effect

The smaller squares inside the blue and yellow squares are all the same color.

They seem different (magenta and orange) because a color is perceived differently depending on its relation to adjacent colors (here blue or yellow depending on the outer square).

Page 78: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Are the horizontal lines straight or crooked?

Page 79: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Café Wall Illusion

The horizontal lines are straight, even though they do not seem straight.  In this illusion, the vertical zigzag patterns disrupt our horizontal perception.

Page 80: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Does Lincoln’s face look normal?

Page 81: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Some neurons in the brain seem specialized in processing faces. Faces are usually seen upright. When presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes a picture of a face as a face but rather as an object. Neurons processing objects are different from those processing faces and not as specialized. As a consequence these neurons do not respond to face distortions as well. This explains why we miss the weird eyes when the face is inverted.

Page 82: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Can you see a baby?

Page 83: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Illusory ContourThe baby’s head is on the left, the baby’s feet

are against the trunk of the tree on the right.Illusory Contour: a form of visual

illusion where contours are perceived without a luminance or color change across the contour

Page 84: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

How quickly can you say the color of the words below?

Page 85: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 86: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Taste Tests

Page 87: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Jellybean Test

Page 88: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron
Page 89: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Flavor = taste + smell

Page 90: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

5 Types of Taste Receptors

Page 91: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Aging

•After age 50, ability to smell and taste decrease

•Membranes lining nose become thinner & drier olfactory nerve deteriorate

•# taste buds decrease with age more difficult to detect sweet/salty foods taste more bitter

•As people age, their food tastes more bland eat less possible malnutrition

Page 92: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Genetics of Taste

Page 93: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

PTC = phenylthiocarbamide

•Discovered in 1931 by when a DuPont chemist named Arthur Fox accidentally released a cloud of fine crystalline PTC in the lab.

•A nearby colleague complained of the bitter taste, while Dr. Fox tasted nothing.

•Fox continued to test the taste buds of family and friends, setting the groundwork for future genetic studies.

Page 94: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Genetics of PTC Tasting•Gene for tasting PTC (Tas2r38) is located on Chromosome 7.

•PAV = taster (T), AVI = nontaster (t), AAV = another allele▫PAV-PAV = TT = very bitter▫PAV-AVI = Tt = somewhat

bitter▫AVI-AVI = tt = nontaster

•General Population: 70% Tasters, 30% Nontasters

TAS2R38

Page 95: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Bitter tastes = Result of selection pressures?•Thiocynate Compounds (bitter taste)

found in broccoli, cauliflower, mustard family▫Tasters: avoid these foods in diet▫Nontasters: more varied diet, include

green leafy veggies•Thiocynates might inhibit thyroid

function tasters may have protection against thyroid diseases

Page 96: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Bitter tastes = Result of selection pressures?

•Poisons = bitter taste▫Tasters: part of hunter-gatherer

societies?•Genetic Drift

▫Europeans: all 3 alleles (PAV, AVI, AAV)

▫Asians: AAV allele rare▫Native Americans: 98% have PAV

allele only

Page 97: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Denver Museum of Nature and Science•Expedition Health: Genetics of

Taste Study•Purpose of Study:

▫Is ability to taste bitter compounds related to what foods you eat, your % body fat, and BMI?

▫Is your ability to taste bitter compounds related to your genetic ancestry?

Page 98: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Substances related to PTC

•Thiourea (thiocarbamide) – very bitter!!!•Sodium benzoate – sweet, salty, bitter, no

taste▫Food preservative

Page 99: Warm-Up 1.Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.Draw and label the parts of a neuron

Family Pedigree

•Tasters:▫Supertasters

(TT)▫Tasters (Tt)

•Non-tasters (tt)