warm-up / eoc prep 1. which of the following groups of categories is listed from broadest to most...
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Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which of the following groups of categories is listed from
broadest to most specific?A family, order, classB phylum, class, kingdomC order, family, genusD genus, family, species
2. Unicellular, prokaryotes would be classified into the category…A Fungi B MoneraC Protista D Plantae
Agenda
• Warm-up
• Notes
• Concept Map
• Video-Outbreak
• Clean-up
• Cool-down
MoneraGuided Notes
MONERAsingle celled prokaryotes
AKA “bacteria”
• Bacteria are prokaryotic-they do not have a nucleus or organelles.
• Bacteria do have ribosomes, a cell membrane, DNA, and most have a cell wall.
3 PRIMARY BACTERIA SHAPES• ROD- bacilli
• SPHERE- cocci
• SPIRAL- spirilla
Rod Shaped BacteriaExample: E. coli (group of bacteria)
• Causes urinary infections, food poisoning (lots more)
• Helps in digestion• Can predict fecal
contamination• Most studied of all
organisms in biology (Why?)
Round Shaped Bacteria• Produce nearly 1/3 of
all infections in humans including: strep throat, pneumonia, food poisoning, skin diseases, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea and meningitis
• Also common in food production
Spiral Shaped BacteriaExamples: Borrelia burgdorferi
and Treponema pallidum
Causes syphilis
Causes Lyme Disease
In your mouth there are more
bacteria than all of the people in
the world!!!!
Good Bacteria
99% of all bacteria is good You have more bacteria in your body than
human cells– They aid in digestion– They produce vitamins– They destroy harmful organisms
A few bad bacteria get most of the press. Many people don’t know that most bacteria is beneficial.
E. Coli
Naturally found in our bodies to aid in digestion
Often used in scientific DNA and gene research
Do not copy
B. thuringiensis
Natural pest killer in gardens and on crops
Do not copy
P. putida
Cleans waste from sewage water at water treatment plants
Do not copy
Streptomyces
Used to make streptomycin, an antibiotic used to treat infections
Do not copy
L. acidophilus
Used to help turn milk into yogurt
Do not copy
Sooooo…are bacteria friend or foe???
BOTH!!!
FOES• Food poisoning (Salmonella spp.)
– Rod Shaped
• Strep Throat (Streptococcus spp.)– Cocci
• Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)– Rod Shaped
• Food poisoning, etc. (E. coli)– Rod shaped
FRIENDS• Add taste to foods (cheese,
sour-dough, yogurt)
• Help plants make proteins (converts N2 to NH4)
• Help animals digest cellulose
Many types of bacteria infections can
be treated with antibiotics.
ANTIBIOTICSany substance produced by
a microorganism which harms or kills another
microorganism However, antibiotics DO
NOT harm viruses
AntibioticsExample: Penicillin
• Comes from mold (fungus)
• Stops the creation of a cell wall during binary fission
• Many bacteria become resistant to types of antibiotics
• Follow doctor’s orders!!!
Cladograms• The closer organisms are on the tree, the more closely they are related and the more recently they shared a common ancestor.
• The closer they are to the beginning of the tree, the more primitive (less complex) the organism.
• The more closely related 2 species are, the more similar the amino acid sequences.
The Primary Shapes of Bacteria
• Complete the Shapes of Bacteria sheet by…– answering the questions– making 3D construction paper models of each
of the shapes of bacteria
Use page 443 in the Blue Holt textbook for help!
Cool-Down
1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong in?
2. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
3. Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False?
• 1. Uncooked meats (chicken, beef, etc), eggs, food tainted by cross-contamination, raw (unpasteurized) milk, contamination from hands
• 2. Contamination from dirty hands (cross-contamination), milk, eggs, ice cream (eggs), mayo
• Nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, watery diarrhea,
• 4. you need fluids! Prevent dehydration
Warm-up / EOC Prep
1. Round-shaped bacteria are called…
A circle bacteria B spirillum
C coccus D baccillus
2. Heterotrophs that have chitin in their cell walls would be classified as…
A Protists B Plants
C Animals D Fungi
Agenda
• Warm-up
• Notes
• Virus/Bacteria Worksheet
• Vocab Crossword Puzzle
• Video
• Clean-up
• Cool down
Viruses
Guided Notes
VIRUSnon-cellular particle made up of genetic
material and a protein coat called a capsid that can invade living cells
• Viruses are not living!
BACTERIOPHAGEviruses that invade
bacteria
Bacteriophage
LIFE CYCLE OF A VIRUS• Infection
–(attachment to cell and injection of genetic material)
• Growth• Replication• Lysis
2 TYPES OF INFECTION
1. LYTIC INFECTION–Virus takes over cell and reproduces
itself (hijacker)
2. LYSOGENIC INFECTION–Virus DNA inserts into cell DNA and
is copied as normal (sneak attack)
LYSIS
Cell bursts open and the viruses are released
Most types of viruses can not be treated.
We treat the symptoms instead and wait for our immune system to figure out
how to kill the virus.
How many of you have had chicken pox?
How many of you have had chicken pox more
than once???
Immune System
First Line Second Line
2 Lines of Defense
MACROPHAGEWhite blood cell that is
long-lived and can destroy multiple pathogens using
phagocytosis
ANTIGENMarker proteins
displayed on the surface of a macrophage that trigger the immune
response
RETROVIRUSViruses that have RNA as
the genetic material
VACCINEantibodies from the virus
“bootcamp” for your immune system
Antigens are also what determines blood types and therefore an antigen
that is different from your body’s will trigger the
immune response
• There are 2 types of immune system cells: 1. B cells
2. T cells
B CELLS
B cells make antibodies-the cells that recognize and target diseased cells.
T Cells
T cells can be T helper cells or T killer cells.
• T helper cells control and direct immune response. T killer cells recognize and kill infected cells
HIV
Definitions
• HIV: (the virus that causes AIDS)
Human
Immonodeficiency
Virus
Definitions
• AIDS: (the sickness)
Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome
Statistics• About 1 million people in America are HIV
Positive (36.1 million worldwide)• Each year there are 50,000 new infections, of
which there are 2,500 infants• AIDS is the leading cause of death for men
between ages 25 and 44 and the 4th highest for women of the same age group
WAYS PEOPLE ARE INFECTED
• Having sex with an infected person. • Sharing a needle with someone who's
infected (shooting drugs/tattoos) • Being born when the mother is infected,
or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman.
TRANSFER OF BODY FLUIDS!!!
• HIV is treated with anti-viral medications- antibiotics do not treat viruses.
• HIV lowers the number of T cells in the body, which makes it hard to fight infections.
• HIV kills the immune system, so an individual with HIV usually ends up dying from a secondary infection such as tuberculosis, not the virus.
Bacteria vs. Viruses• Size
– The biggest virus is only as large as the smallest bacteria.
• Structure– Bacteria are complex compared to viruses.
• Reproduction– Bacteria contain all the blueprints and tools to reproduce
themselves. – Viruses can only exist as parasites.
• Antibiotic Effectiveness– Bacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics, viruses cannot.
Cool-Down
1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong in?
2. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
3. Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False?
4. Bacterial infections are treated with…?
5. Which is more complex- bacteria or viruses?
6. What is a virus that invades a bacteria?
Cool-Down
A man left home and turned left three times before running into a man in a mask. Who is the man in the mask? What is the
man who left home doing?
The man in the mask is the catcher. The man who left home is playing baseball and
was trying to get a home run.