Warm-up for 4-1

How do quarrels between people grow into larger fights? Could such a thing happen between nations, or between a parent nation and its colony? Explain.

Part 1 British sought $ to finance

costly French and Indian War Stamp Act- 1765 -required

colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, playing cards & dice

Sons of Liberty- secret resistance group in response to the Stamp Act Samuel Adams- one of the

founders group harassed custom

workers, stamp agents, & royal governors

Individual colonial assemblies formed

Patrick Henry adopted a resolution stating Virginians could only be taxed by the Virginian assembly

Stamp Act Congress-delegates from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 issued Declaration of Rights

and Grievances Parliament lacked power to

impose taxes because the colonists were not represented

**colonies began to act as one**

merchants boycotted the importing of British goods-Parliament repealed Stamp Act in 1766

Declaratory Act-Parliament could make laws to bind the people & colonies in all cases whatsoever

Townshend Act- indirect tax on imported goods (tax levied on goods or services- 1767; ex- 3 cent tax on tea)

colonists screamed “taxation without representation”

riots erupted when John Hancock’s ship (Liberty) was confiscated for smuggling

British stationed 2,000 redcoats “British soldiers” in Boston

Warm-up for 4-1 Part 2

Imagine that you are a United States soldier stationed in Afghanistan. You are supposed to guard the American Embassy with 5 other soldiers. Yet, a hostile mob is approaching. They are chanting crude slogans about your country, and they are throwing sticks and stones. You and your fellow soldiers are out numbered and you feel as if your lives are threatened. Is it justified to shoot upon the crowd? Why or why not?

Boston Massacre-clash between colonists & soldiers over jobs at the Customs House in March of 1770

Crispus Attucks and 4 others killed

Committees of correspondence-system to communicate w/ colonies about threats to American liberties

Tea Act- in response to colonial boycotts, British sold tea directly to colonialists cutting out colonial merchants

Boston Tea Party- Dec. 16, 1773- colonists dressed like Indians and dumped 18,000lbs of tea in the Boston Harbor

King George III passed what colonists called the Intolerable Acts (1774)-shut down Boston Harbor because of refusal to pay damages-Quartering Act- authorized British soldiers to stay in private homes-Boston was placed under martial law- rule imposed by military force

Committee of Correspondence assembled the 1st Continental Congress-met in Philadelphia (Sept. 1774) & defended right to self-governing-minutemen- civilian soldiers begin stockpiling weapons

Lexington & Concord- April 1775

British General Gage marched troops (700) along the Lexington Rd. to Concord in pursuit of stockpiles of weapons, Hancock & Samuel Adams

Paul Revere rode out to spread the word of the British-eventually captured

Midnight Riders 3 men, Samuel Prescott, William

Dawes, and Paul Revere rode out on April 18, 1775 to warn the British were headed for Concord. Revere did warn Adams & Hancock but was captured shortly after. Samuel Prescott was the only rider to make it to Concord.

Listen my children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year(Henry Longfellow)

One if by land, and two if by sea

Sybil Ludington was a heroine of the American Revolutionary War who is famous for her night ride on April 26, 1777 to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British. Her action was similar to that performed by Paul Revere, though she rode more than twice the distance of Revere and was only 16 years old at the time of her action. She rode 40 miles, through Carmel, New York on to Mahopac, to Kent Cliffs, to Farmers Mills and back home. She used a stick to prod her horse and knock on doors. When, soaked with rain and exhausted, she returned home, most of her father's 400 soldiers were ready to march.

Lexington & Concord cont.

Battle of Lexington- brief 15 minute skirmish w/ 8 minutemen killed & 1 British soldier injured

Battle at Concord- 3000-4000 minutemen surprised the British and delivered a humiliating defeat to the British (dozens died)

Warm-up for 4-2Those who lived through the American Revolution would most likely have said that it was the most important event in their lifetime. What do you think has been the most important event in your lifetime, your parent’s lifetime, and your grandparent’s lifetime?

Second Continental Congress- met in May of 1775 John Adams called for revolt minutemen encamped near Boston recognized as the

Continental Army George Washington appointed commander Authorized printing of paper $ Committee to deal w/ foreign nations

Battle of Bunker Hill- June 1775

actually fought on Breed’s Hill

deadliest battle of the war (casualties- colonists lost 450, British lost 1000 men)

colonists held the high ground, but lost it due to lack of ammunition

Do not copy- General Prescott has been

assumed to have given the famous order, "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.“

Effects:The Americans had proved to themselves, and the rest of the world that they could stand up to the British army in traditional warfare. And only a few days later, George Washington would lead a group of men up to Dorchester Heights, aiming their cannons at the British, and then watched the Red Coats retreat from the hill.

Olive Branch Petition-sent by the 2nd

Continental Congress in July 1775

urged a return to “former harmony”

King George refused

Common Sense-published anonymous (Thomas Paine)

argued that independence was Americas destiny

endorsed by Washington (Sold 500,000 copies – 1776

population ~2.5 million)

“O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe.”

Declaring Independence- Thomas Jefferson- Virginia

lawyer chosen to write committee’s points

Declaration of Independence- based on ideas of John Locke

who believed people were entitled to “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property.

Jefferson declared that governments derive power from the people

“all men are created equal” did not originally include all

1st draft attacked slavery, but was edited out

adopted in Independence Hall on July 4, 1776

John Hancock- 1st signature

The Declaration of Independence was proposed by Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee to the Continental Congress on June 7, 1776. The Committee of Five (Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson) began work on June 11. Jefferson wrote the first draft, and the other members of the committee suggested revisions and edits. They presented the completed document to the Continental Congress on June 28, and the Congress passed the resolution unanimously on July 2, 1776.

The Declaration of Independence consisted of four parts, a preamble, a body (outlines the rights of men), a bill of particulars (list of grievances), and a statement of independence. The preamble is the part we generally read. Jefferson thought it would be approved on July 2nd, but Congress simply made amendments to the bill of particulars. It was finally approved on July 4, 1776 when delegates started signing it. The final signatures did not come until Jan 18th 1777.

Taking Sides

patriots- supporters of independence

loyalists- opposed independence

reasons to remain loyal1. served in govt.

2. lived outside large cities w/ slow traveling news

3. thought British would win

4. thought crown would better protect rights

Other groups that had to choosePatriots

-Quakers, but did not fight-colonists who saw economic opportunity-some slaves

Loyalists-some slaves (promised freedom)-most Native Americans (viewed colonists as bigger threat)

Warm-up for 4-3

Describe a sporting event or contest in which a seemingly weaker person defeated a stronger one. How might a seemingly weaker army defeat a stronger one in a military situation?

British retreat from Boston & look to capture New York- 6/1776

British & German mercenaries (Hessians) defeat Washington at NY (colonists untrained & poorly equipped)

Washington pushed across the Delaware into Pennsylvania

Battle of Trenton- Washington led troops across icy river on Christmas night, 1776 and marched nine miles to surprise a Hessian garrison

British defeated at the Battle of Princeton 8 days later (British begin withdraw from NJ)

Spring 1777- British capture Philadelphia

Continental Congress flees (York, Pennsylvania)

Victory At Trenton Washington's retreat created

gloom among the Americans. Enlistments fell off. There were many desertions. To change this mood, Washington and his army recrossed the Delaware on Christmas night, 1776, and attacked a British garrison, composed mainly of Hessians, at Trenton. The garrison of nearly 1,400 men was wholly broken up, 30 men were killed, 918 were captured, the rest fled. Cornwallis counterattacked but Washington outmaneuvered him.

Battle At Princeton Another smashing blow against

Cornwallis was struck by Washington's troops near Princeton in January, 1777. American morale soared, especially as the British pulled out from most of New Jersey rather than engage in further winter fighting.

Saratoga (Fall of 1777)

British General “Gentlemen Johnny” Burgoyne led troops down from Canada to Albany in an attempt to isolate New England and meet up w/ General Howe

General William Howe was preoccupied w/ Philadelphia

Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys-militia- helped win major Battle at Bennington

Colonial General Horatio Gates surrounded & defeated Burgoyne at Saratoga

*Britain’s war strategy changed to coastal attacks after defeat

*French now agree to support the Revolution

Winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778)

British troops wintered comfortably in Philadelphia

Colonial troops suffered from freezing temp, exposure, & frostbite

over 2000 died Washington bore same

conditions as men

“A number of our men, indeed all who have not had the small pox are & soon will be under Inoculation.” Alexander Scammell to Timothy Pickering, Jr. Valley Forge, 28 February 1778.

“We want, my dear sir, wine above all things, for our sick are now numerous, and our cases generally putrid….we also want sheets, shirts, candles, soap, writing as well as wrapping paper, pots, horn-spoons, and every other kind of hospital utensil.” James Fallon to Jonathan Potts, Yellow Springs, 27 April 1778.

“…it is very certain that half the army is almost naked, in a great measure bare-footed.” Johann de Kalb to Comte de Broglie, Valley Forge, Christmas Day 1777.

Life During the War

Congress ran out of $

sold bonds to investors and foreign govt. (France)

printed paper $ called Continentals- caused inflation- value decrease, prices rise

Congress struggled to equip military and smuggled goods from Europe

profiteering- selling scarce goods for a profit, some govt. officials engaged in

women had to manage farms, businesses, & families Mary Ludwig Hays

McCauly (nicknamed “Molly Pitcher”) took her husbands place at a cannon during the Battle of Monmouth (British flee S)

Margaret Corbin In the battle of Fort

Washington (1776) she took her husbands place firing a cannon. She too was wounded and became the first women in U.S. history to receive a pension for military service

Deborah Sampson Disguised herself as a

man in order to serve in the Continental Army. She served 17 month, was wounded, and honorably discharged

Penelope Barker Organized the Edenton

Tea Party promoting boycott of British goods. This was one of the first ever recorded women’s political demonstrations in the Americas.

Elizabeth Burgin She aided prisoners in

British prison ships. She was credited with helping over 200 prisoners escape the ships in 1778. She received a pension by the urging of George Washington.

U.S. Strengths

Familiar w/ home ground

Leadership (Washington)

Cause Weaknesses

Soldiers poorly trained

Shortage of food & ammunition

Inferior navy No central govt.

G.B. Strengths

Well trained army & navy

Strong central govt.

Support of loyalists & NA

Weaknesses Distance from

Britain Unfamiliar w/

terrain Weak leadership Sympathy by

some

Warm-up for History v. Hollywood

Do you think Hollywood videos can be looked at and used as tools for learning history, or should they be used merely for entertainment purposes? Did you ever watch a movie and then want to research more about the subject? Explain

Warm-up for 4-4

Musical warm-up

What does the American Revolution mean to you? Do you think it has meant anything to oppressed people in other countries? Explain

European Allies

Friedrick von Steuben- Prussian captain that trained colonial soldiers

Marquis de Lafayette-French aristocrat, lobbied for French reinforcements

*both wintered at Valley Forge

British Move South plan to recapture

colonies w/ loyalists help and then move back up north

Charles Cornwallis-British General, captured Charles Town, SC in 1780

slaves joined British to fight and escape Patriot slave owners

Nathanael Greene-Quaker turned patriot was Washington’s most able General

harassed Cornwallis’s troops throughout SC & NC

Cornwallis next moved to Virginia for reinforcements

(tried to capture Lafayette & von Steuben but failed)

moved between the James & York rivers and camped at Yorktown

Lafayette planned joint force attack at Yorktown

British Surrender

French navy defeats British fleet and cuts off any rescue by sea

17,000 French & American troops lay siege to fort for 3 weeks

October 17, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders

Peace talks began in Paris in 1782

representatives from U.S., GB, France, & Spain each w/ own interests

U.S. negotiators- John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, & John Jay

*demanded Britain recognize American independence before negotiations started

Treaty of Paris- 1783-confirmed US independence

U.S. stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River & from Canada to Florida border

no date est. for British evacuation of forts

Results of the War1. Class distinctions between rich

and poor had begun to blur led to- egalitarianism- belief in the

equality of all people idea that ability, effort, & virtue

defined one’s worth *idea applied only to white males women still had little rights, &

slavery was still prevalent

2. By 1804 most northern states had outlawed slavery

George Washington freed his slaves (Martha did in 1800)

3. (Native American populations east of the Mississippi had decreased by ~50%)

w/ settlers moving west, the future for Native Americans looked bad

4. Americans faced w/ the challenge of creating a government

Warm-up for Chapter Test

Considering France’s role in the American Revolution what conditions, if any, do you think the United States should help other countries?