warm-up questions - mr. shimko's science...
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm-Up Questions 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order?2. The diagram represents a cell process.
Which statement regarding this process is true?A. Cell B contains the same genetic information that cells A and C
containB. Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell BC. Cell A has DNA that is only 75% identical to cell CD. Cells A, B, and C contain completely different genetic information
3. How many chromosomes do most human cells have?
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Warm-Up Questions: Check your answers 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order?
2. The diagram represents a cell process.
Which statement regarding this process is true?A. Cell B contains the same genetic information that cells A and C containB. Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell BC. Cell A has DNA that is only 75% identical to cell CD. Cells A, B, and C contain completely different genetic information
3. How many chromosomes do most human cells have?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
A
46 total chromosomes
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FYI: 1. The Cell Division test is on Friday!
2. The midterm is next Wednesday!
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2006-2007
Meiosis &
Sexual Reproduction
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Cell division / Asexual reproduction
• Mitosis (asexual reproduction)– produces cells with same information
• identical daughter cells
– exact copies• clones
– same number of chromosomes• same genetic information
-used by single cell organisms and somatic (body) cells
• like bacteria or skin cells
Aaaargh!I’m seeingdouble!
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How about more complex organisms?
1. Mitosis is good for simple organisms, but what if a complex multicellular organism (like us) wants to reproduce?
– joining of egg + sperm (fertilization)
2. Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis?
46 46+ 92
egg sperm zygote
What if we did, then….
Doesn’t work!
No!
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3. Meiosis makes sperm & eggs
4. In humans: 46 homologous chromosomes to 23 single chromosomes (half the number of chromosomes)
23
2346
egg
sperm
46
meiosis
haploiddiploid
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5. What are Paired/ Homologous chromosomes?
• Homologous chromosomes
– both chromosomes of a pair carry “matching” genes
• control same inherited characters
• 6. homologous = same information
diploid
2n
2n = 4
homologous
chromosomes
double stranded
homologous chromosomes
eye color
(brown?)
eye color
(blue?)
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7. Egg cells and sperm cells are called “haploid” because they
only have a single set of chromosomes.
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8. Diploid vs. Haploid Cell Diploid
• full set of chromosomes (2n)
• mitosis
• all cells but gametes (sex cells)
Haploid
• half set of chromosomes (n)
• meiosis
• gametes only
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9. How do we create haploid cells?Meiosis = reduction division
10. Meiosis
A. special cell division in sexually reproducing organisms
B. reduce number of chromosomes
• 2n 1n
• diploid haploid
– half
C. makes gametes
• sperm, eggs
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What actually happens during meiosis?
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gametes
11. How do we make sperm & eggs?
• Must reduce 46 chromosomes 23– must half the number of chromosomes
– haploid
23
2346
egg
sperm
46
meiosis 46
fertilization
23
23
zygote
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12. Meiosis I (very similar to mitosis)
Copy DNA
and
crossing
over
occurs
Chromosomes
Line Up Cell Divides
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12. Meiosis II (2): Kind of like meiosis I, except the DNA doesn’t replicate before
Chromosomes
Line Up
Cell Divides
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12. It looks like this when it’s combined
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13. Meiosis Summary:Interphase: Before meiosis begins, genetic material is duplicated. First division of meiosis (Meiosis I)
– Prophase 1: DNA condenses into chromosomes. Crossing-over can occur during the latter part of this stage.
– Metaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes align in the middle (Meta=middle)
– Anaphase 1: Homologous pairs separate and move towards the poles.
– Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
Second division of meiosis: Gamete formation(Meiosis II)
– Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate. – Metaphase 2: Chromosomes align at
the equatorial plate (in the middle). – Anaphase 2: Sister chromatids migrate
separately to each pole. – Telophase 2: Cell division is complete.
Four haploid daughter cells are obtained.
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How does meiosis lead to a new organism?
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mitosis
zygote
14. How does meiosis lead to a new organism?
23
2346
egg
sperm
46
meiosis 4623
23
fertilization mitosis &development
meiosis fertilization mitosis + development
46
46
46
46
46
46
46 46
gametes
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15. Cycle of Life: (when do the different
types of cell division happen during our lives?)
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Fertilization: When an egg cell and a sperm cell join together
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What do these 46 human chromosomes look like in real life?
16. “Karyotypes” are used to see the number and appearance of the chromosomes an organism has
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Random Fact:• The sperm cell (male sex cell) determines the sex of
the offspring. The 23rd chromosomes (X or Y) is the genetic difference between men and women.
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Karyotype: Human Female (Female because it has two X chromosomes, no Y)
Notice:
There are 23 pairs of chromo-somes
23x2=46 total
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‘RE
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Karyotype: Human Male (Male because it has X and Y chromosomes)
Notice:
There are 23 pairs of chromo-somes
23x2=46 total
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17. How does meiosis increase genetic variation?
1.
2.
3.
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How does meiosis create genetic variation?
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18. Advantages of Meiosis- it increases genetic variation
No two offspring (except identical twins) are the same, giving the species a better chance of surviving.
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19. Disadvantage of Meiosis-organisms cannot reproduce by themselves, and it takes more time and energy to reproduce/ find a partner to reproduce with.
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Congrats! You finished the notes!Now, please flip your note paper to
the back:1)Use the last two slides (scroll
down) to help you answer the other review questions on the paper.
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Meiosis & mitosis
• Meiosis to make gametes
– sperm & egg
• Mitosis to make copies of cells
– growth
– repair
– development
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Reproduction Review:Sexual Reproduction
· 2 parents - male and female
· involves gametes - sperm and egg
· offspring genetically different
· can be internal or external fertilization
· MEIOSIS
Asexual Reproduction
· 1 parent
· offspring produced by a “part” or “division” of the parent
· CLONES - offspring genetically identical
· MITOSIS