warm up tuesday, january 8, 2013 1. list the thing you enjoyed the most over your holiday break? 2....
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Warm UpWarm UpTuesday, January 8, 2013
1. List the thing you enjoyed the most over your holiday break?
2. State one fact you know about genetics/DNA.
Genetics #1:Genetics #1:
Introduction to Genetics & Gregor Mendel
Reminder: Reminder: Cornell Notes Cornell Notes Divide your paper
◦Cues Section (1/3 page) ◦Notes Section (2/3 page)
At the END of today:◦Draw a horizontal line at end of notes◦3-5 complete sentence summary of that day’s
notes◦Must include SPECIFICS
ObjectivesObjectives1. Describe the importance of Gregor
Mendel.2. Define the term traits.
GeneticsGenetics= study of heredity
All living thing (plant, animal, or microbe) has a set of characteristics/traits
Inherit from parent(s)
Review: MeiosisReview: MeiosisFertilization
◦Sexual reproduction◦Male sperm & female egg join
Each haploid Latin Root: hapl = single
◦Produce new cell Diploid Latin Root: diplo = double
◦Develops into embryo (seeds in plants)
Gregor Mendel:Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk, teacher,
scientist, botanist Studied peas in 19th
century (1800’s) Made observations Designed experiments Mathematical analysis
Known as Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel’s WorkGregor Mendel’s WorkBred peas in garden
1) Cross pollinated true breeding parent plants
2) Raised plants from seeds & made observations
3) Allowed offspring to self-bred & observed their offspring
True-breedingTrue-breeding AKA pure-bred SAME characteristics
seen in parent & offspring (IDENTICAL)
Do NOT see any other characteristics
The Original PlantsThe Original Plants Plants in 1 section had
different characteristics than plants in another section
Example: Seeds #1 Tall plants Seeds #2 Short plants Plants #1 greengreen seeds Plants #2 yellowyellow seeds
TraitsTraits= specific characteristics (examples: seed/flower
color, eye color, hair color)Mendel studied 7 different pea plant traits
Karyotype = picture of chromosomesUsed to detect chromosomal abnormalities
***Latin Root: karyo = nucleus***
Worksheet: Worksheet: KaryotypingKaryotyping
Warm UpWarm UpWednesday, January 9, 2013
Who is the Father of Genetics?
Genetics #2:Genetics #2:
Mendel’s Genetic Crosses, Dominance, Segregation
ObjectivesObjectives1. Contrast dominant and recessive alleles2. Define the term allele.
P generationP generationOriginal generation
of plantsParents called P or
“parental” generation◦Bridget & Brendan
are the parents therefore they are the P generation
P P
F1 generationF1 generationOffspring called F1
or “first filial” generation◦Filius and filia are the
Latin words for “son” and “daughter”
◦Kaya & Dorian are the children therefore they are the F1 generation
F1F1
HybridsHybrids= combination of 2 different things= offspring of crosses between parents w/ different traits Ex:
◦Zonkey(donkey & zebra)◦Liger(tiger & lion)◦Toyota Prius(electric & gas)
Mendel’s Cross Mendel’s Cross Pollination ExperimentsPollination ExperimentsCross Pollination = breeding 2 plants
that have different characteristicsWhat did he do?
◦Crossed parent plants w/ different characteristics (tall, short, green seeds, yellow seeds)
◦Studied the offspring
What were the results? What were the results? Mixture of all the traits?Mixture of all the traits?NO, all hybrids had characteristics of only
ONE parentsIn each cross, the character of the other
parent seemed to disappear!
DominanceDominance
= Have 2 different traits in parents, but only see 1 trait in offspring
Dominant Trait = Trait you seeRecessive Trait = Trait you do NOT see
Parent: Blue Eyes
Parent: Brown Eyes
Child: Brown Eyes
Phenotype vs GenotypePhenotype vs GenotypePhenotype = physical characteristics
◦Example: brown or blue eyesGenotype = genetic characteristics
◦Example: BB, Bb, or bb
1st Conclusion:1st Conclusion:
Genes = biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next (parent to offspring)
Alleles = different forms of a gene◦One on every chromosome
2nd conclusion: 2nd conclusion: Principle of DominancePrinciple of DominanceStates some alleles are dominant & others are
recessiveAn organism with a dominant allele will
ALWAYS show the dominant trait
Mendel’s FindingsMendel’s FindingsResult: All seeds yellow
◦Yellow seeds = Dominant ◦Green seeds = recessive
What happened to the What happened to the recessive traits?recessive traits?Did they disappear? Did they segregate?Experiment #2:
◦Crossed the different F1 generation ◦Made F2 generation
Mendel’s 2Mendel’s 2ndnd Experiment ExperimentResults:
◦Recessive traits reappeared
◦¼ or 25% of the plants had recessive traits in F2 generation
F1 plants produced gametes (sex cells) ◦2 alleles segregated from one another ◦each gamete carried a single copy of the gene
In the F1 generation, each gamete had 1 copy of the green gene or one copy of the yellow gene.
AKA Principle of Independent Assortment
Conclusion: Mendel’s Conclusion: Mendel’s Law of SegregationLaw of Segregation
Common Human Common Human Dominant TraitsDominant Traits
Thinking Strategy Thinking Strategy #19 T-Shirt Design#19 T-Shirt Design
• Directions: Design artwork for a t-shirt representing Mendel’s Genetics1) Front of shirt must have artwork showing the
concept using 3 colors2) Back of the shirt must have a 1-2 line cute or
clever (but clean) saying.3) A minimum of one paragraph (4-5 sentences)
must be written to describe how the artwork and saying explain Mendel’s Genetics.
Warm UpWarm UpThursday, January 10, 2013
What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait?
Genetics #3:Genetics #3:
Probability, Punnett Squares, Monohybrid Crosses
ObjectivesObjectives1. Define the term punnett square. 2. Predict the outcome of genetic crosses
using punnett squares.
Genetics & Probability:Genetics & Probability:Probability = likelihood that an event
will occur
Example: Coin toss◦ 2 possibilities: head or tails◦ probability of heads is 1 in 2 chance◦ i.e. ½ or 50% chance
Example Problem: If you flip a coin 3 times in a row what are the chances that you will get heads every time?
Answer: ◦Toss #1 have a 1 in 2 chance◦Same for Tosses #2 & #3◦ ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8 ◦ 1 in 8 chance of flipping heads 3 times in a
row!
Genetics & Probability:Genetics & Probability:
Principles of probability are used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses
Genetics & Probability:Genetics & Probability:
Punnett Squares Punnett Squares
= Diagram that shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
Homozygous vs Homozygous vs HeterozygousHeterozygousHomozygous = 2 identical alleles (TT or
tt) ◦Considered true-breeding◦Latin Roots: Hom = same
Heterozygous = 2 different alleles (Tt)◦Considered Hybrids◦Latin Roots: Hetero = other, different
Set up a Punnett Set up a Punnett squaresquare(Monohybrid Square) (Monohybrid Square)
1. Set up a 2 by 2 Punnett square (monohybrid cross)
2. Write the alleles for parent 1 on left side of Punnett squareEach gamete will have 1 of the 2 parental alleles1/2 of the gametes will have the dominant (T) allele 1/2 will have the recessive (t) allele
Set up a Punnett Set up a Punnett square square
3. Write the allele for parent 2 above the Punnett squareThis parent is heterozygous(Tt) ½ the gametes will have the dominant (T) allele1/2 will have the recessive (t) allele
Set up a Punnett Set up a Punnett square square
4. Fill in the squares for parent 1. Fill each square with the allele from Parent 1 that lines up with the row.
Fill in a Punnett square Fill in a Punnett square
T T
t t
5. Fill in the square for parent 2. Fill each square with the allele from Parent 2 that lines up with the column.
Fill in a Punnett square Fill in a Punnett square
T T T t
T t t t
Genotypes that resulted from Genotypes that resulted from monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt) monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt)
25% 50% 25% homozygous heterozygous homozygous
dominant dominant recessive
T T
t t
T t
T t
Phenotypes that resulted from Phenotypes that resulted from monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt) monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt)
75% Tall ◦TT = homozygous dominant◦Tt = heterozygous dominant
25% Short◦tt = homozygous recessive
Warm UpWarm UpFriday, January 11, 2013
1.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
2.Using the letter “A,” give an example of a genotype that is homozygous dominant?
Warm UpWarm UpMonday, January 14, 2013
1.List the genotypes and their percentages for the punnett square above.
Human Genome Video Human Genome Video
Warm UpWarm UpTuesday, January 15, 2013
Complete the following monohybrid punnett square:
Genetics #4:Genetics #4:
Punnett Squares & Dihybrid Crosses
ObjectivesObjectives1. Define the term dihybrid cross. 2. Predict the outcome of independent
assortment using a dihybrid cross.
Dihybrid Crosses
= 2 factor cross for 2 different traitsExample:
◦Bb B = Brown Eyes b = Blue Eyes
◦Ss S = Tall s = Short
Heterozygous Heterozygous Dihybrid CrossesDihybrid Crosses9:3:3:1 results anytime you have 2
heterozygous adultsExample
◦9 brown eye & tall ◦3 brown eye & short◦3 blue eye & Tall◦1 blue eye & short (recessive both traits)
Warm UpWarm UpWednesday, January 16, 2013
What is the ratio that results from crossing two heterozygous parents in a dihybrid cross?
Latin Roots Quiz Latin Roots Quiz Take everything off your desk
except something to write with.
Warm UpWarm UpThursday, January 17, 2013
1.Write out the gametes for a guinea pig with the genotype AaBb.
AaBb
Genetics #5:Genetics #5:
Co-Dominance & Incomplete Dominance
ObjectivesObjectives1. Define incomplete dominance. 2. Predict the outcomes of incomplete and
codominance.
Summary of Summary of Mendel’s Principles:Mendel’s Principles:
Inheritance of biological characteristics ◦ Determined by genes ◦ Passed from parents to offspring
Adults have 2 copies of each gene◦1 from each parent
Genes usually segregate independently
Beyond DominanceBeyond DominanceSome alleles are
neither dominant nor recessive.◦Example: height
Many traits controlled by multiple alleles or genes
Mendel did not understand this complex relationships
Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominance = blending of parental traitsExample:
◦F1: red flower (RR) and white flower (rr)◦F2: pink (Rr)
Codominance:Codominance:= see both alleles in phenotypeHeterozygousNeither dominant or recessive phenotypeHybrid traitExample: Roan Coat in Horses
◦Red + White = Red & White Coat
Codominance: Blood TypesCodominance: Blood TypesBlood Type A
◦Option 1: IAIA
◦Option 2: IAiBlood Type B
◦Option 1: IBIB
◦Option 2: IBiBlood Type AB
◦Only Option: IAIB
Blood Type O◦Only Option: ii
Which blood types are Co-Dominant?
◦Blood Types A & B (IAIB)
Which blood type is recessive?
◦Blood Type O (ii)
Codominance: Blood TypesCodominance: Blood Types
PedigreesPedigrees= diagram that shows occurrence of particular genes within a familyShows inherited traitsShapes:
◦Circle = Female◦Square = Male
Multiple AllelesMultiple Alleles
= 3 or more alleles code for a traitExample:
◦Blood Types: IA IB i
◦coat color of rabbits
Polygenic traitsPolygenic traits
= interactions of several genes at different lociEx: height, skin color, weight
Remember: Locus = location on chromosome
Warm UpWarm UpFriday, January 18, 2013
What are the four possible blood types for humans?
Genetics QuizGenetics QuizGet out something to write with and keep your genetics notes out on your desk.
Warm UpWarm Up
Tuesday, January 22, 2013
What would be the 4 female gametes from the following genotype: AaBb?
Blood Typing Blood Typing & Pedigrees& Pedigrees
Warm UpWarm UpWednesday, January 23, 2013
What is a pedigree? Define in words AND with a picture.
Genetics Stations Genetics Stations LabLab
Warm UpWarm UpThursday, January 24, 2013
What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
Gems of Wisdom: Gems of Wisdom: GeneticsGenetics
Warm UpWarm UpFriday, January 25, 2013
Using the letters “B” and “R” (dihybrid cross), write a homozygous dominant genotype.