warm up! write a question you might find on the unit 5 ...€¦ · warm up! → test review...
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm Up! → Test review (already! ;))
Write a question you might find on the Unit 5 test next week! (Multiple choice, matching, fill in, or short answer!) - challenge yourself and be ready to share!!!
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
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9Muscles and Muscle Tissue: Part B
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Review Principles of Muscle Mechanics
1. Same principles apply to contraction of a single fiber and a whole muscle
2. Contraction produces tension, the force exerted on the load or object to be moved
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Review Principles of Muscle Mechanics
3. Contraction does not always shorten a muscle:• Isometric contraction: no shortening; muscle
tension increases but does not exceed the load
• Isotonic contraction: muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds the load
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Review Principles of Muscle Mechanics
4. Force and duration of contraction vary in response to stimuli of different frequencies and intensities
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Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle Functional Unit•Motor unit = a motor neuron and all (four to several hundred) muscle fibers it supplies
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.13a
Spinal cord
Motor neuroncell body
Muscle
Nerve
Motorunit 1
Motorunit 2
Musclefibers
Motorneuronaxon
Axon terminals atneuromuscular junctions
Axons of motor neurons extend from the spinal cord to the muscle. There each axon divides into a number of axon terminals that form neuromuscular junctions with muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle.
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Motor Unit
•Small motor units in muscles that control fine movements (fingers, eyes)
•Large motor units in large weight-bearing muscles (thighs, hips)
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Muscle Twitch
•Response of a muscle to a single, brief threshold stimulus
•Simplest contraction observable in the lab (recorded as a myogram)
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Muscle Twitch
•Three phases of a twitch:• Latent period: events of excitation-contraction
coupling
• Period of contraction: cross bridge formation; tension increases
• Period of relaxation: Ca2+ reentry into the SR; tension declines to zero
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.14a
Latentperiod
Singlestimulus
Period ofcontraction
Period ofrelaxation
(a) Myogram showing the three phases of an isometric twitch
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Muscle Twitch Comparisons
Different strength and duration of twitches are due to variations in metabolic properties and enzymes between muscles
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.14b
Latent period
Extraocular muscle (lateral rectus)
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Singlestimulus(b) Comparison of the relative duration of twitch responses of three muscles
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Muscle Tone
•Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles
•Due to spinal reflexes that activate groups of motor units alternately in response to input from stretch receptors in muscles
•Keeps muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond
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Isotonic Contractions
•Muscle changes in length and moves the load
• Isotonic contractions are either concentric or eccentric:• Concentric contractions—the muscle shortens
and does work
• Eccentric contractions—the muscle contracts as it lengthens
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.18a
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Isometric Contractions
•The load is greater than the tension the muscle is able to develop
•Tension increases to the muscle’s capacity, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.18b
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Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction
•ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activities
•Available stores of ATP are depleted in 4–6 seconds
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Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction
•ATP is regenerated by:• Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine
phosphate (CP)
• Anaerobic pathway (glycolysis)
• Aerobic respiration
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19a
Coupled reaction of creatinephosphate (CP) and ADPEnergy source: CP
(a) Direct phosphorylation
Oxygen use: NoneProducts: 1 ATP per CP, creatineDuration of energy provision:15 seconds
Creatinekinase
ADP
CP
Creatine ATP
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Anaerobic Pathway
•At 70% of maximum contractile activity:• Bulging muscles compress blood vessels
• Oxygen delivery is impaired
• Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
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Anaerobic Pathway
•Lactic acid:• Diffuses into the bloodstream
• Used as fuel by the liver, kidneys, and heart
• Converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19b
Energy source: glucose
Glycolysis and lactic acid formation
(b) Anaerobic pathway
Oxygen use: NoneProducts: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acidDuration of energy provision:60 seconds, or slightly more
Glucose (fromglycogen breakdown
ordelivered from blood)
Glycolysisin cytosol
Pyruvic acid
Releasedto blood
net gain
2
Lactic acid
O2
O2ATP
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Aerobic Pathway
•Produces 95% of ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise
•Fuels: stored glycogen, then bloodborne glucose, pyruvic acid from glycolysis, and free fatty acids
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19c
Energy source: glucose; pyruvic acid;free fatty acids from adipose tissue;amino acids from protein catabolism
(c) Aerobic pathway
Aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen use: RequiredProducts: 32 ATP per glucose, CO2, H2ODuration of energy provision: Hours
Glucose (fromglycogen breakdown
ordelivered from blood)
32
O2
O2
H2O
CO2
Pyruvic acidFatty
acids
Aminoacids
Aerobic respirationin mitochondria
Aerobic respirationin mitochondria
ATP
net gain perglucose
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.20
Short-duration exerciseProlonged-durationexercise
ATP stored inmuscles isused first.
ATP is formedfrom creatinePhosphateand ADP.
Glycogen stored in muscles is brokendown to glucose, which is oxidized togenerate ATP.
ATP is generated bybreakdown of severalnutrient energy fuels byaerobic pathway. Thispathway uses oxygenreleased from myoglobinor delivered in the bloodby hemoglobin. When itends, the oxygen deficit ispaid back.
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Muscle Fatigue
• Physiological inability to contract• Occurs when:• Ionic imbalances (K+, Ca2+, Pi) interfere with
E-C coupling• Prolonged exercise damages the SR and
interferes with Ca2+ regulation and release• Total lack of ATP occurs rarely, during states
of continuous contraction, and causes contractures (continuous contractions)
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Oxygen Deficit
Extra O2 needed after exercise for:
•Replenishment of• Oxygen reserves
• Glycogen stores
• ATP and CP reserves
• Conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid, glucose, and glycogen
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Heat Production During Muscle Activity
•~ 40% of the energy released in muscle activity is useful as work
•Remaining energy (60%) given off as heat
•Dangerous heat levels are prevented by radiation of heat from the skin and sweating
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FYI for Muscle Fatigue Lab…
Muscle fatigue = physiological inability to contract
Oxygen deficit = extra oxygen needed after exercise for certain bodily functions
→ When you’re done with the lab - Project work time! (these are due next class!)
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Warm Up! →
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Smooth Muscle
•Found in walls of most hollow organs(except heart)
•Usually in two layers (longitudinal and circular)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.26
Smallintestine
(a)
(b) Cross section of theintestine showing thesmooth muscle layers(one circular and theother longitudinal)running at rightangles to each other.
Mucosa
Longitudinal layerof smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section)
Circular layer ofsmooth muscle (shows longitudinalviews of smooth muscle fibers)
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Peristalsis
•Alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle layers that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs• Longitudinal layer contracts; organ dilates and
shortens
• Circular layer contracts; organ constricts and elongates
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9.3
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9.3
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle
•Slow, synchronized contractions
•Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions
•Some cells are self-excitatory (depolarize without external stimuli); act as pacemakers for sheets of muscle
•Rate and intensity of contraction may be modified by neural and chemical stimuli
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle
•Sliding filament mechanism
•Final trigger is ↑ intracellular Ca2+
•Ca2+ is obtained from the SR and extracellular space
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9.3
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9.3
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Developmental Aspects
•All muscle tissues develop from embryonic myoblasts
•Multinucleated skeletal muscle cells form by fusion
•Growth factor agrin stimulates clustering of ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions
•Cardiac and smooth muscle myoblasts develop gap junctions
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Developmental Aspects
•Cardiac and skeletal muscle become amitotic, but can lengthen and thicken
•Myoblast-like skeletal muscle satellite cells have limited regenerative ability
• Injured heart muscle is mostly replaced by connective tissue
•Smooth muscle regenerates throughout life
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Developmental Aspects
•Muscular development reflects neuromuscular coordination
•Development occurs head to toe, and proximal to distal
•Peak natural neural control occurs by midadolescence
•Athletics and training can improve neuromuscular control
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Developmental Aspects
•Female skeletal muscle makes up 36% of body mass
•Male skeletal muscle makes up 42% of body mass, primarily due to testosterone
•Body strength per unit muscle mass is the same in both sexes
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Developmental Aspects
•With age, connective tissue increases and muscle fibers decrease
•By age 30, loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) begins
•Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia
•Atherosclerosis may block distal arteries, leading to intermittent claudication and severe pain in leg muscles
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Muscular Dystrophy
•Group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases
•Muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposits
•Muscle fibers atrophy