Warm-up

Write your warm-up on a sheet of paper that you will hand in. Put your name on it!!!!!!!!! We will add more to this sheet later on in class, so hang on to it.

Question 1: What is a tsunami? Refer to your book on page 230.

Question 2: What are the three types of faults?

SHAKE TABLE OF DOOM

YOU’RE IN TROUBLE!!!! • BEFORE THE SHAKE– Group tells class HOW IT IS

SUPPOSED TO WORK.

• DURING THE SHAKE– Observe

• AFTER THE SHAKE– Class gives constructive and

polite comments on what was good and what could have been improved upon.

Earthquake Shelter Final Questions

Answer each in 3 complete sentences.Put your name and block on the paper. You don’t have

to write the question. 15 minutes. Hand in to front black box when done and start writing your notes on

a separate sheet of paper.

1. How did your design work out? What went right or wrong? How was your house SUPPOSED to resist the earthquake?

2. What was the hardest part about this assignment?3. Did your team work well together? Rank each member of your team

on a scale of 1-5. 4. If you had unlimited resources, what would you do differently? What

would your ideal shelter look like?5. Can scientists PREDICT (exactly) when an earthquake is going to

happen? Why is this so important?6. What might be a simple way to make a city or community a LITTLE

safer from earthquakes?

Volcanoes

• A volcano is mountain formed of lava A volcano is mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic materialand/or pyroclastic material

• It is formed from convergent or divergent It is formed from convergent or divergent plate boundariesplate boundaries

Plate boundaries

Volcanoes can be Volcanoes can be caused by convergent caused by convergent boundaries, in which boundaries, in which plate subduction forces plate subduction forces magma to the surface.magma to the surface.

They are also formed They are also formed by divergent by divergent boundaries because as boundaries because as plates move apart, plates move apart, magma rises to fill the magma rises to fill the gap.gap.

Faults• Break in the Earth’s

crust

Normal Reverse Strike-slip

When the hanging wall drops down.

When hanging wall moves up.

Walls move sideways

Creates forces that pull the sides apartCaused by divergent boundary.

Creates compressional forces.Caused by convergent boundary.

Horizontal forces

Caused by transform boundary.

What are the three types What are the three types of seismic waves?of seismic waves?

• Primary waves Primary waves

(P waves)(P waves)• Secondary Waves Secondary Waves

(S waves)(S waves)• Surface waves (L waves) Surface waves (L waves)

Describe a P wave.Describe a P wave. • Travel the fastestTravel the fastest• Travel solids, liquids, and gasesTravel solids, liquids, and gases• Move through the Earth at different Move through the Earth at different

speeds, depending on the densityspeeds, depending on the density• Called “push-pull” waves (compress Called “push-pull” waves (compress

and expand the ground like an and expand the ground like an accordion)accordion)

Describe an S wave.Describe an S wave.

• Arrive at a given point after the Arrive at a given point after the

P wavesP waves• Travel only through solidsTravel only through solids• Move through solids at different speeds Move through solids at different speeds

depending on the densitydepending on the density• Cause rock particles to move from side Cause rock particles to move from side

to side & up and downto side & up and down

Describe a L wave.Describe a L wave.

• Slowest of the seismic wavesSlowest of the seismic waves

• Move along the Earth’s Move along the Earth’s surface like waves travel in the surface like waves travel in the oceanocean

• Cause most of the damage Cause most of the damage during an earthquakeduring an earthquake

What are 3 What are 3 rating scales rating scales

used to used to measure an measure an earthquake?earthquake?

Mercalli scale –Mercalli scale –

This scale rates earthquakes This scale rates earthquakes by describing their effects on by describing their effects on

people, buildings, and the land people, buildings, and the land surface in a given location. surface in a given location.

Moment Magnitude Moment Magnitude scalescale

This scale rates earthquakes by This scale rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy they estimating the total energy they

release. The moment magnitude release. The moment magnitude scale can be used to measure scale can be used to measure

earthquakes of all sizes, near or earthquakes of all sizes, near or far!far!

How do scientists How do scientists determine the determine the location of an location of an earthquake’s earthquake’s epicenter?epicenter?

• When an earthquake When an earthquake strikes, P waves are strikes, P waves are the first to arrive at a the first to arrive at a seismograph seismograph followed by the S followed by the S waves.waves.

• The farther away the The farther away the epicenter is, the epicenter is, the greater the greater the difference between difference between the two arrival times.the two arrival times.