Warmup 9/20

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

Which characteristic of life creates energy?

What is an example of synthesis?

The Cell

Cell Theory

All living things are made of one or more cells

The cell is the basic unit of life for all organisms

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell Scientists

Robert Hooke: cells are the basic building blocks for all living things

Cell Scientists

Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells

Theodore Schwann: all animals are made of cells

Cell Scientists

Robert Brown: First person to observe the nucleus

Important Scientists cont.

Francesco Redi: Disproved spontaneous generation Spontaneous Regeneration:

living things come from non-living matter

Used meat and maggots

Important Scientists continued

Rudolf Virchow: Proposed cells come from other cells

Known as biogenesis

Louis Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation Used meat broth and micro-organisms Invented pasteurization

Warmup 9/24

Which scientist coined the term cells?

Which two scientists determined plants and animals are made of cells?

Which scientist was the first to examine the nucleus?

Scientist Poster

Create a poster of your assigned scientist in your lab groups

You must include: Name Picture Years they were alive Short biography Major contribution to biology (from notes) Picture of the major contribution

You may use the laptops or your cell phones to find any additional information you may need that is not in your notes

Cell Structure

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Prefix “Pro” means

firstFirst organisms on earth

Do not have membrane bound organelles

All of these organisms are single celled

Ex: bacteria

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes Prefix “Eu” means

true Have membrane

bound organelles Some are single-celled

and some are multi-celled Ex: plants, animals, fungi, amoebas

LITTLE ORGANS OF THE CELL

Organelles

What are organelles?

Structures inside the cell that perform jobs for the cell

Structures found in all cells

DNACell membreneRibosomesCytoplasm

Nucleus

“Brain” of the cellMembrane boundContains the DNAPores allow stuff in and out

Nucleolus (Honors)

Region in the cell which produces ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Clear gelatinous fluid that fills the cell All of the organelles float in

the cytoplasmPretend the cell is like a

water balloon The outside of the cell is the

colored rubber The water inside is the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Make proteinsNot membrane boundCan be free floating in the

cell or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER Has ribosomes attached Transports proteins Membrane bound Highly folded

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth ER No ribosomes Makes and stores

lipids and disables toxins Membrane bound

Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body

Prepares proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for their final function

Sends it outside of the cellOperates like the Post OfficeMembrane Bound

Lysosomes

Lysosomes Digestive organelles Break down things brought into

the cell Membrane bound

Vacuole

Used for Storage Membrane boundPlant

Have one large “Central Vacuole”Animals

Have many smaller vacuoles

Warmup 9/25

Why is the nucleus called the brain of the cell?

What do ribosomes do in the cell?

What is the difference between plant and animal vacuoles?

What is the cytoplasm?

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cellUse sugar to make energy (respiration)Membrane boundHave own DNA

Chloroplasts

Found in plants and protistsPlace of photosynthesis:

Make sugar for the plants to useMembrane boundHave own DNA

Cilia/Flagella

Used in movementFound in bacteria and

protistsCilia: Tiny hair-like structures

that completely surround the organism

Flagella: Long whip like structure Moves the organism by

spinning like a propeller

Centrioles

Used in cell replicationFound primarily in all

animal cells

Cell/Plasma Membrane

Surrounds the cellUsed to control what

enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

Surrounds plant cells, bacteria, and some protists

Outside the Plasma Membrane Used for structural support and protection Made of cellulose

Warmup 9/26

How do the chloroplasts and mitochondria interact?

Where do you find centrioles?

What is the job of the cell membrane?

Where do you find the cell wall on a plant cell?

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Microscopes

Types of microscopes

Light Invented by Anton

van Leeuwenhoek Uses a light source and

different lenses

Scanning Electron Microscope

Takes a surface scan of cells and small organisms

Makes 3-D images of an object

Transmission Electron Microscope

Used to look at the inside of cellsHave to freeze the cell and take a very thin

slice out of it

Light Microscopes

Light microscope

Formula for Calculating Magnification

[Eyepiece magnification] x [Objective Lens in use]

Ex: [10x] x [40x] = 400 times magnification

Warmup 9/26

What is the process of a protein being made in the cell? Start with the nucleus and end with the cell membrane. List the organelles that are used in the correct order.

Create a simile that relates a cell to a non-living system.

Factory Job Cell Organelle Simile

Shipping andReceiving Dept.

Plasma Membrane

Just as the shipping and receiving department controls what enters and leaves a factor, so the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves a cell.

CEO – Chief Executive Officer

Nucleus Just as the CEO directs all operations of the factory, so the nucleus and DNA controls all cell activities and what proteins will be made.

Factory Floor Cytoplasm Just as the factory floor holds all of the machinery and parts in the factory, so the cytoplasm is the where all the organelles and activity are found in the cell.

Assembly Line Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Just as the assembly line is the place where the workers to their job in the factory, so the ER is the place where the ribosomes do their job of assembling proteins.

Finishing and Packaging Dept.

Golgi Apparatus Just as the finishing and packaging department prepares factory products for shipment, so the Golgi apparatus prepares the proteins for use or export out of the cell.

Cell Song

You need to create a song or rap that includes the following organelles. You can put them in any order you need to. You need to turn in the lyrics

• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Ribosome• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria• Vacuole• Rough ER• Smooth ER• Chloroplast• Cell Wall

Warmup 9/30

What is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope?

What is the job of the plasma membrane?

What role do vacuoles have in plant cells?

Cell Membrane

Basics

Also known as the Cell Membrane

Flexible boundary that surrounds the cell

Allows water and nutrients to enter and exit the cell

Basics

Helps the cell maintain homeostasisCalled a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Only allows some things into and out of the cell

Structure

Phospholipid bilayer Phospholipid: Molecule that has a phosphate group and

2 fatty acid chains Fatty acid may have kinks in them like unsaturated

fatty acids Allows the structure to move better

Phosphate group

Fatty acid chains

Structure

Called a bilayer There is a top and bottom layer

One layer lines the inside and one lines the outside of the cell

Extra Components

Cholesterol: prevents the fatty acids from sticking together

Transport Proteins Proteins that connect the

inside of the cell to the outside and allows things into and out of the cell

Sugars: help the cell stick to other cells

Warmup 9/30

Describe the fluid mosaic model.

What is the job of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Draw and label a phospholipid.

Warmup 10/01

What does the fluid mosaic model mean?

How do cells move things from outside the cell inside?

What is a phospholipid?

Cell Transport

Diffusion

Movement of liquids and gases from an area of high to low concentration High Concentration: there are a lot of air freshener

molecules Low Concentration: there are few air freshener

molecules The air freshener molecules will move across the room

so they are evenly distributed

Osmosis

Diffusion of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

Types of Solutions

Isotonic Concentration of dissolved substances is the same on

the inside of the cell as is on the outside of the cell Water enters the cell at the same rate it leaves the cell Preferred by animal cells

Types of Solutions

Hypotonic Solution Concentration of dissolved substance is higher on the

inside of the cell than the outside of the cell Water enters the cell faster than it leaves the cell

causing the cell to lyse (burst) Preferred by plant cells

Types of Solution

Hypertonic Solution Concentration of dissolved substance is greater on the

outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell Water leaves the cell faster than it enters the cell

causing the cell to shrink

Warmup 10/01

Define: concentration gradient

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

If a cell is placed in pure water, will the water move into or out of my cell?

Cell Transport

Passive Transport Diffusion

No energy (ATP) required Moves with the concentration gradient Water, small lipids, and small things that dissolve in lipids

can diffuse across the plasma membrane

Cell Transport

Facilitated Diffusion Protein channels in the plasma membrane that allow

large molecules to diffuse into and out of the cell No energy (ATP) required How sugars and amino acids get into the cell Moves with the concentration gradient

Cell Transport

Active Transport Requires energy (ATP) Proteins move things into and out of the cell against

the concentration gradient Used to transport large molecules into and out of the

cell Endocytosis: cell membrane surrounds stuff outside

and brings it inside Exocytosis: cell expels waste from itself

Transport Issue Conditions

Choose one of the following to research and answer the questions on your answer sheet: Bartter Syndrome Long-QT Syndrome Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Cystic Fibrosis Myasthenic Syndrome Retinitis Pigmentosa

Warmup 10/02

How are osmosis and diffusion different?

What type of transport used energy?

Which type of transport moves materials against the concentration gradient?

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

Warmup 10/02

How are membrane channels used during active transport?

Which type of transport moves materials against the concentration gradient?

What is different about facilitated diffusion and regular diffusion?

Cell Signaling

Cell signaling: communication between cells which is done by hormones, electrical impulses, and neurotransmitters

Cell Differentiation

What allows cells to become different from each other and have a special job

Determined by what parts of the DNA are activated Cell hierarchy cells < tissues < organs < organ

systems < organisms

Ex: heart cell < heart valve < heart < circulatory system < human

Cell Specialization

Cells will have the organelles they need to do their job Ex: muscle cells need a lot of energy so they will have

a lot of mitochondria

Warmup 10/02

Which organelle would be needed most in a leaf cell, whose job it is to make sugar for the plant?

How do cells which all have the same DNA become different from each other?

Write out the 5 levels of hierarchy in order from largest to smallest.

Warmup 10/04

What is the total magnification if the objective lens is 17?

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

What are the 3 main differences between plant and animal cells?