Warmup Warmup

True or False:True or False: In India today, dowry deaths are virtually In India today, dowry deaths are virtually

non-existent.non-existent. Chinese living in Mexicali, Mexico are Chinese living in Mexicali, Mexico are

prohibited from owning commercial or prohibited from owning commercial or service businesses.service businesses.

Rural Africa is demographically male Rural Africa is demographically male dominated.dominated.

WarmupWarmup

What is a culture’s assumptions about What is a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and the differences between men and women?women?

What is identity?What is identity? In parts of Asia, who migrates from rural In parts of Asia, who migrates from rural

areas to travel to cities to earn wages in areas to travel to cities to earn wages in order to support younger siblings?order to support younger siblings?

What were the riots in What were the riots in Los Angeles in 1992 Los Angeles in 1992 about?about?

Rodney King was beaten by a majority of Rodney King was beaten by a majority of white officers during his arrest.white officers during his arrest.

This beating was shown on video.This beating was shown on video. The officers were found not guilty.The officers were found not guilty.

WarmupWarmup

What groups make up 65% of NYC’s What groups make up 65% of NYC’s Hispanics?Hispanics?

Identity: Race, Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexualityand SexualityChapter 5Chapter 5

What is Gender?What is Gender?

Gender – “a culture’s Gender – “a culture’s assumptions about the assumptions about the differences between differences between men and women: their men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, they play in society, what they represent.” what they represent.”

- Domosh and Seager- Domosh and Seager

IdentityIdentity

Identity – Identity – “how we make sense of ourselves” – Rose“how we make sense of ourselves” – Rose

How do we establish identities?How do we establish identities?- - we construct our identities through experiences, emotions we construct our identities through experiences, emotions connections, and rejections.connections, and rejections.

- An identity is a snapshot of who we are at a point in timeAn identity is a snapshot of who we are at a point in time- Identities are fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming.Identities are fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming.- Identities vary across scales, and affect each other across Identities vary across scales, and affect each other across

scales.scales.- Identities are also constructed by identifying against Identities are also constructed by identifying against

(defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that.”)that.”)

Race –Race –socially constructedsocially constructedmelaninmelaninvitamin Dvitamin D

Why is there so much regional Why is there so much regional variation in appearance?variation in appearance?What were slaves counted as in the What were slaves counted as in the US before the Civil War?US before the Civil War?

Classify the Classify the following following students students according to according to their their race/ethnicityrace/ethnicity..

A.A. B.B. C.C.

D.D. E.E.

A. CaucasianA. Caucasian B. CaucasianB. Caucasian C. Asian/Pacific IslanderC. Asian/Pacific Islander D. HispanicD. Hispanic E. HispanicE. Hispanic

Cultural Identity:Cultural Identity:Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity

Culture groupsCulture groups Few or many characteristics (language, religion, Few or many characteristics (language, religion,

race, food, etc.)race, food, etc.) SubcultureSubculture

RacesRaces Single speciesSingle species Secondary biological characteristicsSecondary biological characteristics

Ethnic groupsEthnic groups EthnocentrismEthnocentrism

What race are these guys?

• Does not exist on a scientific level,despite influence of the idea.

• Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not. Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature.

•Based on a three category system developed in Europe in the 18th century: caucasians, mongoloids, and blacks.

• The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins. Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation. We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”

RaceRace

What is ethnicity? How What is ethnicity? How is it different than is it different than race?race?EthnicityEthnicity - 1. identity with a group of people - 1. identity with a group of people

who share the cultural traditions of a who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc... common history, homeland, etc...

2. a socially created system of rules about who 2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.notion is clearly tied to place.

What is ethnicity? How What is ethnicity? How is it different than is it different than race?race?RaceRace - - 1. any of the different varieties of humankind, 1. any of the different varieties of humankind,

distinguished by form of hair, skin and eye color, distinguished by form of hair, skin and eye color, bodily proportions, stature, etc... bodily proportions, stature, etc...

2. a problematic classification of human beings 2. a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical based on skin color and other physical characteristics. The term has many unscientific characteristics. The term has many unscientific connotations and its genetic basis is highly connotations and its genetic basis is highly questionable. The idea is that people of the same questionable. The idea is that people of the same race share a common ancestor or past. Genetic race share a common ancestor or past. Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place.can not be clearly tied to place.

What is ethnicity? How What is ethnicity? How is it different than is it different than race?race?

1. identity with a group of people who 1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc... history, homeland, etc...

2. a socially created system of rules 2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.to place.

Kazakh Thai Chinese

ArmenianTurkishPuerto Rican

JapaneseMongolian

Race in the U.S.Race in the U.S.Rosa Parks

Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910 Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957

Race in the U.S.Race in the U.S.• Still the most common way people identify themselves, despite its problems.

• The basis for much segregation - ethnic neighborhoods - housing covenants

• Census forms highlight the problems of defining race. For example, census data was misused by the government WWII to inter Japanese.Protest the census by filling in “human” under OTHER category?

Distribution of Distribution of EthnicitiesEthnicities Ethnicities in the United StatesEthnicities in the United States

Clustering of ethnicitiesClustering of ethnicities African American migration patternsAfrican American migration patterns

Differentiating ethnicity and raceDifferentiating ethnicity and race Race in the United StatesRace in the United States Division by race in South AfricaDivision by race in South Africa

African Americans in African Americans in the U.S.the U.S.

Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Hispanic Americans in the Hispanic Americans in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

Asian Americans in the Asian Americans in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Native Americans in the Native Americans in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

Ethnicities in ChicagoEthnicities in Chicago

Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

Triangular Slave Trade Triangular Slave Trade and African Source Areasand African Source Areas

Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

African American African American Migration in the U.S.Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

African Americans in African Americans in BaltimoreBaltimore

Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

Black “Homelands” in Black “Homelands” in South AfricaSouth Africa

Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

Ethnicities into Ethnicities into NationalitiesNationalities Rise of nationalitiesRise of nationalities

Nation-statesNation-states NationalismNationalism

Multinational statesMultinational states Former Soviet UnionFormer Soviet Union RussiaRussia Turmoil in the CaucasusTurmoil in the Caucasus

Revival of ethnic identityRevival of ethnic identity Ethnicity and communismEthnicity and communism Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern EuropeRebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

Republics of the Soviet Republics of the Soviet UnionUnion

Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Ethnic Groups in Russia Ethnic Groups in Russia

Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

Ethnicities in the Ethnicities in the CaucasusCaucasus

Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Clashes of EthnicitiesClashes of Ethnicities

Ethnic competition to dominate Ethnic competition to dominate nationalitynationality Ethnic competition in the Horn of AfricaEthnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethnic competition in LebanonEthnic competition in Lebanon

Dividing ethnicities among more than Dividing ethnicities among more than one stateone state Dividing ethnicities in South AsiaDividing ethnicities in South Asia Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicitiesDividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities

Ethnicity in the Horn of Ethnicity in the Horn of AfricaAfrica

Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous interethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

Ethnicities in LebanonEthnicities in Lebanon

Fig. 7-15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

Ethnic Division of South Ethnic Division of South AsiaAsia

Fig. 7-16: At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir

Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

Sinhalese and Tamils in Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri LankaSri Lanka

Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

HighestHighest Rate of Rate of Residential Residential SegregatioSegregation for n for African African Americans:Americans:

Milwaukee, WisconsinMilwaukee, Wisconsin

Residential SegregationResidential Segregation

The “degree to which two or more groups The “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.”different parts of the urban environment.”

Is it declining or rising?Is it declining or rising? Massey and Denton Massey and Denton

LowestLowest Rate of Residential Rate of Residential Segregation Segregation for Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimorefor Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimorefor Asians/Pacific Islanders: for Asians/Pacific Islanders: BaltimoreBaltimore

Baltimore, MarylandBaltimore, Maryland

Identities in Neighborhoods change over time: Invasion and

Succession: new immigrants to a

city often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups.

What groups make What groups make up 65% of NYC’s up 65% of NYC’s Hispanics?Hispanics?

Sense of PlaceSense of Place

We infuse places with meaning and We infuse places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions. feeling, with memories and emotions.

Our sense of place becomes part of our Our sense of place becomes part of our identity and our identity affects the ways identity and our identity affects the ways we define and experience place.we define and experience place.

EthnicityEthnicity

Ethnicity – Ethnicity –

a constructed identity that is tied to a a constructed identity that is tied to a place … it is often considered “natural” place … it is often considered “natural” because it implies ancient relations because it implies ancient relations among people over time. among people over time.

How does a place change when the people who live there change?Today, Mexicali’s Chinatown has few Chinese Residents, but continues to be an important place for the region’s Chinese population.

Mexico

Who are the workers in maquiladoras?Who are the workers in maquiladoras?

What is the capital of Baja, California?What is the capital of Baja, California?

Identity and SpaceIdentity and Space Space – “social relations stretched out”Space – “social relations stretched out” Place – “particular articulations of those Place – “particular articulations of those

social relations as they have come together, social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location.”over time, in that particular location.” Massey and JessMassey and Jess

When people make places, they do so in the When people make places, they do so in the context of surrounding social relationships.context of surrounding social relationships.

Sexuality and SpaceSexuality and SpaceWhere people Where people with a shared with a shared identity cluster, identity cluster, how do they how do they create a space create a space for for themselves? themselves?

Sexuality and SpaceSexuality and Space

What theories explain and inform our What theories explain and inform our understanding of sexuality and space?understanding of sexuality and space?

Queer Theory – Queer Theory –

focuses on political engagement of focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative.” “queers” with the “heteronormative.”

Power RelationshipsPower Relationships

Power Relationships –Power Relationships –

assumptions and structures about who is assumptions and structures about who is in control, who has power over others.in control, who has power over others.

How are power relationships reflected in How are power relationships reflected in cultural landscapes (the visible human cultural landscapes (the visible human imprint on the landscape)? imprint on the landscape)?

Belfast, Northern Ireland

What do gangs do to What do gangs do to create their own space?create their own space?

Through power relationships,

People create places where they limit the access of other peoples.

How do Power Relationships How do Power Relationships factor into How People are factor into How People are Counted?Counted?

The U.S. Census undercounts:The U.S. Census undercounts:- minority populations- minority populations

- the homeless- the homeless

The Gross National Income (GNI)The Gross National Income (GNI)

does not count:does not count:- unpaid work of women in the household- unpaid work of women in the household

- work done by rural women in poorer countries- work done by rural women in poorer countries

Informal Economy –Informal Economy –private, often home-based activities such as private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or vegetable gardening.vegetable gardening.

Women in Women in Subsaharan Subsaharan AfricaAfrica-- populate much populate much of the rural areas, of the rural areas, as men migrate to as men migrate to cities for work.cities for work.- produce 70% of - produce 70% of the region’s food. the region’s food. - only a small - only a small percentage of percentage of women have legal women have legal title to their land.title to their land.

Dowry Deaths in Dowry Deaths in IndiaIndia

- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute - murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry.arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deathslead to dowry deaths female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of womenof women

7,000 victims 7,000 victims a yeara year

Ethnic Groups Ethnic Groups in Los in Los AngelesAngeles

- barrioization – - barrioization – when the population when the population of a neighborhood of a neighborhood changes over largely changes over largely to Hispanics. to Hispanics. - cultural landscapes - cultural landscapes change to reflect change to reflect changing changing populations.populations.- strife is usually tied - strife is usually tied to economic change.to economic change.

South South central LAcentral LA

Mainly black and Mainly black and Hispanic nowHispanic now

Small business Small business owners are Koreanowners are Korean