Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers

Now: the Anthropoids…

But first… (Tx Travis!)

Anthropoids

• A.k.a., the haplorhines• Dry, unconnected noses; like yours• Africa, Asia, South America (originally)• Monkeys, apes and humans

– ***prosimians are NOT “monkeys”• Two groups

– Catarrhines (monkeys and apes in the Old World)– Platyrrhines (just monkeys, and in the New World only)

Rhine = nose

Catarrhine: Old World PrimateNostrils oriented downward

Platyrrhine: New World PrimateNostrils oriented sideways

Old/New World

Differences Between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines

Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition:2133 vs. 2123

(usually)

New World Monkeys

CeboideaFamily Subfamily Common Names Body size General Social

PatternSome Special Features

Cebidae     Squirrel monkey

_______________

Capuchin monkey

Small

_________

Medium

Large, multi-male, multi-female groups - strictly seasonal breeding

_______________________

- large brain

- tool use

-adaptable & resourceful (like Old World macaques)

- weakly prehensile tail

Callitrichidaetamarins,

marmosets

small polyandrytwins, high paternal investment,

reproductive suppression

Atelidae Pithecinae Uakaris & Sakis Medium Socially monogamous

Other?red-faced uakari:sexual selection?

Swamp dwellers (hard to study)

Alouattinae Howler monkeys Large One-male, multi-female groups

("harems")- LOUD howling

- prehensile tail (strong!)

Atelinae Spider monkey, wooly monkey, woolly spider

monkey

Very large Large fusion-fission communities

- prehensile tails (strong & dextrous!)

Interesting social patterns (kind of like chimps and bonobos)

Cebids vs. Callitrichids

*alloparental care of infants PRESENT in Capuchins, acc. To more recent Perry!!!

Callitrichids

Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)

juvenile golden lion tamarin

Callitrichids

Common Marmoset

GoldenLion

Tamarins

Moustached Tamarin

Cotton TopTamarin

Callitrichids: New Discovery

• Wied’s marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii)• Usually born as twins• Chimerism: an exchange of cells

between twins early during embryonic development; result is that most of these monkeys have tissues grown from their twin's cells

• Germ line too: marmoset fathers can sire their own children and their nephews

Atelines

Howler monkey

Red-faced uakari

Atelines: prehensile tails

Spider monkeys

Cebids

Squirrel monkey Capuchin monkey

Catarrhines

• Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys– Cercopithecines– Colobinae

• Hominoidea: the apes

Old World Monkeys

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecines

Hamadryas baboon

Geladababoon

Japanesemacaque

Cercopithecines: female-bonded

Celebes macaque

Colobines

Black and white colobus Snub-nosed monkey

Snub-nosed monkey

Snub-nosed monkey

Colobines

Proboscis monkey

Colobines eat a lot of leaves

Colobines vs. Howlers• Colobines: gut with adaptations for digesting

cellulose• Howlers: not so; other adaptations (some

behavioral ones…) instead

Hominoidea: the ApesHylobatidae Hominidae

Category The “lesser” apes

The “great” apes The “human” apes

Common names

Gibbons and siamangs

Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans

Distribution Southeast Asia

Borneo, Sumatra

-Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa

-Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo

Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa

Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River

Global

(plus?)

Size Large

(5-11 kg)

Huge

(35-70 kg)

Huge

(90-150 kg)

Huge

(30-45 kg)

Huge

(30-45 kg)

Huge

Grouping Pattern

Socially monogamous

Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his ‘harem,’ and their kids)

Large fission-fusion communities

Large fission-fusion communities

Large multimal/

multifemae communities

Ape Distribution

Brachiation

gibbon

siamang

Brachiation

gibbon

siamang

Duetting (territoriality)

Monogamy

Orangutan

Orangutan

Gorilla

Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland

Chimpanzee

Chimpanzee

4 Goodall films shown in class

Bonobo

Human

OverviewOrder: Primates

Prosimians Anthropoids

Lemur GroupLoris Group

Tarsiers?

Platyrrhines(NWM)

Catarrhines(OWM and apes)

callitrichids atelidscebids

cercopithecoids hominoids

colobinescercopithecines “lesser apes”hylobat

“great apes”

Chimp human common ancestor (lived 6-7 mya)

gorillasorangutans

chimp humanbonobo

Lots of fossilsVery few to no fossils

Primates: Variables• Lots of morphological variation

– Size, colors, dentition

• Lots of variation in social group structure (many males and many females in a group vs. monogamous pairs, etc.)

• Lots of variance in social activity (solitary aye aye vs. the übergregarious capuchin)

• Lots of variance in locomotion• Lots of variance in diets• Lots of variance in susceptibility to predation

• What accounts for this variance?

Primate Behavioral Ecologists

• Primatologists figure out relationships between ecology, morphology, behavior, and sociality

• Social variables (e.g., dominance and subordinance, fighting, mating, genetic relatedness), ecological variables (e.g., seasonal foods, the presence of predators), morphological variables (e.g., a very long gut), etc.

Some Examples

• Colobines (OWM) and howler monkeys (NWM) eating leaves, but having very different energy levels

• Male gorillas having proportionately larger teeth than females, even though they eat leaves, not meat

• When newly joining a group, male langurs will selectively kill most or all infants who are still nursing, then immediately mate with the mothers (who agree to it!)