A SEMINAR BYSABARINATH C D

B TECH CHEMICAL ENGG.

WASTE TO ENERGY:BY DIRECT CARBON

FUEL CELLS

The climate deal brokered in Paris has been hailed from all quarters as a groundbreaking document - managing to bring on board 195 nations for a blueprint to successfully cut down on emissions.INDIA’S CLIMATE PLEDGE India has announced its pledge to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

intensity by 33 to 35 percent based on 2005 levels by 2030 a strong target and makes clean energy a centerpiece for economic

growth. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM) and set a target of 100

gigawatts (GW) in installed solar energy capacity by 2022. To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed

capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF).

INTRODUCTIONParis Climate Summit 2015

Recent Indian situations…

India’s population currently stands at 1.2 billion the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases approximately 300 million people without access to reliable

electricity, poverty alleviation, economic development, and energy access

Fuel price increases than water…

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a hydrogen-rich fuel into electricity,power and heat, through a chemical reaction with exceptionally low emissions.

Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as these inputs are supplied.

The fuel that is used. Anode catalyst - platinum

powder cathode catalyst - nickel or

nanomaterial based The electrolyte substance-

defines the type of fuel cell.

A fuel cell…

A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel such as bio-mass or coal.

The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide as a by-product.

It also called coal fuel cells (CFCs), carbon-air fuel cells (CAFCs), direct carbon/coal fuel cells (DCFCs), and DC-SOFC(Solid oxide fuel cell ).

Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC)….

The total reaction of the cell is C + O2 → CO2.Anode: C + 2 O2− → CO2 + 4 e−

Cathode: O2 + 4 e− → 2 O2−

Process:• Steam-methane reforming reaction:CH4 + H2O (+ heat) → CO + 3H2• Water-gas shift reactionCO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+ small amount of heat)

How a Fuel cell Works…

  MW Class Sub-MW Class Micro CHP Mobile

Technology Carbonate (MCFC)

Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)

Solid Oxide (SOFC) PEM / SOFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)

System size range

300kW – 2.8MW 400kW up to 200 kW < 10 kW up to 100 kW

Typical Application

Utilities, large universities, industrial – baseload

Commercial buildings – baseload

Commercial buildings – baseload

Residential and small commercial

Transportation

Fuel Natural gas, Biogas, others Natural gas Natural gas Natural gas Hydrogen

AdvantagesHigh efficiency, scalable, fuel flexible & CHP

CHP High efficiency

Load following & CHP Load following & low temperature

Electrical efficiency

43%-47% (higher w/ turbine or organic rankine cycle)

40% – 42% 50% – 60% 25% – 35% 25% – 35%

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Steam, hot water, chilling & bottoming cycles

Hot water, chilling

Depends on technology used

Suitable for facility heating

No, which is an advantage for transportation

carbonate technology well suited for megawatt-class applications.

Types of Fuel Cells

Ultra-clean due to their virtual absence of pollutants. Economical because high efficiency reduces fuel costs Reliable baseload power provides continuous electricity and

heat around-the-clock On-site distributed generation improves power reliability and

energy security Fuel flexible DFCs can be operated on clean natural gas,

renewable biogas or directed biogas Combined heat and power (CHP) further drives economics

and efficiency — as high as 90 percent, depending on the application

DFC power plants convert biogas waste disposal problems into ultra-clean power generation solutions for operations that generate biogas…

Advantages of Direct FuelCell

Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. is a global fuel cell power company. It develops and operates cell fuel power plants, Direct Fuel Cell power plants (a type of molten carbonate fuel cell)

operates the world’s largest fuel cell park, Gyeonggi Green Energy Fuel cell park, which is located in South Korea

Direct Fuel Cell power plants

4,514,827,200Total kWh generated by DFC plants sufficient to power approximately 409,000 average size US homes for one yearas of mid February 2016.

PRODUCTS

2.8 MW DFC30001.4 MW DFC1500300 kW DFC300Multi-MW DFC-ERG

Basic components• Fuel cell stack -It generates DC • Fuel processor-to remove

impurities• Power conditioners-includes

controlling current (amperes), voltage

• Air compressors- increases gas pressure

Advanced technology programs have also been focused on developing fuel processing approaches that allow the use of DFC power systems with logistics fuels (fuels used for ships, aircrafts or remote bases), such as jet fuels and diesel fuels.

Alternative Fuels Hydrogen Co-Production Carbon Capture Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Advanced Technologies

1.4 MW DFC1500 operating on renewable biogas at a municipal water treatment facility

Fuel flexibility is an advantage of the carbonate DCFC technology.

Specifically engineered to operate on methane-based natural gas or renewable biogas, but with varying degree of system modification, DFC power plants can operate on a wide variety of fuels, including gaseous and liquid fuels.

Propane is a proven fuel source for DFC power plants.

Alternative Fuels

which produces a purified hydrogen stream in addition to electricity and thermal energy. Potential markets for this tri-generation system are fuel cell vehicle filling stations and industrial hydrogen consumers.

Hydrogen Co-Production

Transportation Applications

 at wastewater treatment facilities to utilize renewable biogas as the fuel source and generate power and heat for the water treatment process and zero-carbon hydrogen for transportation. 

to hydrogen vehicle filling stations

in urban locations.

Used metal heat treating, glass manufacturing, petrochemical applications and material handling.

The ultra-clean electricity powers the manufacturing process

the heat is used for facility and water heating high-purity hydrogen is used in the process ovens

Industrial Applications

to capture carbon emissions from existing coal or gas-fired power plants

destroys approximately 70% of the plant’s smog-producing pollutants

The DFC stack acts as a carbon purification membrane, transferring CO2 from the air stream (where it is very dilute) to the fuel exhaust stream, where it is more concentrated, allowing the CO2 to be easily and affordably removed for industrial use.

The ability to capture 90% of carbon emissions with a scalable solution

Carbon Capture  

Emissions (Lbs. Per MWh)Fuel Source NOX SO2 PM10 CO2 CO2 with CHP

Average U.S. Fossil Fuel Plant

5.06 11.6 0.27 2,031 NA

Microturbine (60 kW) 0.44 .008 0.09 1,596 520 – 680

Small Gas Turbine 1.15 .008 0.08 1,494 520 – 680

DFC® Power Plant 0.01 0.0001 0.00002 940 520 – 680

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

 based on kilowatt hours of electricity produced commercially and the installed base of operating power plants

SOFC has the potential to achieve even higher electrical efficiency with high power density (i.e. more power per fuel cell and fuel cell stack) than the carbonate-based DFC technology.

DCFC well suited for Indian conditions, climate…

Opportunities and challenges for fuel cells in india

A summary of issues concerning representative markets for stationary power generation using fuel cells in India.

Several economic and environmental drivers are motivating developing countries like India to evaluate fuel cells

The development of new fuel cell that is cost-effective, suited to local needs, and employs region-specific and opportunity fuels should be commercially successful

DCFC is well suited for Indian conditions…

CONCLUSION

T.S.R. Prasada Rao and Uday T. Turaga,( 2003), OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR FUEL CELLS IN INDIA, Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2003, 48(2),795-796.

WWW. FUEL CELL ENERGY.COM Giddey, S; Badwal SPS; Kulkarni A; Munnings C (2012). "A comprehensive review of

direct carbon fuel cell technology". Progress in energy and combustion science 38 (3): 360–399. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.

Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (23): 12377–12385. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.

"Fuel Cell Basics: Applications". Fuel Cells 2000. Accessed 2 August 2011. Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, “GHG (CO_2, CH_4, N_2O, F-

gases) emission time series 1990-2012 per region/country,”http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=GHGts1990-2012 (accessed October 28, 2015). If counting the European Union, India is the fourth largest emitter.

REFERENCES

THANK YOU