WASTE TO FUEL What is fuel? What is Waste to fuel? Incineration Alternatives to incineration Pyrolysis of plastic Innovative Minds

WHAT IS FUEL?•Fuels are any materials that

store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and used for work or as heat energy . The concept originally applied solely to those materials storing energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion, but the concept has since been also applied to other sources of heat energy such as nuclear energy .

What Is W

aste To Fuel?

Waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the incineration of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

A New Vision - Incineration• Incineration, the combustion of

organic material such as waste with energy recovery, is the most common WtE implementation. The method of using incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy is a relatively old method of WtE production. Incineration generally entails burning waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial and RDF) to boil water which powers steam generators that make electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries. One problem associated with incinerating MSW to make electrical energy, is the potential for pollutants to enter the atmosphere with the flue gases from the boiler.

The Problem

Alternatives to Incineration• There are a number of other new and emerging

technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possible by direct combustion. This is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing higher combustion temperatures in e.g. boilers, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, fuel cells. Some are able to efficiently convert the energy into liquid or gaseous fuels:

• They are broadly classified as thermal and non thermal.

Thermal Technologies Non-thermal Technologies

• Gasification (produces combustible gas, hydrogen, synthetic fuels)

• Thermal depolymerization (produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined)

• Pyrolysis (produces combustible tar/biooil and chars)

• Plasma arc gasification or plasma gasification process (PGP) (produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, )

• Anaerobic digestion (Biogas rich in methane)

• Fermentation production (examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen)

• Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)▫ MBT + 

Anaerobic digestion▫ MBT to 

Refuse derived fuel

Pyrolysis of plasticA fluidized-bed reactor has been developed for converting waste plastics into fuel oil to reduce.

Plastic products are made from petroleum. The main constitutes are carbon and hydrogen. In other words, waste plastics could be reversely pyrolysed into fuel oil. A fluidized-bed reactor has been developed for converting waste plastics Into fuel oil. Plastics are chopped and fed into reactor. With bubbling fluidized bed reactor, hot sands surround the chopped plastics and heat quickly pyrolyzes the plastics into fuel oil. Wax is produced from some of the waste plastics and will clog the pipelines. The pyrolysis system operates continuously with a de-wax apparatus devised to separate the wax from the fuel oil.

Applied Objects

Fuel oil derived from waste plastics can be used in boiler for heating or diesel engine for electricity. Heating value of waste-plastic derived fuel is higher than that of diesel oil. Many waste plastics have been tested for producing fuel oil, such as plastics of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), or the mix of the above-mentioned plastics. 

Fuel generated by plastic

Benefits of Pyrolysis of plastic The problem of increasing waste plastics is now a global one, and one that must be addressed in order to solve the world’s limited resource and energy problem. Fuel oil derived from waste plastics, a promising approach with potential applications, not only resolve waste problem but also provide fuel oil for the substitute for petroleum products.

The Future• The future way of economical

production of high quality synthetic Diesel fuel:

•  • •             After years of intensive

catalyst and process research the breakthrough of reproducing the natural way of fossil oil production within a process duration turned down from hundreds of millions of years to now only seconds and up to 3 (three) minutes has finally become reality!

• •             This causes the synthetic Diesel fuel "NanoDiesel™" produced by this method to be fully competitive.

• •             With most of the input materials the quality of the synthetic fuel produced by this new ground breaking method is even higher than that of regular Diesel fuel available at gas stations.

• •             Cost per Gallon of Diesel produced is anywhere in the World only between 0,52 & 0,85 US$ without Government subsidies.

• •             Elimination of almost all environmental pollution through inorganic transformation of harmful substances into salts and crystals, based on the ion changing characteristics of the GP-Cat, our proprietary Catalyst.

• •             For the first time this method now allows active environmental protection as well as optimized energy production from industrial residuals, waste and biologically regenerating raw materials in perfect combination and free of any conflicts.

• •             Environmental protection as future leading sources of energy and job production

• •             Elimination of the needs for new and existing Landfill's and its Toxic Emissions through this process

• •             Higher National Independence and Higher National Security

• •             Existing Resource "Garbage" used to fulfill our Fuel and Energy demands.

WtE Plants around the world• Lee County Solid Waste Resource Re

covery Facility, Fort Myers, Florida, USA (1994)[29]

• Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility in Dickerson, Maryland, USA (1995)

• Spittelau (1971), and Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria (Wien Energie)

• SYSAV in Malmö (2003 and 2008), Sweden (Flash presentation)

• Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Canada[30]

• Teesside EfW plant near Middlesbrough, North East England (1998)

• Edmonton Incinerator in Greater London, England (1974)

• Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, Canada (1988).

Innovative Minds

Two students from the Union Higher Secondary School, Mambra, have succeeded in producing fuel from plastic waste such as bags and bottles.K. Chandu Das and George Thomas developed the technique after a three-year-long effort and the feat was certified at the Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre (STIC), CUSAT when an analysis was done by a team under the guidance of Professor Dr Rani Joseph.“It (the machine) consists of three units; a pyrolisis unit, distillation unit and a gas compressing unit. First the large polymer molecules of plastic are cracked into smaller fragments at temperatures between 120 C and 450 C under high pressure using a self-prepared catalyst. The vapour formed is purified and is condensed to make crude oil. Then the oil is fractionally distilled into forms like petrol, diesel and kerosene,” said Thomas explaining the process.In the CUSAT test, the products were identified as hydrocarbon oil (80 per cent), LPG range gas (15 per cent) and slurry (five per cent).The hydrocarbon oil can be used in its crude form as good fuel and it can be successfully used in industrial boilers too

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