waste_incineration_plants.pdf

7/27/2019 WASTE_INCINERATION_PLANTS.PDF

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WASTES INCINERATION

PLANTS


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CRITERIA OF WASTE

CLASSIFICATION FROM ENERGY

UTILISATION STANDPOINT


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MAJOR TYPES OF WASTES

1. Municipal2. Medical

3. Industrial

4. Sewage sladge5. Agriculture wastes

6. Building wastes

7. Opakowania8. Ashes

9. Fuels from wastes


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EUs WASTE CLASSIFICATION

In EU (and in

Poland) waste ore

divided into 20groups (which are

followed bysubgroups and

sorts).


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SAFETY CRITERION

In every group and in every subgroup

there are dangerous wastes, which were

specified.


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COMBUSTIBLE AND

NONCOMBUSTIBLE WASTES

Wastes could be divided from the standpoint of

possibility of utilization of their heat of combustion:

combustible, like:

paper, plastic, wood, leather, gum, food, garden residues,

fabrics and others,

noncombustible, like:

glass, ceramic, stones, metals and others.


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CRITERION OF COMBUSTIBILITY

OF WASTES

There are three major factors deciding on combustibility of

wastes:

o moisture content (< 50 %),

o burning matter content (min. 25 %),

o ash content (< 60 %).

Notion of combustibility:

notion of combustibility is not obvious,

it requires criteria of combustibility


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TANNERS CRITERION OF

COMBUSTIBILITY OF WASTES

Tanners diagram shows the area of combustibility of wastes.


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WASTE INCINERATION PLANTS

(WIP)


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DEVELOPMENT OF WIP

I st generation (1950-1965) major objectives: reduction of volume of waste and maximum burning,

development of furnaces waste burning (mainly grates),

usually lack of heat utilization,

lack of flue gas cleaning.

II-nd generation (1960-1975)

dedusting of flue gas,

utilization of waste heat (heat utilization boilers).

III-rd generation (1975-1990)

reduction of gaseous pollutant emissions (mainly sulfur, chlorine and fluorcompounds,

reduction of heavy metals reduction,

problems with safety of storage of solid residues,

improvement of waste heat utilization.

IV-th generation (1990-)

improvement of effectiveness of flue gas cleaning, mainly from NOx, dioxins and

furans,

improvement of parameters of solid aside products of waste utilization (ash) to safety

storage:

- cement blocks,

- vitrification.


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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF WIP

1. Reduction of wastes volume (up to 90%) and

weight (up to 65%).

2. Wastes organic matter incineration.

3. Utilization of combustion heat of waste.

4. Meeting of gaseous pollutant emissions limits.

5. Safety of landfill of solid residue of waste

incineration.


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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WIP

a) Waste receipt and handling installation

b) A combustion system

c) Heat recovery system (boiler)

d) Air pollution control system

e) Combustion solid residue handling system


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CONFIGURATION OF WIP

Odpady

Przetwarzaniewsadu

Obrbka termiczna(spalanie)

Odzyskciepa

Oczyszczaniespalin

Skadowisko

Surowcewtrne

Gorca wodaPara wodna

Energia elektryczna


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WASTES CINCINERATION SYSTEMS

I. Incineration management

waste burning, waste co-firing in: heating plants, power plants and cement plants

II. Incineration technology

waste combustion, waste pyrolysis,

waste gasification.

III. Waste type municipal solid waste incineration plants (MSWIP),

sewage sludge incineration plants,

hazardous waste incineration plants.


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SOLID WASTES BURNINGSYSTEMS


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SOLID WASTES BURNING FURNACES

1. Pusher furnaces

2. Suspension burning systems

3. Grates

4. Fluidised bed systems5. Rotary kilns

6. Multiple hearth furnaces


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APPLICATIONS OF WASTE BURNING SYSTEMS

Type of waste

Furnace

Jet furnaces Pusherfurnaces

Rotarykilns

Fluidizedbeds

Solid:

grains, uniform, non-uniform, thick,

organic compounds

- with easy melting ash.

Gaseous:

heavy organic vapours.Liquid:

organic liquids,

water wastes with high content of

organic compounds.

Solids/sludge:

sludge.


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PUSHER FURNACES

ADVANTAGES

-simple design

-low cost

-easy maintenance

-combustion control

DISADVANTAGES

-manual service

-low capacity

Pusher


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GRATESADVANTAGES

-reliability

-wide range thermalload variation

-ability to burndifferent types of waste

-low requirement of

waste dispersionDISADVANTAGES

-complicated drive

-careful conservationrequired

-expensive


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MECHANISM OF WASTE BURNING

ON GRATE


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FLUIDIZED BED FURNACES

ADVANTAGES:

-long residence time

-good burntout

-ability to burn wastes with 60% of water

-lack of mooving parts

DISADVANTAGES

-exploitation problems

-complicated system of supply

-large emissions of dust

-require automatic control


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STOCKHOLM ENERGI AB

HGDALEN, SWEDEN

91.2 MWth, 31.8 kg/s,

59 bar, 480C

FUEL: Industrialwaste,

Demolition wood

P IIRTEK OY

CONVENTIONAL

FURNACE AND

SEPARATOR

IDLE PASS

PENDENT SUPERHEATER

INTREX SH

Example of awastesample

STEP GRID

Circulating fuidized bed boiler


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ROTARY KILNS


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ROTARY KILNS

ADVANTAGES:

-good burntout

-universal

-wide range of the temperature

-long residence time (0.5-1.5 h)

-ability to burn wastes of 60% of water

-ability to burn waster of different shapes and sizes

DISADVANTAGES

-complicated design

-limited capacity (< 8 t/h)

-expensive


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MULTIPLE HEARTH FURNACES

ADVANTAGES:

-ability to burn sludge

-long residence time

-good burntout

DISADAVANTAGES-complicated design

-require drive

-limited capacity

-expensive


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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR APPLICATION

OF SELECTED FURNACESType of

furnace

Type of waste

municipal

hospital/

medical dangerous sewage sludge

Grates n

Rotarykilns

Fluidized n

Pyroliticpushers

** - basic

*- applied

n not recommended


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PROBLEMS OF BURNING OFSOLID WASTES


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SELECTED PROBLEMS OF SOLIDWASTES BURNING

Dust emission

Gaseous pollutant emissions

Emission of dioxins and furans

Landfill of waste ashes

Exploitation of waste incinerators


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PROBLEMS OF EXPLOITATION OFSOLID WASTE INCINERATORS

Localization of waste incinerator

Transport of wastes

Odours from incinerators

Landfill of waste ashes

Safety of incineration staff

Technical problems


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SOME TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OFSOLID WASTED INCINERATORS

Corrosion of heat-exchanging surfaces

Burn throughout of grates

Deposits at the hest exchanging surfaces

Ash sintering and defluidization


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ASH SINTERING

Ash sintering in fluidized bed during sewage sludge burning

Mineur M., The behaviour of a stationary fluidised bed upon the combustion of sewage sludge, VGB PowerTech, 12, 2002, pp. 84-87


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ASH DEPOSITION ON HEAT

EXCHANGING SURFACES


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CORROSION OF HEAT EXCHANGINGSURFACES

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