wat er management in latin america: regional...
TRANSCRIPT
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W A TER MANAGEMENT INLATIN AMERICA:
REGIONAL OVERVIEW Contents
1. Introduction2. Water resources at global level3. Water resources in Latin America4. Resource management5. Situation at regional and subregional level6. Regional and national challenges7. Conclusions8. References Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui
UNESCO -ROSTLAC
Regional Hydrologist, International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO, Casilla 859, 11000 Montevideo, Uruguay.E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi
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Freshwater, scarce water
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Alternative scenariosof world population growth
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BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR SOUND WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
1. The basin as a geographic unit
1.1 The macro basin
1.2 The meso basin
1.3 The micro basin
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Main rivers-basins of Latin Americaand the Caribbean
The most important basins by order of magnitude are:
A. South AmericaAmazon basinSurface: 6:916.000 km2
Length of river: 6.280 kmCountries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Surinameand Venezuela
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River Plate basinSurface: 3:100.000 km2
Length of river: 4.700 kmCountries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
Orinoco basinSurface: 1:656.500 km2
Length of river: 2.736 kmCountries: Venezuela and Guyana
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San Francisco basinSurface: 551.410 km2
Length of river: 2.897kmCountry: Brazil
Parnaíba basinSurface: 325.000 km2
Length of river: 1.207 kmCountry: Brazil
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Magdalena basinSurface: 260.000 km2
Length of river: 1.530 kmCountry: Colombia
Bío-Bío basinSurface: 24.260 km2
Length of river: 380 kmCountry: Chile
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B. Central America
Usumacinta river basinLength: 960 kmCountries: Guatemala and Mexico
San Juan river basinCountries: Costa Rica andNicaragua
Tuira river basinCountry: Panama
Lempa river basinCountry: El Salvador
Ullúa river basinCountry: Honduras
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C. Mexico
Río Grande del Norte basinSurface: 570.000 km2
Length: 2.880 kmCountries: Mexico and USA
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BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR SOUND WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT2. Dublin Principles
2.1 Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment.
2.2 Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels
2.3 Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water
2.4 Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good
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BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR SOUND WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
3. Multidimensional and multiobjective approach
4. Master plans for river basins
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Water resources assessment
In order to carry out any productiveactivity in the region it was consideredessential to make an integratedassessment/quantification of all elements of the water cycle as well as water sector related activities at national, subregional andregional levels.
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A. Surface water balancesA methodology was defined by UNESCO for elaboration of water balances at regional level, using the following basicequation:
P + Qsl + Qul - E - ET - Qs0 - Qu0 - ∆S - η = 0where:P = PrecipitationQsl = Input of surface water to the basin or water massQul = Input of ground water to the basin or water massE = EvaporationET = EvapotranspirationQs0 = Output of surface waterQu0 = Output of ground water∆S = Fluctuation of water storage in the basinη = Discrepancy error
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The following products were obtained:
- explanatory note by basin and sub-basin
- theme maps on:
- drainage (river basins) + river network
- annual precipitation (mm)
- annual temperatures (oC)
- annual evapotranspiration (mm)
- monthly discharge (m3/s)
- specific discharge (l/s.km2)
- runoff coefficient (%)
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B. Hydrogeological mapsA methodology and legend for global use was defined by UNESCO / IAH / IAHS. The following products were obtained:
- explanatory note on hydrogeological basins
- hydrogeological maps that include:
- groundwater and springs- groundwater quality and temperature- surface water and karst hydrography- man-made features and alterations of natural
groundwater regime- horizontal contours and lmits of certain features- geological information- stratigraphic symbols- vertical cross-sections
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Hydrogeological Map of South America
Hydrogeological provinces
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C. Water resources assessment activitiesUNESCO/WMO defined the manual and UNESCO isimplementing the project. The study at national levelled to a diagnosis and assessment with the followingresults:
- institutional aspects- legal aspects- water availability in quantity and quality- human resources availability by specialty- availability of scientific and technological research
centres- education and training- research and development- equipment and instrumentation- development projects and their status- international cooperation- industrial reconversion- privatisation
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Access to drinking water in urban and rural areas of Latin America
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CUADRO 1SUPERFICIE DE ZONAS ARIDAS EN LAS ISLAS DEL CARIBE
AREAS HIPERARIDO ARIDO SEMIARIDO SUBHUMEDO ARIDEZ AREA TOTALTOTAL DEL
TERRITORIOkm2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 %
AntillasHolandesas - - - - 929 93,2 68 6,8 997 100,0 997 100
Islas Caicos yTurks - - - - 12 2,8 418 97,2 430 100,0 430 100
Haití - - - - 3,302 11,9 14,541 52,4 17,843 64,3 27,750 100
RepúblicaDominicana - - - - 8,380 17,3 7,169 14,8 15,549 32,1 48,442 100
Islas Bahamas - - - - 1,705 12,3 1,663 12,0 3,368 24,3 13,864 100
Islas Vírgenes - - - - - 84 17,4 84 17,4 484 100
Puerto Rico - - - - 168 1,9 1,280 14,4 1,448 16,3 8,891 100
Jamaica - - - - 395 3,6 1,263 11,5 1,658 15,1 10,991 100
Trinidad - - - - 153 2,6 564 11,0 697 13,6 5,128 100
Cuba - - - - 1,030 0,9 3,321 2,9 4,351 3,8 13,864 100
TOTAL - - - - 16,054 6,93 30,371 13,11 46,427 20,05 231,501 100
Fuentes:Research Guide to the Arid Lands of the World (Hopkings & Jones,1983).Programa Hidrológico Internacional, UNESCO (1997).
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CUADRO 2
SUPERFICIE DE ZONAS ARIDAS EN AMERICA CENTRAL
AREAS HIPERARIDO ARIDO SEMIARIDO SUBHUMEDO ARIDEZ AREATOTALTOTAL DEL
TERRITORIOkm2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 %
Guatemala - - - - - - 8,820 8,1 8,820 8,1 108,889 100
ElSalvador - - - - - - 1,347 6,3 1,347 6,3 21,393 100
TOTAL - - - - - - 10,167 7,80 10,167 7,80 130,282 100
Fuentes: Research Guide to the Arid Lands of the World (Hopkings & Jones, 1983). Programa Hidrológico Internacional, UNESCO (1997).
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CUADRO 3SUPERFICIE DE ZONAS ARIDAS EN AMERICA DEL SUR
AREAS HIPERARIDO ARIDO SEMIARIDO SUBHUMEDO ARIDEZ AREATOTALTOTAL DEL
TERRITORIOkm2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 % km2 %
Argentina - - 675,020 24,3 878.983 31,6 389,060 14,0 1.943,063 69,6 2.777,815 100
Chile 117,398 15,6 158,809 21,2 19.721 2,6 58,609 7,5 352,537 46,9 751,626 100
Paraguay - - - - 52,877 13,0 111,450 27,4 164,327 40,4 406,752 100
Perú 80.968 6,3 48,838 3,8 128,520 10,0 258,328 20,1 516,654 40,2 1.285,215 100
Bolivia - - 80,196 7,3 121,942 11,1 126,335 11,5 328,473 29,9 1.098,581 100
Ecuador - - 15,029 3,4 5,920 1,3 68,316 15,2 89,265 19,9 447,610 100
Venezuela - - 7,296 0,8 25,537 2,8 71,139 7,8 103,972 11,4 912,050 100
Brasil - - - 329,425 4,6 408,195 4,8 807,620 9,4 8.511,965 100
Colombia - - 2,277 0,2 13,666 1,2 84,279 7,4 100,222 8,8 1.138,914 100
TOTAL 198,366 114 987,467 5,69 1.646,591 9,50 1.575,711 9,09 4.406,133 25,4217.330,528 100
Fuentes: Research Guide to the Arid Lands of the World (Hopkings & Jones, 1983). Programa Hidrológico Internacional, UNESCO (1997).
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THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY1. Definition of river basins (Divorsium Aquarium)
humid tropics and flatlands
2. Relationship between surface water (hydrologicalbasin) and ground water (hydrogeological basin)
A. No coincidence between hydrological andhydrogeological basins (space)
B. Scale of circulation speed (time)
- surface water ≅ 3-5 days- ground water ≅ 30-50 years- surface/ground water ratio ≅ 1:10.000
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3. Use of the river basin as the development unit in place of the present political division of countries
4. Development of the concept of condominium in:- cultural aspects- social aspects- political aspects- legal aspects
5. Development of the concept of sustainability
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CONCLUSIONS
1 The water crisis is mainly a crisis of governance
2 Increasing knowledge of freshwater ecosystemsand their relationship to water resources
3 Achieving water-food security
4 Meeting the challenge of urbanisation withplanning and coordination
5 Improving management of floods
6 More attention should be given to dissemination and information on water issues at stakeholder level
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REFERENCES1 Historia del agua por Alain Gioda. ORSTOM- Francia,
Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia, SENAMHI-Bolivia, CONAPHI-Bolivia. UNESCO-PHI. 1997.
2 Dividing water: Food security, ecosystem health and thenew politics of scarcity. WorldWatch paper 132. Sandra Postel, September 1996
3 Uso eficiente del agua - Editado por Héctor Garduño y Felipe Arreguín-Cortés. UNESCO-PHI. 1994
4 Agua, vida y desarrollo. Manual de uso y conservación del agua en zonas rurales de América Latina y el Caribe. Proyecto Regional Mayor para la utilización y conservación de los recursos hídricos en áreas rurales de América Latina y el Caribe (PRM). UNESCO. 1994.
5 Comprehensive assessment of freshwater resources of the world. Sustaining our waters into the 21st century. SEI, UNESCO et al. 1997
6 Desarrollo de escenarios futuros del agua en América Latina (v02). Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui. UNESCO. 1997
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7 The politics of scarcity of water in the Middle East. London, 1988-96.
8 Technical issues and recommendations on theimplementation of the U.S. Energy Policy Act, reportprepared for the American Water Works Association, Sept. 1995. Amy Vickers, Amy Vickers & Associates, Inc.
9 Jean-Louis Andreani et Martine Orange (28/01/97) Le Monde /Dossiers Documents N° 258, Octobre 1997
10 Avishay Braverman (12/04/96), Univ. Ben-Gourion duNéguev, Israel, dans Le Monde/Dossiers Documents N° 258, Octobre 1997
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12 Toma de decisión para líderes. Thomas Saaty, USA. 199713 Priorización y toma de decisiones ambientales. José
Mario Moreno Jiménez. España. 199714 O modelo multicriterio de decisão em grupo. Antonio
Manoel Machado Moreira. Brasil. 1997.
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15 Risk analysis: the unbearable cleverness of bluffing. V. Klemes. Canada. 1996.
16 Multicriteria decision analysis in water resources management. Edited by J. Bogardi & H.-P. Nachtnebel. UNESCO-IHP. 1994.
17 Conociendo la cuenca, UNESCO (PHI-EPD)/UNEP, 199518 Evaluación de los recursos hídricos - Manual para un
estudio de apreciación de las actividades nacionales, UNESCO/OMM, 1993
19 Catalogue of rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Regional Steering Committee on IHP-IV Project H-5-1 for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, November 1994
20 Sistema de información del ciclo hidrológico y lasactividades en recursos hídricos de América Latina y el Caribe (LACHYCIS). Carlos C. Fernández-Jáuregui, UNESCO/PHI, 1994-1999
21 Management von Wasserressourcen in Lateinamerika, Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui. Diskussionsforum, TechnischeUniversität Berlin, TU-International 24/25, 1994
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22 Uso eficiente del agua, IMTA y Comisión Nacional del Agua (México), UNESCO/PHI, IWRA, 1994
23 Abfallvermeidung, Ökobilanzen, 1994. Günter Fleischer, TU-Berlin, Germany
24 Taschenbuch der Wasserwirtschaft. Hans Bretschneider. Paul Parey, 7. Auflage, 1993. Berlin, Germany.
25 Prozeß und Bilanzprinzip - Ökobilanzen, TU-Berlin. Günter Fleischer, 1994
26 Proyecto GLOBESIGHT UNESCO/PHI. Los recursoshídricos superficiales y subterráneos: elementos base para la modelización y generación de escenarios futurosdel agua. Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui, UNESCO/PHI, 1997
27 Agua y desarrollo. Revista CIDOB d´Afers InternacionalsN° 45-46. Coordinado por Lucila Candela y Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui. España, abril 1999. ISSN 1133-6595
28 El agua como fuente de conflictos: Repaso de los focosde conflictos en el mundo. Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui, 1999. UNESCO-CIDOB Afers Internacionals N° 45-46
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29 El agua. Fundación CIDOB N° 62. España, 1998. ISSN 1132-6107
30 World Water Vision project. Messages to initiate consultation for the World Water Vision. First and second draft for internal use only. GWP/SAMTAC working document, other documents from World Water Vision Management Unit
31 Assessment for the development of a master plan and certification of environmental monitoring networks, Centro Sperimentale per l´Idrología e la Meteorología(CSIM/ARPAV), Padova, Italia. Carlos A. Fernández-Jáuregui, George Fleming, Andrew Folkard, Lars Christian Larsen, Silvano Pupolin. Documento en preparación (agosto 1999)
32 La Visión de América del Sur. Documento de trabajo. Agosto 1999. GWP/SAMTAC, UNESCO, CATHALAC, CEPAL y consultores
33 La Visión de Centroamérica, Caribe, USA y Canadá. Documento de trabajo. Julio-agosto 1999. GWP/SAMTAC, UNESCO, CATHALAC, OEA; CEPAL e institucionesnacionales de cada país
34 Otras fuentes. Textos y artículos sobre el desarrollo de escenarios y modelaje