water
DESCRIPTION
ALL ABOUT WATERTRANSCRIPT
ENVIROMENT CLUBENVIROMENT CLUB
Water PPTWater PPTMADE BY –ASHISH MADE BY –ASHISH
BHATIBHATI
Water FactsWater Facts
• Bathroom claims Bathroom claims nearly 75% of water nearly 75% of water useuse
• In 1990, the average In 1990, the average person used 183 person used 183 gallons of water per gallons of water per day.day.– The water use is about The water use is about
50% higher in the west 50% higher in the west than the east.than the east.
WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
Comparison of Comparison of population sizes and population sizes and shares of the world’s shares of the world’s freshwater among freshwater among the continents.the continents.
Figure 14-2Figure 14-2
Fig. 14-2, p. 307Fig. 14-2, p. 307
ContinenContinentt
Percent of world's water resources Percent of world's water resources and populationand population
AsiAsiaa 60.560.5
%%
3636%%
AfricAfricaa
1010%%
88%%EuropEurop
ee
North and North and Central AmericaCentral America 7.37.3
%%
South America South America and Caribbeanand Caribbean 6.46.4
%%
2626%%
1515%%
55%%OceaniOceani
aa
11.3%11.3%
0.5%0.5%
14%14%
WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALSome precipitation infiltrates the ground and Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and
is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).Water that does not sink into the ground or Water that does not sink into the ground or
evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) into bodies of water.into bodies of water.The land from which the surface water drains The land from which the surface water drains
into a body of water is called its into a body of water is called its watershedwatershed or or drainage basindrainage basin ..
Fig. 14-3, p. 308Fig. 14-3, p. 308
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge AreaUnconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Precipitat ioPrecipitat ion n
Evaporation and transpirat ionEvaporation and transpirat ionEvaporatioEvaporationn
ConfineConfined d RechargRecharge Areae Area
RunofRunofff
FlowinFlowing g artesiaartesian welln well
Recharge Recharge Unconfined Unconfined AquiferAquifer
Stream Stream Well Well requir ing a requir ing a pumppump
Infi l trationInfi l tration Water Water tabletable LakLak
eeInfi l trationInfi l trationUnconfined Unconfined aquiferaquiferConfined Confined aquiferaquiferConfining impermeable rock layer
Confining impermeable rock layer
Less permeable Less permeable material such as claymaterial such as clay
WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALWe currently use more than half of the We currently use more than half of the
world’s reliable runoff of surface water and world’s reliable runoff of surface water and could be using 70-90% by 2025.could be using 70-90% by 2025.
About 70% of the water we withdraw from About 70% of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to these sources.these sources.
Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by industries (20%) and cities and followed by industries (20%) and cities and residences (10%).residences (10%).
TOO LITTLE FRESHWATERTOO LITTLE FRESHWATER
About 41% of the world’s population lives About 41% of the world’s population lives in river basins that do not have enough in river basins that do not have enough freshwater.freshwater.
Many parts of the world are experiencing:Many parts of the world are experiencing:Rivers running dry.Rivers running dry.Lakes and seas shrinking.Lakes and seas shrinking.Falling water tables from overpumped Falling water tables from overpumped
aquifers.aquifers.
Case Study: Who Should Own Case Study: Who Should Own and Manage Freshwater and Manage Freshwater ResourcesResourcesThere is controversy over whether water There is controversy over whether water
supplies should be owned and managed by supplies should be owned and managed by governments or by private corporations.governments or by private corporations.
European-based water companies aim to European-based water companies aim to control 70% of the U.S. water supply by control 70% of the U.S. water supply by buying up water companies and entering into buying up water companies and entering into agreements with cities to manage water agreements with cities to manage water supplies.supplies.
Water Conservation:Water Conservation:
The Facts and What you Can do The Facts and What you Can do About it. About it.
Saving waterSaving water
• Add bricks or two liter bottles filled with Add bricks or two liter bottles filled with water to your tank to reduce gpf.water to your tank to reduce gpf.
• Add food coloring to the tank, wait 30 Add food coloring to the tank, wait 30 mins. If the bowl is colored then you have mins. If the bowl is colored then you have a tank leak.a tank leak.
• Running water while shaving or brushing Running water while shaving or brushing teeth, wastes more water than what one teeth, wastes more water than what one person needs for an entire week.person needs for an entire week.
RAINWATER RAINWATER HARVESTING HARVESTING
AND AND ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL
RECHARGE TO RECHARGE TO GROUND WATERGROUND WATER
PRESENTED BY
CHINTHU P WILSONS7,CIVIL ENGGRoll Number:20
GUIDED BY LECT. MANJU.P.MDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
WHAT IS RWH?WHAT IS RWH?RWH refers to collection and RWH refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other storage of rainwater and also other activity such as harvesting surface activity such as harvesting surface water extracting ground water , water extracting ground water , prevention of loss through prevention of loss through evaporation and seepageevaporation and seepage
PURPOSES OF PURPOSES OF RWHRWH
Stored for ready use in containersStored for ready use in containers ground or below ground ground or below ground
Charged into the ground for withdrawal Charged into the ground for withdrawal laterlater
BENEFITS OF RWHBENEFITS OF RWHRainwater harvesting prevents flooding of Rainwater harvesting prevents flooding of lowlying areaslowlying areas
Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables our dug wells and bore water table and enables our dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained mannerwells to yield in a sustained manner
It helps in the availability of clean water by It helps in the availability of clean water by reducing the salinity and the presence of iron reducing the salinity and the presence of iron saltssalts
STORAGE OF RAINWATER STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE USEUSE
CHECK DAMSCHECK DAMS
RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP CATCHMENTSCATCHMENTS
SUBSURFACE DAMSSUBSURFACE DAMS
FARM PONDSFARM PONDS
Fig. 14-25, p. 333Fig. 14-25, p. 333
What Can You What Can You Do?Do?
Water Use and Waste Water Use and Waste
• • Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators.Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators.
• • Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.
• • Stop water leaks.Stop water leaks.
• • Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or washing.washing.• • Flush toilets only when necessary.Flush toilets only when necessary.
• • Wash only ful l loads of clothes or use the lowest water-level Wash only ful l loads of clothes or use the lowest water-level for smaller loads.for smaller loads.
• • Use recycled (gray) water for lawn, gardens, house Use recycled (gray) water for lawn, gardens, house plants, car washing.plants, car washing.
• • Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rinsing only.for rinsing only.
• • If you use a commercial car wash, try to f ind one that recycles If you use a commercial car wash, try to f ind one that recycles its water.its water.
• • Replace your lawn with native plants that need l i t t le if any Replace your lawn with native plants that need l i t t le if any watering and decorative gravel or rocks.watering and decorative gravel or rocks.
• • Water lawns and gardens in the early morning or evening.Water lawns and gardens in the early morning or evening.
• • Sweep or blow off driveways instead of hosing off with Sweep or blow off driveways instead of hosing off with water.water.• • Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and f lowerbeds.Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and f lowerbeds.
RHH RHH TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE USEFOR FUTURE USE
RECHARGE TO GROUND WATERRECHARGE TO GROUND WATER
SUBSURFACE DAMSSUBSURFACE DAMS
CHECK DAMSCHECK DAMS
RAINWATER RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP CATCHMENTSROOFTOP CATCHMENTS
FARM PONDSFARM PONDS
Groundwater Depletion: Groundwater Depletion: A Growing ProblemA Growing Problem
The Ogallala, the world’s largest aquifer, is The Ogallala, the world’s largest aquifer, is most of the red area in the center (Midwest).most of the red area in the center (Midwest).
Areas of Areas of greatest aquifer greatest aquifer depletion from depletion from groundwater groundwater overdraft in the overdraft in the continental U.S.continental U.S.
Figure 14-8Figure 14-8
Fig. 14-24, p. 331Fig. 14-24, p. 331
SolutionSolutionss
Reducing Flood Reducing Flood Damage Damage
PreventioPrevention n
Control Control
Preserve forests Preserve forests on watershedson watersheds
Strengthen Strengthen and deepen and deepen streams streams (channelizatio(channelization)n)
Preserve and Preserve and restore wetlands restore wetlands in f loodplainsin f loodplains
Tax all Tax all development on development on f loodplainsfloodplains
Build levees or Build levees or f loodwalls f loodwalls along streamsalong streams
Use f loodplains Use f loodplains primari ly for primari ly for recharging recharging aquifers, aquifers, sustainable sustainable agriculture and agriculture and forestry, and forestry, and recreationrecreation
Build Build damsdams
RECHARGE TO GROUND RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER WATER
RECHARGE BORE PITRECHARGE BORE PIT
RECHARGE WELLRECHARGE WELL
RECHARGE WELL CUM BORE PITRECHARGE WELL CUM BORE PIT
SPREADING BASINSSPREADING BASINS
DITCHESDITCHES
HAND PUMPSHAND PUMPS
RECHARGE BORE PITRECHARGE BORE PIT
RECHARGE WELLRECHARGE WELL
DITCHESDITCHES
HAND PUMPSHAND PUMPS
THANK YOUTHANK YOU