water and sanitation: how can africa fill the gaps?
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Water and sanitation: How can Africa fill the gaps?. Insights from the African Economic Outlook 2007. Kenneth Ruffing, Project Co-ordinator OECD Development Centre and African Development Bank. Access to water and sanitation: the facts. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Water and sanitation: How can Africa fill the gaps?
Insights from the African Economic Outlook 2007Kenneth Ruffing, Project Co-ordinator
OECD Development Centre and African Development Bank
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Access to water and sanitation: the facts
• 10 million people / year have gained access to improved drinking water over 1990-2004 in sub-Saharan Africa; an additional 20 million/year need to gain access.
• The number of unserved has increased by about 60 million and SSA is unlikely to reach the MDGs by 2015.
• The situation is worse for sanitation: 7 million people/year have been connected; an additional 35 million people/year annually need access to improved sanitation
• If the MDGs were reached by 2015, 234 million people would still lack access to safe drinking water and 317 million to improved sanitation
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People w/o access to drinking water (ml)
Sub-Saharan Africa, 322
Sub-Saharan Africa, 369
Rest of the World, 747
Rest of the World, 550
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2004 2015 (p)
The world is progressing. On present trends, Africa’s share of the unserved is growing.
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
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People w/o access to sanitation (ml)
Sub-Saharan Africa, 463
Sub-Saharan Africa, 554
Rest of the World, 2149
Rest of the World, 1836
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2004 2015 (p)
Idem for sanitation but proportions are 3 times bigger.
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
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Access: some outstanding experiences
• North Africa:
– 91% have access to drinking water (highest level in developing world with Latin America).
– Sanitation coverage up by 12% points between 1990 and 2004 (at 75%), on track to reach the 83% target by 2015.
• Universal access to water in Mauritius and South Africa.
• Uganda: coverage for drinking water × 3 between 1990 and 2006 (from 21 to 61 per cent).
• Tanzania: 90% of population have access to some form of sanitation.
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A resource issue? No Renewable water per capita
(m3/inhab/yr)
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Africa
Central Africa
West Africa
Southern Africa
East Africa
North Africa
Source: FAO, Aquastat.
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Mainly a management issue
• Weak extraction capacities - except in North and South Africa
• Inefficient use: agricultural (68%), domestic (24%), industrial (8%).
• Industrial pollution, poor sanitation and sewage practices. In Congo, only 68% of SNE water samples comply with quality standard.
• Wastage: unaccounted for water reaches 50% in most cities. Botswana: 46%, Mauritius: 47%, Cairo & Alexandria: 50% (good practice: 15-20%)
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The challenges
• Implement integrated water resource management (IWRM)
• Strengthen local management
• Advance sanitation and wastewater treatment to the top of the development agenda
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Status of national IWRMLevel 1 Level 2 Level 3
North Africa EgyptMoroccoTunisiaMauritaniaSudan
AlgeriaLibya
Central Africa Cameroon BurundiCentral African Rep.ChadCongoDRCRwanda
Eastern Africa Uganda EritreaEthiopiaKenyaMauritiusTanzania
Western Africa
Burkina BeninGhanaMaliNigeriaSenegal
Southern Africa
NamibiaSouth AfricaZimbabwe
BotswanaMalawiMozambiqueSwazilandZambia
Source: Global Water Partnership, 2006
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Key management issues• Improve national water policies and legislation.
• Develop sound and autonomous regulation: monitor progress, set guidelines, design incentives to extend service provision and protect consumers (NWASCO in Zambia).
• Strengthen capacity on the ground (partnership in South Africa between TCTA and Umgeni Water).
• Harmonise different stakeholders’ interventions (SWAP in Uganda).
• Facilitate participation of all stakeholders: improve efficiency, maintenance, avoid conflict (Ghana community approach).
• Strengthen Regional cooperation
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Reducing the sanitation gap• Increasing access to drinking water can only be safely
achieved if sanitation is tackled simultaneously. Awareness raising: Senegal
• Investments are small compared to the returns, avoiding the health and environmental costs of inaction (WHO: economic benefits of meeting MDGs in Africa = $23 bl/yr).
• Overcome the segmentation in the sector: between administrations, among providers (Durban).
• Develop technologies adapted to communities’ needs.
• Invest in prevention campaigns (Community health clubs in Zimbabwe).
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Financing - a key issue for all stakeholders
• Investment needs: $20 b/yr until 2025, 1/3 for sanitation, ¼ for drinking water supply (African Water Vision 2025).
• Public money (national budgets and ODA) remains insufficient.
• National water providers have failed to achieve financial viability.
• Least attractive sector to private investors – but active in some countries.
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Strengthening utilities
• Financial independence: – Cost-recovery: affordability and cross-subsidisation– Sustainable & predictable public funding
• Capacity building through benchmarking and partnerships (ex: UNSGAB Water Operators Partnership).
• Small-scale local providers– Flexible, better knowledge of remote areas– But they need to be better regulated and their action
facilitated by institutional framework (Uganda Association of Private Water Operators)
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What role for the donor community?
Source: OECD/DAC
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Bilateral ODA
Multilateral ODA
Total Water ODA to Africa, $ billion, 2004 prices
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What role for the donor community?
• Using ODA to leverage further financing (Zambian Devolution Trust Fund).
• Using subsidies targeted on performance, such as Output-Based Aid (GPOBA in Mozambique).
• Develop innovative financial tools: sub-sovereign financing facility in local currency, risk mitigation through resource pooling.
• The role of the African development Bank: African Water Facility and the Rural Water and Sanitation Initiative.
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Thank you!Merci!
For more information:www.oecd.org/dev/aeo