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ENST 310: Agroecology Food Preservation Lab: Water Bath Canning Background You’ve spent countless hours in the heat of the summer tending your vegetable garden. You’ve used the best organic practices and followed all the best sustainable soil methods. And now, you’ve got more tomatoes, bell peppers, onions, and cucumbers than you can possibly eat before they go bad! What are you going to do with all this food? How can you preserve it so that it will last through the winter, when your garden is sleeping and the grocery stores are importing vegetables from Mexico? Vegetables and fruits begin losing some of their vitamins when immediately when harvested; in fact, nearly half the vitamins may be lost within only a few days! Refrigeration and cooling delays that loss slightly – cooled produce loses half or more of some of its vitamins within a week. Freezing is another option, but space is usually limited and the high water content in most vegetables changes their texture upon thawing. Canning can be a safe and economical way to preserve quality food at home. Though the heating during canning will cause some vitamins to deteriorate, most are preserved for up to a year or more. Canning food removes oxygen, destroys enzymes (i.e. stops the ripening process), and prevents the growth of undesirable bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Food acidity and processing methods There are two main ways of canning foods – water bath canning and pressure canning. The biggest food safety concern in choosing a method is killing and stopping the growth of Botulinum bacteria (which causes botulism), and there are two main factors that affect it’s growth: heat and acidity. Botulinum spores are generally hard to destroy at boilingwater temperatures, so foods that are neutral (not acidic) require a higher canning temperature. Sometimes these temperatures are higher than that we can achieve under atmospheric pressure, and are therefore only safe to can in a pressure canner, where the food can reach the temperature needed to kill the spores. We can also alter the pH of the food; highacid conditions (pH < 4.6) prevent the growth of Botulinum bacteria. Acid can either be a naturally occurring acid (e.g. that found in most fruits), or we can add a liquid acid (e.g.

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ENST  310:  Agroecology  Food  Preservation  Lab:  Water  Bath  Canning    Background     You’ve  spent  countless  hours  in  the  heat  of  the  summer  tending  your  vegetable  garden.      You’ve  used  the  best  organic  practices  and  followed  all  the  best  sustainable  soil  methods.    And  now,  you’ve  got  more  tomatoes,  bell  peppers,  onions,  and  cucumbers  than  you  can  possibly  eat  before  they  go  bad!    What  are  you  going  to  do  with  all  this  food?    How  can  you  preserve  it  so  that  it  will  last  through  the  winter,  when  your  garden  is  sleeping  and  the  grocery  stores  are  importing  vegetables  from  Mexico?         Vegetables  and  fruits  begin  losing  some  of  their  vitamins  when  immediately  when  harvested;  in  fact,  nearly  half  the  vitamins  may  be  lost  within  only  a  few  days!  Refrigeration  and  cooling  delays  that  loss  slightly  –  cooled  produce  loses  half  or  more  of  some  of  its  vitamins  within  a  week.      Freezing  is  another  option,  but  space  is  usually  limited  and  the  high  water  content  in  most  vegetables  changes  their  texture  upon  thawing.    Canning  can  be  a  safe  and  economical  way  to  preserve  quality  food  at  home.  Though  the  heating  during  canning  will  cause  some  vitamins  to  deteriorate,  most  are  preserved  for  up  to  a  year  or  more.    Canning  food  removes  oxygen,  destroys  enzymes  (i.e.  stops  the  ripening  process),  and  prevents  the  growth  of  undesirable  bacteria,  yeasts,  and  molds.      Food  acidity  and  processing  methods         There  are  two  main  ways  of  canning  foods  –  water  bath  canning  and  pressure  canning.    The  biggest  food  safety  concern  in  choosing  a  method  is  killing  and  stopping  the  growth  of  Botulinum  bacteria  (which  causes  botulism),  and  there  are  two  main  factors  that  affect  it’s  growth:  heat  and  acidity.    Botulinum  spores  are  generally  hard  to  destroy  at  boiling-­‐water  temperatures,  so  foods  that  are  neutral  (not  acidic)  require  a  higher  canning  temperature.    Sometimes  these  temperatures  are  higher  than  that  we  can  achieve  under  atmospheric  pressure,  and  are  therefore  only  safe  to  can  in  a  pressure  canner,  where  the  food  can  reach  the  temperature  needed  to  kill  the  spores.    We  can  also  alter  the  pH  of  the  food;  high-­‐acid  conditions  (pH  <  4.6)  prevent  the  growth  of  Botulinum  bacteria.    Acid  can  either  be  a  naturally  occurring  acid  (e.g.  that  found  in  most  fruits),  or  we  can  add  a  liquid  acid  (e.g.  

vinegar  or  citrus  juice  in  pickled  food).    Most  mixtures  of  low-­‐acid  and  acid  foods  have  pH  values  above  4.6,  so  we  often  add  lemon  juice,  citric  acid,  or  vinegar  to  make  them  more  acidic  and  therefore  safe  for  water  bath  canning.    Tomatoes  usually  are  considered  an  acid  food,  but  many  varieties  are  known  to  have  pH  values  slightly  above  4.6,  so  we  will  be  adding  lime  juice  to  ensure  a  proper  acidity  and  safety  of  the  end  product.    Bell  peppers,  onions,  and  garlic  are  all  low  acid  foods  as  well.    Other  factors  that  affect  water  bath  canning  procedures  include  altitude  (because  of  the  change  in  atmospheric  pressure)  and  processing  time.        Lab  objectives:  

• Become  familiar  with  water  bath  canning  techniques  and  methods  of  preserving  foods  

• Understand  the  difference  between  water  bath  canning,  pressure  canning,  and  other  methods  of  shelf-­‐stable  food  preservation  

 Materials    We  will  be  working  in  four  groups.    Each  group  will  make  approximately  6-­‐8  pints  of  salsa.    Each  group  needs  the  following:    Food  prep  (pre-­‐canning)

• Knives  • Cutting  board  • Colander  

• Saucepan  • Scale    • Wooden  stirrer  

• Measuring  cups  and  spoons  

• Latex  gloves    Water  Bath  Canning  Tools  

§ Canner:    Must  be  at  least  2  inches  taller  than  the  largest  jar  you  use  with  a  rack  for  holding  the  jars  off  the  bottom  of  the  canner.      Jars  must  be  covered  by  1  inch  of  water;  the  additional  space  is  to  allow  room  for  a  vigorous  boil  during  processing.  

• Jar  lifter:    To  lift  jars  out  of  the  boiling  water.    • Magnet:  for  lifting  lids  out  of  boiling  water  • Funnel:  For  filling  jars  1-­‐  pint  canning  jars    (e.g.  Mason  jars)  with  2-­‐piece  metal  lids    • Rags    • Chopsticks:  For  removing  air  pockets  

 Food:    See  recipe  below  for  exact  quantities  

• Tomatoes  • Onions  • Bell  peppers  

• Garlic  • Jalapenos  • Salt  

• Lime  juice  • Cumin  • Cilantro

 Pocedure  Short  version:      

1. Sterilize  jars  2. Make  food  3. Fill  jars  4. Process  

 

Long  version:    1. Examine  jars  for  any  nicks,  

cracks,  uneven  rim  surfaces  or  other  damage  –  do  not  use  damaged  jars.    

2. Place  jars  into  canner  on  canner  rack  (include  1  or  2  extra  jars,  if  possible,  to  accommodate  varying  yields).    Fill  with  water  to  at  least  1  inch  over  the  top  of  the  jars.  If  you  use  unfiltered,  hard  water,  add  2-­‐3  tbsp  vinegar  to  the  water  to  prevent    mineral  deposits  from  collecting  on  your  jars.    Boil  jars  for  15  minutes  to  sterilize.        

3. Place  the  jar  lids  into  a  small  bowl  and  cover  with  boiling  water;  let  sit  until  ready  to  process.    Set  screw  bands  aside.    

4. Prepare  recipe.    (See  below)  5. While  recipe  is  cooking,  set  up  your  canning  area.      Clear  a  spot  on  the  countertop,  

lay  out  a  towel,  funnel,  magnet,  lids  in  water  bowl,  clean  towel,  jar  lifter,  screwtop  bands,  and  potholders.    

6. Fill  jars:  • Remove  jars  from  the  canner,  pouring  hot  water  back  into  the  canner  (keep  the  

heat  beneath  the  canner  on  low,  and  keep  the  canner  water  at  a  low  simmer  while  filling  jars)  and  place  on  the  towel.      

• Set  funnel  in  the  top  of  the  jar  and  ladle  the  prepared  food  into  the  jar,  leaving  ½  inch  headspace,  which  is  the  space  between  the  top  of  the  jar  and  the  top  of  the  food  (See  figure  above).    

• Tap  the  bottom  of  the  jar  on  your  work  surface  a  few  times.    Slide  chopstick  down  between  the  food  and  the  edges  of  the  jar,  moving  the  handle  up  and  down  as  you  rotate  the  jar.    This  releases  any  air  pockets  that  may  cause  seal  failure;  adjust  headspace  if  necessary  by  adding  more  salsa.  

7. Dip  the  edge  of  a  paper  towel  or  clean  kitchen  towel  into  the  water  and  wipe  the  jar  rim  and  threads.  Remove  ALL  food  on  the  jar  rim.  

8. Using  magnetic  jar  lifter,  lift  a  lid  out  of  the  bowl  and  gently  place  on  the  jar;  try  not  to  handle  it  with  your  hands.  

9. Place  the  screwband  on  the  jars  and  tighten  until  it  is  just  fingertip  tight  (if  it  is  too  tight,  pressure  built  up  inside  the  jar  from  the  boiling  food  will  not  be  able  to  release).  

10. Using  jar  lifter,  return  the  jars  to  the  canner  pot.    Do  not  process  jars  that  are  not  completely  full.      You  can  store  this  food  in  the  fridge  and  use  within  a  few  weeks.  

11. Replace  the  canner  lid  and  turn  the  heat  up  to  high  to  bring  the  water  back  to  a  full  boil.    Once  boiling,  start  your  kitchen  timer  and  process  at  a  rolling  boil  for  the  time  specified  in  the  recipe.  

12. When  the  timer  goes  off,  turn  off  the  heat,  remove  the  canner  lid,  and  let  the  jars  rest  in  the  canner  water  for  5  more  minutes.    Then,  remove  the  jars  from  the  hot  water,  and  place  them  on  a  kitchen  towel.      Be  careful  not  to  tilt  the  jars  excessively  or  let  food  to  touch  the  jar  lid,  as  it  may  interfere  with  the  jar  producing  a  tight  seal.  You  should  start  hearing  the  “ping”  that  signals  a  jar  lid  sealing  within  minutes,  but  for  different  recipes,  it  takes  different  amounts  of  time.      

13. Allow  the  jars  to  rest  undisturbed  for  24  hours.    If  any  jars  did  not  seal,  either  put  that  jar  into  the  fridge  and  use  within  a  week  or  two,  or  re-­‐process  (in  a  clear  jar,  with  new  lids,  etc).  

 Recipe  for  salsa  

• 1200  g  tomatoes,  chopped,  skinned,  and  drained  • 1.5  cup  lime  or  lemon  juice*  • 660  g  onions,  diced  • 390  g  bell  peppers,  diced  • 90  g  jalapeno,  diced  (leave  seeds  for  hot  salsa,  remove  for  medium  salsa,  OMIT  for  

mild  salsa*)  • 60  g  garlic,  diced  • 1.5  tsp  salt  • OPTIONAL:  cilantro  and/or  cumin,  to  taste      *Notes:    

1. Lemon  juice  will  give  a  more  mild  taste  to  the  salsa,  lime  will  give  it  a  more  “authentic”  flavor    

2. If  omitting  jalapenos,  add  extra  90  g  bell  peppers    Prep  vegetables:    The  tomatoes  we’re  using  have  been  frozen  and  thawed,  so  we  need  to  skin  them  and  drain  their  liquid  (to  prevent  a  watery  salsa).    Loose  skins  should  peel  off  easily.    Dice  tomato  flesh  into  approximately  ¼  inch  cubes  and  drain  the  juices  through  a  colander.  Dice  onions  and  peppers  into  approximately  ¼  cubes.    De-­‐seed  jalapeño  peppers  (see  note  above).    Mince  garlic  or  use  garlic  press.        Weigh  the  vegetables  AFTER  prepping.    Combine  all  of  the  ingredients  in  a  saucepan  and  bring  to  boil  over  medium  heat  while  stirring.  Reduce  heat  and  simmer  for  5-­‐10  minutes,  or  until  thickened  slightly.    Fill  jars  according  to  process  outlined  above,  and  process  for  15  minutes  in  a  boiling  water  canner.    Sources:  http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-­‐food/canning/water-­‐bath-­‐pressure-­‐canning-­‐zecz11zsmi.aspx  USDA  Complete  Guide  to  Home  Canning,  available  online:  http://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/usda/GUIDE%201%20Home%20Can.pdf