water chapter 2 p. 47-49. chemistry review bonds covalent sharing of electrons strong equal...
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WATERCHAPTER 2 P. 47-49
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CHEMISTRY REVIEW
• BONDS
• COVALENT
• SHARING OF ELECTRONS
• STRONG
• EQUAL SHARING=NON-POLAR COVALENT
• UNEQUAL SHARING=POLAR COVALENT
• IONIC
• ATTRACTION BETWEEN TW0 CHARGE ATOMS OR MOLECULES
• POSITIVE= CATION
• NEGATIVE= ANION
• CHARGES CANCEL=NEUTRAL IONIC COMPOUND
• DISSOCIATES IN WATER
Electronegative atoms atoms with a strong attraction for electrons….greedy!
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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• HYDROGEN BONDS (NOT A “TRUE” BOND)
• BETWEEN THE HYDROGEN ATOM IN ONE MOLECULE AND AN ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM IN ANOTHER MOLECULE (O, F, N)
• VAN DER WAALS FORCES• ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO POLAR
MOLECULES
• (OPPOSITES ATTRACT)
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WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• BIOCHEMICAL
• 80% OF A LIVING ORGANISM COMPOSED OF WATER
• ¾ OF EARTH COVERED IN WATER
• HUMANS ARE ABOUT 60% WATER
• 2 REASONS WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT1. MAJOR COMPONENT OF CELLS (70-95% OF MASS OF CELL)
2. PROVIDES ENVIRONMENT FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS TO LIVE
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STRUCTURE OF WATER MOLECULE
• H2O TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS COVALENTLY BONDED TO ONE GREEDY OXYGEN
• OXYGEN IS ELECTRONEGATIVE
• UNEQUAL SHARING OF HYDROGEN’S ELECTRONS (ELECTRONS SPEND MORE TIME AROUND OXYGEN'S ORBITALS)=POLARITY
• HYDROGENS IN WATER MOLECULE HAVE A SLIGHTLY + CHARGE
• OXYGEN IN WATER MOLECULE HAS A SLIGHTLY – CHARGE
• DIPOLE SMALL CHARGES ON DIFFERENT ATOMS WITHIN A SINGLE MOLECULE; UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF A CHARGE
• WATER HAS 3 DIPOLES…2 POSITIVE AND 1 NEGATIVE
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HYDROGEN BONDING & WATER
• HYDROGEN BONDS RESTRICT MOVEMENT OF LIQUID WATER
• LIQUID WATER
• CONSTANTLY FORMING AND BREAKING HYDROGEN BONDS
• DENSE
• SOLID WATER
• HYDROGEN BONDS BECOME FIXED (STUCK)
• LESS DENSE THAN LIQUID
• WATER’S POLARITYHYDROGEN BONDING UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. SOLVENT PROPERTIES
2. THERMAL PROPERTIES
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THING TO KNOW:ROLE OF WATER IN LIVING ORGANISMS IN
REFERENCE TO…..
1. SOLVENT ACTION
2. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
3. LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
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SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF WATER• DIPOLES ON WATER MOLECULES ENABLE MOLECULES TO SURROUND OTHER POLAR OR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
• I.E. SODIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER
• POLAR MOLECULES AND IONS CAN DISSOLVE
• GOOD SOLVENT• THIS ALLOWS WATER TO TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES AROUND BODY OF ORGANISMS
• EXAMPLES:
• MAMMALS BLOOD PLASMA IS MOSTLY WATER CARRYING GLUCOSE, OXYGEN, AND IONS (NA+)
• LYMPHATIC, DIGESTIVE, AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS
• PLANTS NUTRIENTS FROM SOIL TO ALL PARTS OF THE PLANT
• VASCULAR TISSUE
• ENABLES WATER TO BE A MEDIUM FOR METABOLIC REACTIONS
• CYTOPLASM OF CELLS
• MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA
• STROMA OF CHLOROPLAST
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Water as a solvent in plants
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
WATER….
• IS LIQUID AT NORMAL EARTH TEMPERATURES• H-BONDS PREVENT WATER MOLECULES FROM
FLYING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER (LIKE A GAS)
• BETWEEN 0* AND 100* WATER IS LIQUID
• FORMING AND BREAKING H-BONDS CONSTANTLY
• TRANSITORY BONDS
• HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) SIMILAR STRUCTURE TO WATER BUT GAS AT ROOM TEMP. B/C IT LACKS HYDROGEN BONDS
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER•HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY= AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY THAT MUST BE ADDED TO A GIVEN MASS TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE BY 1* C
• LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO RAISE TEMPERATURE OF WATER
• SMALL AMOUNT NEEDED TO HEAT AIR
• LARGE BODIES OF WATER SLOW TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE AS ENVIRONMENT CHANGES
• STABLE HABITATS
• INSIDE OF ORGANISMS PRIMARILY COMPOSED OF WATER STABLE ENVIRONMENT STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
• TEMPERATURE = KINETIC ENERGY
• HIGH TEMP = HIGH KINETIC ENERGY
• IN ORDER TO INCREASE TEMPERATURE OF EATER, HEAT MUST NOT ONLY INCREASE THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WATER MOLECULES, BUT ALSO BREAK HYDROGEN BONDS
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
• HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURISATION• DEF: A MEASURE OF THE HEAT ENERGY NEEDED TO VAPORIZE A LIQUID
(CAUSE IT TO EVAPORATE)
• LIQUID TO GAS
• LIQUID WATER TO WATER VAPOUR
• BECAUSE OF HYDROGEN BOND, LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY ARE NEEDED FOR VAPORIZATION TO OCCUR (H-BONDS MUST BE BROKEN FOR WATER TO ESCAPE AS A GAS)
• WATER HAS HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
• THIS LEADS TO HIGH HEAT CAPACITY
• DURING VAPOURIZATION:
• ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO WATER MOLECULES AS THEY BECOME A GAS
• THIS MEANS THAT LIQUID WATER REMAINING LOSES ENERGY FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS = COOLING DOWN OF LIQUID WATER
• WHEN WATER EVAPORATES, IT ABSORBS LOTS OF ENERGY FORM SURROUNDINGS
• EVAPORATION OF WATER HAS A COOLING EFFECT
• SWEAT
• PANTING
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
• HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURISATION
• FREEZING OF WATER IS THE OPPOSITE OF VAPORIZATION• WHEN GOING FROM LIQUID WATER TO
SOLID ICE, WATER MOLECULES MUST LOSE A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• WATER MOLECULES LITERALLY RELEASE ENERGY WHEN THEY FREEZE….THIS WARMS UP THEIR SURROUNDINGS…
• WATER UNDERNEATH A LAYER OF ICE WARMS UP, PREVENTING A LAKE FROM FREEZING STRAIGHT THROUGH
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER• FREEZES FROM THE TOP DOWN
• LIQUID WATER BECOMES DENSE AS IT COOLS
• WATER MOLECULES LOSE KINETIC ENERGY AND MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER
• AT 4*C, WATER IS LIQUID
• AT 0*C, WATER IS SOLID
• WATER MOLECULES FOR A LATTICE
• WIDELY SPACED WATER MOLECULES B/C HYDROGEN BONDS ARE FIXED
• ICE IS LESS DENSE THEN WATER (IT FLOATS)
• LAYER OF ICE = INSULATOR
• SLOWS DOWN THE LOSS OF HEAT FROM THE WATER BENEATH IT
• MARINE ORGANISM SURVIVE WINTER
• CHANGES IN DENSITY OF WATER CURRENTS
• MAINTAIN CIRCULATION OF NUTRIENTS IN BODIES OF WATER
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COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE PROPERTIES
• ADHESION• WATER STICKS TO OTHER MOLECULES
• WALLS OF XYLEM
• COHESION• WATER STICKS TO WATER
• HIGH COHESION = HIGH SURFACE TENSION
• CAPILLARY ACTION= ADHESION +COHESION
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WATER AS A REAGENT
• A REACTANT IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• EXAMPLES?
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• ENERGY FROM SUN IS USED TO SEPARATE THE HYDROGEN IONS FROM THE OXYGEN IN THE WATER MOLECULE
• PHOTOLYSIS SUNLIGHT BREAKING UP WATER MOLECULES INTO HYDROGEN IONS AND OXYGEN MOLECULE
• HYDROGEN IONS USED TO FUEL THE REST OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS TO MAKE GLUCOSE (ELECTRONS ALSO RELEASED TO GO DOWN ETC)
• OXYGEN MOLECULES ARE RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AS A WASTE PRODUCT BUT USED AS A REACTANT IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
• HYDRO= WATER
• LYSIS= TO BREAK DOWN
• WATER IS USED TO BREAK DOWN LARGER MOLECULES (LIKE POLYSACCHARIDES, PROTEINS, FATS)
• COMMON IN DIGESTION
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WATER MOLECULE ACTIVITY
• GO TO TABLE WITH YOUR ASSIGNED NUMBER
• SMART PHONE APP REQUIRED:
FLIPAGRAM• MATERIALS
• WHITE PAPER
• RED PAPER
• BLACK PIPE CLEANERS
• COLORED YARN
• SCISSORS
• DRY ERASE BOARD AND MARKER
• SMART PHONE
• BEIGE PAPER (BACKDROP)
• Your group needs to create at least 15 water molecules• White = hydrogen• Red = oxygen• Black Pipe cleaners
= covalent bond • Colored yarn shows
hydrogen bonds• Use dry erase boards
to label each stage• Stages of Water to
represent:• Liquid water• Solid Water• Water Vapor• A lake covered with a
layer of ice
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PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS• WRITE OUT QUESTION AND DETERMINE CORRECT ANSWER
11.