11/27/2012 1

Water Development Strategies for the Agricultural Sector in the Lower Jordan Valley: Case study

Jericho-Auja, Palestine

Ayman A.M ShawahnaSupervisors:

Dr.-Ing. Bernd RustebergProf. Dr. Martin Sauter

Dr. Amer Marei

11/27/2012 2

Case Study Area(Auja,Nwi‘mah&Qilt) in Lower Jordan Valley

The catchment under study (Wadis Auja, Quilt and Nuiema ) extends from the water divide running along the Ramallah anticline axis in the west to the Jordan Valley in the east, and from the Wade Fri'a in the north including the Wadi Qilt in the south to the Jordan River in the east.

A total area of 577 Km² , and population are (4548) of Auja ,(1374) of Al Nwui’ma

Elevation catchment is between 600m asl and -250(bsl)

The climate is arid to semi-arid with average annual rainfall between 100mm and 700mm and high evaporation reach 2300mm/a (PMD,2011).

Agr.Water resources are from 3 main springs (Auja, Qilt and AlDuke), 35 Agr. Wells .

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Challenges Political and administrative constraints with regards the

usage of water resources. Complex and difficult social dimension(Rejection of using

Treated Waste water(Al-Bireh WWTP:2.0MCM/a,Jericho WWTP: 1.5 MCM/a)

Complexity of hydrological systems Lack of agricultural and water sector specific legislations,

regulations and mean and long-term water action plans Water scarcity and inequity distribution of water in

irrigated agricultural lands(Individual owners) Qualitative degradation of regional water resources Leakage of sector data and net resources Poor technical level in some water sectors.

11/27/2012 4

Problem StatementNeed for sustainable development of the agricultural sector

1- Agricultural Sector is the dominating water sector in the LJV, with extremely high water demand, especially in the summer season

2- Groundwater Depletion: Agriculture Wells(35), 16 of these wells were stop pumping over past 4 years has dried Abs.1.3MCM(2010)

3- Springs fluctuation in Winter and dried in Summer (24MCM )

4- Wadies Flooding in winter(Qilt(3-11 MCM), Auja(2-3MCM),Nwi’mah(1-2MCM)

5-Source and non Source pollution (Pesticides , Sewage water.

6- Significant brackish groundwater resources with increasing impact on soil salinity

7- Extension of irrigated areas is urgently required in order to ensure socio-economic development

11/27/2012 5

Resarch Objectives Identify water development strategies as combined

measures which ensure sustainability in agriculture Study social, economic and environmental performance

of these strategies Identifiy priority interventions with regards to water

production and hydro-infrastructure Study different water allocation and storage schemes

(MAR) for agricultural extension, taking water quality and the salinization problem into consideration.

Compare options with regards to the extension of regular agriculture, the introduction of salt resistant crops (palm

trees, sugar cane) and new irrigations technologies.

11/27/2012 6

Methodology Data collection (stakeholders consultations and field data) Characterizing of the case study are Definition of socio-economic development scenarios Water Resources System Analysis and Water Budgets Selection of most appropriate technological measures and

interventions. Definition of alternative water development strategies as

combined measures. Selection of socio-economic and environmental indicators as

basis for Multi-Criteria-Analysis. Application of mathematical models to simulate groundwater

flow and transport, underground storage of water, crop water requirements and soil salinity for impact assessment and water planning

Evaluation of alternative agricultural development option with regards to the extension of irrigated areas

Final strategy evaluation and ranking

11/27/2012 7

Characterizing of the case study1-Main springs(Auja, Qilt and Al Dyouk)2-Agriculture Wells (35)3-Three main Wadies(Auj,Qilt and Nwui’mah)4-Elevation between 600 and -250

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Characterizing of the case study:Springs & Wells,Quality &quantity1-Depletion of water Table around 1m yearly2-Increasing of Salinity(EC=3000µs/cm,cl=900mg/L)3-Abs. has reduced in U.G wells from 6MCM to 1.35MCM durind last 10 years)

Abstraction of 35 Agr. wells

4308418 4308240

1346373

6185310

22257720

5000000

10000000

Agr. Wells(35 well)Year(CM)

Agr. Wells(35well)

6E+06

4E+06

5E+06

5E+06

2E+06

4E+06

4E+06

4E+06

2E+06

1E+06

Year(CM) 0 200120022003200420052006200720082009

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Springs Discharg

33660056.44

28007990

33504013(2005)

18082800(2008)

0100000002000000030000000400000005000000060000000

Al Dyu

k

Al Nwai'

mah

Al Shu

sah

Al Sult

an

Al 'Auja

Al Qilt

& Al Faw

war

Al Faw

warFara

Al Jum

maizah

Al Ru'y

an

TotalDischarge(2005-2008)Year 2008

Year 2007

year 2006

year 2005

Springs Salinity

EC EC

EC

EC

EC

EC

EC EC EC

EC EC

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/9/2007 6/18/2007 6/18/2007

Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho

Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Al 'Auja Wadi AlQilt

Wadi AlQilt

Al Dyuk Al Dyuk AlNwai'mah

AlNwai'mah

Al Shusah Al Shusah Al Sultan Al Sultan Al 'Auja Al Fawwar Al Qilt

AC/060 AC/060 AC/060A AC/060A AC/060B AC/060B AC/061 AC/061 AR/020 AS/020a AS/020b

Cl EC

Wells Salinity

324

659

274

963750

943

588811

1146

406527

720

1338

983

13081240

750

140013181166

850870760

203

720

1217994

91

953

610

355

750

1360

1030

4800 431

0405

00

447

0

132

344354360

381

385

328366

340

336329

323

302358337 309

340

365 348

360

352

336

346

332

1869

1521

811

-343

-362

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200

1/13/2

010

11/11

/2009

23/12

/2009

23/12

/2009

11/11

/2009

23/12

/2009

3/2/201

0

1/5/201

0

1/5/201

015

/12/20

0915

/12/20

09

3/2/201

0

2/3/201

0

WT

NO3

Cl

Springs Behavior and Effects of Irrigation Planes

Al D

uke

Al N

wai

'mah

Al S

ulta

nA

l Auj

a

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

800000010000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

18000000

2008 2007 2006 2005

Al DukeAl Nwai'mahAl ShushahAl SultanAl AujaAl Qilt &Al FaraAl FawwarFara Ein FaraAl JummaizeAl Ru'yanLinear (Al Auja)Linear (Al Sultan)Linear (Al Duke)

11/27/2012 9

Water Resources in the CSA:Agr. Wells(WT Depletion), Dried wells and Rehabilitation

Agr.Wells Abs. in case Study Area

6185310

1346373

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

years

CM

Agr.Wells(Dried/high Salinity by 2007)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

years

Abs

.(CM

)PM D_Code19-14/00219-14/00519-14/00919-14/01019-14/01219-14/01519-14/01919-14/020

Well No.19-13/006

05000

10000150002000025000300003500040000

Feb-00

May-00

Aug-00

Nov-00

Feb-01

May-01

Aug-01

Nov-01

Feb-02

May-02

Aug-02

Nov-02

Feb-03M

onth

ly R

eadi

ng o

f Abs

(CM

)

Series1

Well No.!9-13/020

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Feb-00

May-00

Aug-00

Nov-00

Feb-01

May-01

Aug-01

Nov-01

Feb-02

May-02

Aug-02

Nov-02

Feb-03

Mon

thly

Rea

ding

(CM

)

11/27/2012 10

Rain fall(Very low precipitation rates(99 mm.2011, Jericho station), high potential evaporation (2316mm/year)

Evp., Temp. &Rainfall CSA (2011)

Max.Temp

Evap(mm)

0

50100

150

200

250300

350

400

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June Ju

l

Aug

Sep Oct

Non

Dec

Max.TempRain(mm)Evap(mm)Poly. (Evap(mm))

Rain fall Trends(2000-2010)

494.7

816.6986.6

537.1633.7658.1

528.3 488626.2641.03

131.8 198 240.3112.7161.5129.5122.2111.4141.7149.90

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Averag

e

RamallahJerichoPoly. (Ramallah)Poly. (Jericho)

Rain (mm), 2010-2011,Jericho station

22.2

17.2

10.3

16.7

30 0 0

10.8

0

15.6

3.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan

Feb Mar AprMay

June Ju

lAug Sep Oct Non

Dec

Rain (mm)

11/27/2012 11

Example:Main Crops Cost &Water consumption(Nwi’mahArea)

Ban

anas

Bea

ns

Cap

sicu

m

Citr

us T

rees

Cab

bage

Cor

n

Cuc

umbe

r

Egg

plan

t

Tom

atoe

s

Veg

etab

les

Zucc

hini

Kg/CM

2.44

3.27

4.854.42

2.42

3.6

4.72

3.52

4.54

2.51.89

0

1

2

3

4

5

Kg/CMNIS/kgCrop Type

Kg/CM

, Bananas, 2.44Beans, 3.27Capsicum, 4.85

Citrus Trees, 4.42Cabbage, 2.42Corn, 3.6Cucumber, 4.72

Eggplant, 3.52

Tomatoes, 4.54

Vegetables, 2.5

Zucchini, 1.89

BananasBeansCapsicumCitrus TreesCabbageCornCucumberEggplantTomatoesVegetablesZucchini

Kg/CM,

Bananas, 2.44

Beans, 3.27

Capsicum, 4.85

Citrus Trees, 4.42

Cabbage, 2.42Corn, 3.6

Cucumber, 4.72

Eggplant, 3.52

Tomatoes, 4.54

Vegetables, 2.5

Zucchini, 1.89 Bananas

Beans

Capsicum

Citrus Trees

Cabbage

Corn

Cucumber

Eggplant

Tomatoes

Vegetables

Zucchini

13066921466Total

0.741.891.725002672003291Zucchini

0.562.555200061Other Veg.

0.314.543.878481865245219Tomatoes

0.43.522.417092017686294Eggplant

0.34.723.368417800525Cucumber

0.393.62.927620900326Corn

0.582.421.46326000345Cabbage

0.324.423.753006800012080Citrus Trees

0.294.853.7719640400552Capsicum

0.433.272.298280034Beans

0.572.443.79107538510047284Bananas

(months)

NIS/kgKg/CMProduction Ton / Dunum

Quantity of production (Ton)

Quantity of water required for crop(m3) per season

Average Cropping Time

Planted area (dunum)

Crop Type

11/27/2012 12

Land Cover use(CSA & Nwui’maExample)

Land Cover use in CSA

Auja, Cultivated Land(dun.)

Auja, Land Under Temporarily Fallow (dun.)

Auja, Vegetables (dun.)

Nuw i'ma, Horticulture Trees(dun.)

Nuw i'ma, Vegetables (dun.)Nuw i'ma, Field

Crops(dun.)

Nuw i'ma, Cultivated Land(dun.)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Auja

Nuw i'ma

Qilt

Auja 245 2.6 4370.53 0.01 1152.5 1001.15 1751.64 394

Nuw i'ma 81 0 925.74 0 72.4 306.4 814.5 92

Qilt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No. of Agr. Holders

Permanent Meadow s

Cultivated Land(dun.)

Wooded Land(dun.)

Land Under Temporarily

Horticulture Trees(dun.)

Vegetables (dun.)

Field Crops(dun.

EVT Calulation:Water Demand according to Cult.Area and Crops(Nwui'ma Area),2011

Tomato

CornBan

ana

Date Palms

Citrous

Olives

Potato

Beens

Zuchin

i

Cucombe

rs

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MC

M

11/27/2012 13

Sample Calculation Crop Factor& Irrigation(NWui’ma Area)

EVT Calulation:Water Demand according to Cult.Area and Crops(Nwui'ma Area),2011

Tomato

CornBan

anaDate Palm

sCitro

us Olive

s

Potato

Beens

Zuchin

i

Cucombe

rs

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MCM

2.07691.466000

0.423070001959.82700.7900.71500.7300.65Olives

0.13800002326.23650.67950.72100.65600.7Citrous

0.281300002326.20.930.950.950.9Date Palms

0.542840002326.2755

Calculatetionbaised 1 year0.8151.24201.053300.5Banana

0.017226000711.51800.93400.421101.2300.6Corn

0.01174000321900.91100.9601.05200.5Beens Green

0.0381000004111250.92300.75701.15250.5Potato

0.197291000753900.9150.75600.95250.5Zuchini

0.203250009221050.88150.8701200.5Cucombers

0.2421900010901350.98250.8801.152300.7Tomato

ETcMCM(Cult.Area)

Cult.Area(m²)

ET0(1 year Max.)

Time Cycle(Day)KC(Tot Prtion)

Time end

Kc EndTime mid

Kc MidTim inKc inCrop

11/27/2012 14

Options/Measures under Investigation(basic)

Desalination of brackish groundwater resources, Wells in CSA/Fechka spring)

Waste water reuse in agriculture Underground storage of water and strategic water

recovery based on MAR Rehabilitation of dried wells and drilling new wells Flood water harvesting (dams and large bonds) Introduction of salt-resistant crops Implementation of new irrigation technologies Improved irrigation management and water allocation Mixing of water of different qualities Water import

11/27/2012 15

Your Attention is Highly Appreciated

Thank You