water. earth’s hydrosphere hydrosphere = all the parts of the earth that are made up of water...
TRANSCRIPT
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Water
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Earth’s Hydrosphere• Hydrosphere = all the parts of the earth
that are made up of water – Oceans, Lakes, Rivers– Underground water, clouds
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The Hydrosphere• More than 70% of
Earth’s surface is covered by water.
• > 97% of the
hydrosphere is salt water – Oceans– Salt Lakes (Great Salt
Lake in Utah)
• Salt water = Water that contains dissolved salts – 35 g of salt/liter of ocean
water
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Fresh Water• Less dissolved salt
than salt water
• Lakes, ponds, streams & underground water
• <3% of the hydrosphere – >2/3 = frozen glaciers
and ice caps
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Fresh Water• Surface water = water in lakes, streams, and
rain runoff• Ground water = found beneath the surface of the
earth – Moves more easily through rock layers that are
porous – Aquifer = an underground layer of porous rock that
contains water
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Aquifers• Sometimes flow between two
layers of rock that water cannot seep through
• Pressure accumulates – Water pressure – Weight of rock layer above
water
• Artesian Wells = wells in which water flows to the surface due to high pressure
• Water contained in aquifers is replenished very slowly
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Aquatic Biomes
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Aquatic Biomes• Water covers more than 70% of earth. • Aquatic Habitat = a habitat in which
organisms live in or on water.
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Aquatic Biomes• Not grouped
geographically the way that terrestrial biomes are
• Aquatic biomes are: – Scattered– Determined by
depth rather than location
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Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors which determine aquatic biomes and terrestrial biomes are not the same
• Abiotic factors in terrestrial biomes: – Temperature – Rainfall
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Abiotic Factors: Aquatic Biomes• Amount of dissolved salts in the water• Depth of the water • Rate of water flow• Amount of dissolved oxygen in the water
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Salinity• Aquatic biomes can be divided into two main groups
based on the amount of dissolved minerals in the water. – Saltwater– Freshwater
• All water contains some dissolved salts and other minerals. – Saltwater contains more than freshwater.
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Salinity
• Salinity = the amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water.
– Measured in parts per
thousand or parts per million (ppm)
– Ocean water = 30 parts per thousand
– Freshwater = < .5 parts per thousand
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Salinity
• Brackish Water = water that is more saline than freshwater but less saline than ocean water.
– Common in river
deltas and coastal marshes
– Where fresh water meets the ocean
Ex: Where the Mississippi River meets the Gulf of Mexico
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Freshwater Salinity• Lakes, Ponds,
Rivers
• Exceptions = hypersaline (more saline than the ocean!) lakes – Great Salt Lake in
Utah, Mono Lake in California
– 40 parts per thousand
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Salinity vs. Density
• Saltwater is denser than fresh water:
– Salinity is tested using a hydrometer
– Measures buoyancy (how much mass can float on the water)
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Temperature vs. Density • Warm water is
less dense than cooler water
– Water temperatures decrease & density increases at lower water depth zones
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Depth• Ecosystem is greatly influenced by the
amount of sunlight that penetrates to the bottom. – Determines the type of plants that grow– Remember: producers (includes plants) form
the base of the food web!
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Depth Zones• Photic Zone = the top
layer of water, which receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur– Depth of the photic
zone depends upon the turbidity of the water
– Open ocean - photic zone = up to 200 m deep
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Depth Zones• Aphotic Zone = below the photic zone,
sunlight never reaches the aphotic zone– Only found in the ocean and deep lakes
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Depth Zones• Benthic Zone = The floor of a body of water
– Ocean = supports microscopic decomposers & scavengers
– Shallow freshwater = sunlight allows insect larvae, snails, catfish and turtles to survive