Water Management ApproachesWater Management Approaches

DHAN Foundation’s Grass Root ExperiencesDHAN Foundation’s Grass Root Experiences

A. GURUNATHANA. GURUNATHAN

PROGRAMME LEADERPROGRAMME LEADER

DHAN Foundaion - An OverviewDHAN Foundaion - An Overview

• A Registered Pro - Poor A Registered Pro - Poor Development OrganisationDevelopment Organisation

• Founded on October 2, 1997Founded on October 2, 1997

• Operational in Andhra Pradesh, Operational in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and PondicherryPondicherry

• Reach (As on March 2010)Reach (As on March 2010)

• About 8Lakh Poor Families in About 8Lakh Poor Families in 30000Villages / 51 Districts/ 13 30000Villages / 51 Districts/ 13 States.States.

• Mothering of Development InnovationsMothering of Development Innovations– Promote and Nurture new ideas on Promote and Nurture new ideas on

different development themes.different development themes.

– Building around concerned individuals as Building around concerned individuals as

anchorsanchors

• Promoting institutions to reach scalePromoting institutions to reach scale– Exclusive thematic organisations as Exclusive thematic organisations as

subsidiariessubsidiaries

• Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development– Building socially concerned professionals Building socially concerned professionals

for the development sector.for the development sector.

PURPOSEPURPOSE

Placing high quality people to work Placing high quality people to work with the communitywith the community

Direct action besides research, Direct action besides research, advocacy, reorienting others, etc.advocacy, reorienting others, etc.

““Enabling” rather than “delivery”Enabling” rather than “delivery”

Development through empowered Development through empowered people based economic institutionspeople based economic institutions

DHAN’S APPROACH TO DHAN’S APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Drawing on mainstream public resources Drawing on mainstream public resources

besides “donations”besides “donations”

Collaborating with other institutions than Collaborating with other institutions than

operating aloneoperating alone

Learning and adapting rather than following Learning and adapting rather than following

set modelsset models

Focusing on livelihood development and Focusing on livelihood development and

poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

DHAN’S APPROACH TO DHAN’S APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

ApproachApproach

Poverty reduction of Village Poverty reduction of Village

Community through Revival of Small Community through Revival of Small

Scale Water Harvesting SystemsScale Water Harvesting Systems

GoalGoal

Community Community OrganisatiOrganisati

onon

Scale Scale down down

technologtechnologyy

Facilitating Facilitating environmenenvironmen

tt

TANKFED AGRICULTURE TANKFED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

To bring back people managed tank To bring back people managed tank governancegovernance

To build People Institutions for tank / To build People Institutions for tank / pond managementpond management

To sustain tankfed agriculture and To sustain tankfed agriculture and enhance productivity through enhance productivity through Vayalagam Plant ClinicsVayalagam Plant Clinics

To promote Microfinance activitiesTo promote Microfinance activities To create endowment / corpus at To create endowment / corpus at

multiple level to safeguard tank multiple level to safeguard tank systems in futuresystems in future

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Initiated during 1992 – 93 as pilot project in Madurai Initiated during 1992 – 93 as pilot project in Madurai

DistrictDistrict

Operational in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Operational in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Pondicherry, Bihar, Maharastra and Karnataka, Pondicherry, Bihar, Maharastra and

OrissaOrissa

Facilitates Community Owner Irrigation, Drinking Facilitates Community Owner Irrigation, Drinking

and Waste Water Reuse Infrastructures through and Waste Water Reuse Infrastructures through

mainstream partnershipmainstream partnership

More than 2 lakh farmers organised in 2500 users More than 2 lakh farmers organised in 2500 users

associations in 6 statesassociations in 6 states

REACH AND ACHIEVEMENTSREACH AND ACHIEVEMENTS

StructureStructure

Tank Tank AssociationsAssociations

Tank Cascade Tank Cascade AssociationAssociation

District Tank District Tank FederationFederation

PanchayatsPanchayats

DRDA / Other Govt. DRDA / Other Govt. Agencies / BanksAgencies / Banks

DHAN DHAN FoundationFoundation

Tank Tank Conservation Conservation

MovementMovement

Tanks as Ecosystems

• The second largest manmade wetland ecosystems in the world

• Centuries of Service and a History : Going beyond conventional understanding of sustainability

• Still functioning and thriving

• Used by Humans, Plants, animals and other species for economic value

Irrigation

Tanks in a Part

of Madurai

district, Tamil

Nadu, India

Tharavai Tank Cascade

1. Preservation, Conservation and Development Perspective:1. Preservation, Conservation and Development Perspective:

PastPast PresentPresent FutureFuture

IRRIGATION TANKS CONCERVATION: CONCEPTUAL IRRIGATION TANKS CONCERVATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORKFRAME WORK

PC

uu

C

Cu / RU P

P P – Preservation; – Preservation; CC – Conservation; – Conservation; UU – Use; – Use; RURU – Re use – Re use

• Enactment of Water Resources Preservation Enactment of Water Resources Preservation

Act as that of Forest Protection Bill should Act as that of Forest Protection Bill should

be done be done immediately. Immediate immediately. Immediate

ordinance to ban on ordinance to ban on diversion of water diversion of water

resources for other development purposes resources for other development purposes

(Buildings,roads, bus stand etc) including (Buildings,roads, bus stand etc) including

Government use should Government use should be brought in.be brought in.

• Encroachment of waterways and water Encroachment of waterways and water

resources has to be declared as a Criminal resources has to be declared as a Criminal

Act and Sin and it should be dealt with Act and Sin and it should be dealt with

accordingly.accordingly.

• Promotion of water harvesting structures Promotion of water harvesting structures

should be done massively to store should be done massively to store

substantial amount of rainfall not only to substantial amount of rainfall not only to

address water scarcity and water conflicts address water scarcity and water conflicts

but also to recharge ground water and but also to recharge ground water and

foster local foster local management. Conservation management. Conservation

and Reuse of water and Reuse of water require immediate require immediate

attention of all people.attention of all people.

Local ManagementLocal Management

TA

Gramasabha

TF

CA

Panchayat Union

Gram Panchayat

TATA – Tank Association – Tank Association

CACA – Cascade Association – Cascade Association

TFTF – Tank Federation at – Tank Federation at

block level block level

• Promotion of nested institutions, non Promotion of nested institutions, non hiearchial, should be encouraged for local hiearchial, should be encouraged for local management. NGOs should be required to management. NGOs should be required to promote these institutions and build their promote these institutions and build their capacity. Further institutions building process capacity. Further institutions building process would be continued for long time to provide would be continued for long time to provide sustainability. Promotion and capacity sustainability. Promotion and capacity building cost should be provided as a part of building cost should be provided as a part of renovation programme.renovation programme.

• Panchayat system should provide legitimacy Panchayat system should provide legitimacy and adequate institutional space for Tank and adequate institutional space for Tank Association, Cascade Association and Tank Association, Cascade Association and Tank Federation. Tank Associations would be Federation. Tank Associations would be encouraged to manage the water resources encouraged to manage the water resources with adequate rights. Usufruct with adequate rights. Usufruct rights rights should be shared between Tank Associations should be shared between Tank Associations and Gram Panchayat.and Gram Panchayat.

• People’s organisations should also be People’s organisations should also be

promoted at supra level (sub basin and promoted at supra level (sub basin and

river basin) for water sharing and resolving river basin) for water sharing and resolving

water conflicts.water conflicts.

• Customary rights should be documented Customary rights should be documented

and and revisited by the local communities to revisited by the local communities to

revise them if needed.revise them if needed.

• Tank Associations should be empowered to Tank Associations should be empowered to

collect water and land tax share and them collect water and land tax share and them

with revenue and panchayat system and with revenue and panchayat system and

use their share only for the upkeep and use their share only for the upkeep and

management of tank systems.management of tank systems.

• Tank based watershed development should Tank based watershed development should

be be encouraged . Guidelines could be encouraged . Guidelines could be

revised to include all water bodies’ revised to include all water bodies’

renovation and creation within the renovation and creation within the

watershedwatershed

• Pollution of water bodies should be treated Pollution of water bodies should be treated

as an as an offence and a criminal act.offence and a criminal act.

• Ground water recharge is possible only Ground water recharge is possible only

through through preservation and conservation of preservation and conservation of

small scale water small scale water resources. Otherwise resources. Otherwise

a ‘silent disaster’ would a ‘silent disaster’ would happen in happen in

many places because of race for ground many places because of race for ground

water mining. Sand mining of waterways water mining. Sand mining of waterways

and and riverbeds should be banned riverbeds should be banned

THE PROJECT

AREARAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT

THE COMMON SCENE FOR WATERTHE COMMON SCENE FOR WATER

WATER SUPPLY : WATER SUPPLY : TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARYTRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY

WATER SUPPLY : WATER SUPPLY : CONTEMPORARY AND MODERNCONTEMPORARY AND MODERN

Excavation: Excavation:

Use of MenUse of Men

Excavation: Excavation:

Use of Use of MachineMachine

• Community organisingCommunity organising• Deep excavation 2.5 m to 6 m to Deep excavation 2.5 m to 6 m to

create a capacity of 8-10,000 Cu.m for create a capacity of 8-10,000 Cu.m for 600-1000 population600-1000 population

• Transportation of earth and used for Transportation of earth and used for construction of village roads, school construction of village roads, school and temple groundsand temple grounds

• Construction of ring wells and inlet Construction of ring wells and inlet with regulatorswith regulators

• Construction of steps and fencing Construction of steps and fencing (optional)(optional)

• Creation of endowment fundsCreation of endowment funds

COMPONENT OF THE PROJECTCOMPONENT OF THE PROJECT

IMPROVED OORANISIMPROVED OORANIS

• Innovative design of social organizing, Innovative design of social organizing, simple and transparent project simple and transparent project transactions transactions

• Ooranis are the cheapest and replicable Ooranis are the cheapest and replicable quickly through simple methodsquickly through simple methods

• Ooranis are the most preferred because Ooranis are the most preferred because they are reliable, assured and convenientthey are reliable, assured and convenient

• Ooranis reduce conflicts, drudgery and Ooranis reduce conflicts, drudgery and waste of time in waiting and fightingwaste of time in waiting and fighting

• Ooranis provide productive time / leisure Ooranis provide productive time / leisure time for villagerstime for villagers

IWMI, COLOMBO RESEARCH STUDY IWMI, COLOMBO RESEARCH STUDY RESULTSRESULTS

Tank System54%

Catchment46%

SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR OORANISOORANIS

Parameters Standards Oorani water

Other sources

Turbidity (NTU) 5-10 98-472 0-10

pH 6.5-9.2 8.0-9.0 7.7-9.8

TDS (mg/l) 500-2000 <500 >2000

Chloride (mg/l) 200-1000 <100 >500

Iron (mg/l) 0.1-1.0 >1 <1

Faecal coliform (No./100ml)

Nil >300 0-200

QUALITY OF OORANI WATER AT QUALITY OF OORANI WATER AT SOURCESOURCE

Particulars Before AfterAvailability 16 71Taste feltgood

50 75

Diseases 10 7Frustration 49 24Quarrels 51 22Time spent 75 35

BENEFITS OF OORANI (in %)BENEFITS OF OORANI (in %)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Rainy season Summer Peak Summer Late

Month

% o

f H

ouse

hold

s

BeforeAfter

HOUSEHOLDS FETCHING WATER AT HOUSEHOLDS FETCHING WATER AT CONVENIENT TIMECONVENIENT TIME

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Rainy season Summer peak Summer late

% o

f H

ouse

hold

s

BeforeAfter

HOUSEHOLDS WALKING > 1 kmHOUSEHOLDS WALKING > 1 km

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Rainy season Summer Peak Summer late

% o

f H

ouse

hold

s

BeforeAfter

HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING > 1/2 HOUR PER HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING > 1/2 HOUR PER TRIP OF FETCHINGTRIP OF FETCHING

• Effective methods to reduce Effective methods to reduce turbidity at point of source and turbidity at point of source and point of consumption need to be point of consumption need to be developeddeveloped

• Bio sand filter at householdsBio sand filter at households• Modified vertical slow sand filter Modified vertical slow sand filter • Chemical treatment Chemical treatment

(Chlorination), SODIS method(Chlorination), SODIS method

IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN THE IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN THE PROJECTPROJECT

SAFE SAFE

DRINKING DRINKING

WATER AT WATER AT

HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD

BY BY

INTRODUCING INTRODUCING

BIO-SAND BIO-SAND

FILTERFILTER

GERM-FREE: A biosand filter placed in a house of one of the beneficiaries in S.Gopalapuram

near Tirumangalam in Madurai District , Tamil Nadu

BSF- integrated Oorani project

No of blocks-1

No of villages-3

No of projects-1

No of Ooranies-3

No of beneficiaries-nearly 4500 peoples

Principles of Wastewater Management

• Reduce– Volume and/or pollution load– Source separation

• Storm water, grey water and black water in a house• Cleaning wastewater and process wastewater in an

industry• Recycle

– Collect & use directly or after treatment– Different uses

• Flushing• Gardening• Washing• Groundwater recharge

– Optimizes the use of water usually at low cost• Treat

– Often expensive and complex– No incentive to implement

• Safe Disposal

PR

EF

ER

EN

CE

Septic Tanks• Simple and commonly used technology• Process - sedimentation & sludge stabilization• Liquid Retention time – 1 to 3 days• Sludge removal: Every 1-5 years• BOD Removal efficiency: 40-60%• For better effluent quality, increase number of

compartment or pass effluent through up flow filter

Scum Storage Zone

Digested Sludge Storage Zone

Sludge Digestion Zone

Sedimintation Zone

Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) Wastewater flows upward through a series of sludge

blanket reactors

BOD & TSS removal up to 80%

Biogas Attached toilets Nepal has over 150,000 biogas plants out of

which about 100,000 are toilet attached Some institutional biogas plants treat

wastewater and solid waste Biogas attached public toilets

DEWATS plant –Settler –ABR-AF-PGF-Pond

DEWATS plant –Settler –ABR-AF-PGF-Pond

• Panaiyur-4 km Away from Madurai corporation limit

• Panaiyur Panchayat

• M.ANANDA -president of Panaiyur

• 23 kalanjiam SHGs -410 members

• Occupation: Weaving, agriculture, rice mill, merchants

• Open defecation is currently in practice

• existing community toilet for women

DISCRIPTION CALCULATED

Type of wastewater Domestic

WASTE WATER QUALITY

Black water 12000 liters

Peak flow 6-7hrs

WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS

pH 8.4 – 9.0

COD 3000 mg/l

BOD 1500 mg / l

Average Temperature 30 ° C

NEW COMMUNITY TOILET USAGE

USES 1313

NO OF SEATS 18

• CBS DEWATS-2 Units-Community Toilet, DEWATS

• Total project cost-14.95 lakh

• CBS unit-5.10 lakh

• DEWATS-9.85 lakh

• DRDA-GOVT contribution-49%

• People /Donor Contribution-51%

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) typically ranges from 10 to 20 mg/L for most municipal Wastewaters. Values below 100 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use.

 • Total Suspended Solids (TSS) typically ranges from

10 to 20 mg/L for most municipal wastewaters. Values below 100 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use.

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) typically ranges from 25 to 50 mg/L for most municipal wastewaters. Values below 150 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use

What Can We Do? 1. The existing water bodies should be desilted

and deepened

2. Planting trees along the tank bund and fore shore to prevent encroachments.

3. Desilting all the tanks, supply and surplus channels Approx.cost :28Cr (Capacity App 220 MCM)

4. Sand mining should be banned on the Vaigai riverbed.

5. Wherever possible check dams should be constructed to store water. This will help inaugmenting the ground water potential.Contd…

5. Ground water can be saved from

contamination by preventing mixing of

sewage in river water and in other water

bodies.

6. Encroachments on drains and supply

channels should be removed. Garbage

and waste should not be dumped in water

bodies.

What Can We Do?