water management common list of indicators & database · agricultural, industrial, urban areas...
TRANSCRIPT
Project co financed by European Regional Development Fund
Project cofinancé par le Fonds européen de développement régional
1G-MED08-515
“Sustainable Water Management through Common
Responsibility enhancement in Mediterranean River
Basins”
May 2011
Water Management
Common List of Indicators & Database
Hydrological Region 8 of the River Basin of Cyprus
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 3
2. LIST OF MANAGEMENT INDICATOR....................................................... 4
3. DATABASE OF INDICATORS................................................................... 10
3.1. Land Use ................................................................................. 10
3.2. Population Density ..................................................................... 13
3.3. Plant Communities Zones ............................................................. 18
3.4. Elevation ................................................................................... 19
3.5. Slope ....................................................................................... 22
3.6. Total Water Balance ........................................................................... 24
3.7. Water Table Variation Rate ............................................................... 28
3.8. Mean Annual Precipitation ................................................................... 31
3.9. Runoff Coefficient ......................................................................... 34
3.10. Total Annual Water Consumption ....................................................... 35
3.11. Water Exploitation Index (WEI) .......................................................... 38
3.12. Water Discharge ....................................................................... 40
3.13. Sediment Discharge ........................................................................ 42
3.14. Produced Urban Wastewaters .......................................................... 43
3.15. Produced Industrial Wastewaters ....................................................... 45
3.16. % Population Served by WWTP ......................................................... 46
3.17. Industries with Treated Wastewater ................................................... 48
3.18. Reused Wastewater .......................................................................... 50
3.19. Population Served by water supply network ........................................ 52
3.20. Irrigation Area served by irrigation network ........................................ 53
3.21. Ecological Status of surface waters .................................................... 54
3.22. Chemical Status of surface waters ………………………………………… 58
3.23. Quantity of ground waters ................................................................ 62
3.24. Chemical Status of ground waters ..................................................... 64
3.25. Bathing Water Quality ....................................................................... 66
3.26. Water Tariffs .................................................................................... 68
3.27. Cost Recovery .................................................................................. 69
3.28. Water Management Authorities ......................................................... 71
3.29. Water Bodies’ Naturalness ................................................................. 73
3
1. INTRODUCTION The present report was drafted in the framework of the 1G-MED08-515 WATERinCORE project for the “Sustainable Water Management through Common Responsibility enhancement in Mediterranean River Basins”.
The WATERinCORE project is implemented under the transnational programme of European territorial cooperation MED (http://www.programmemed.eu), Priority Axe 2: Environmental protection and promotion of a sustainable territorial development, Objective 2.1: Protection and enhancement of natural resources and cultural heritage.
The project aims at the design, application and dissemination of a methodological frame for the integration of Local Agenda 21 principles in Water Resources Management in Mediterranean River Basins.
It focuses on the identification of the water management practices and policies as well as of the actual state of Local Agenda application in the participants regions. Considering these and additionally the specific characteristics of the regions a public participation process will be designed and implemented at selected pilot river basins/sub basins in each region in order to motivate and actively involve the local key actors/stakeholders in the development and application of local actions in water management. By this way the provision of tools for a better integration of activities in the fields of both sustainable water management and Local Agenda 21 will be achieved and the confrontation of the different problems and threats on water resources in a cross-sectorial, territorial as well as dialogue oriented approach will be accomplished. Within the framework of the 3rd Component of the project - Water Management in the participants’ regions-Pilot River basin a common list of WM indicators was formed. The Water Management List of Indices used for the creation of the common database on water management (phase 3.3).
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2. LIST OF MANAGEMENT INDICATORS
Country: Cyprus
Region: Larnaca
Name of Pilot River Basin: Hydrologic Region 8
Total Area of Pilot River Basin: 1039.89 km2
Total Population of Pilot River Basin: 150,785 inhabitants (estimation in 2010)
Indicator Type Sustainability D
1. Land use a. Water bodies
b. Rangeland c. Forests
d. Urban area
e. Industrial area f. Agricultural area
Descriptive Environmental Providing information about land coverage and
use
This indicator expresses the articulation of territory
based on the category of use (water bodies, forests,
agricultural, industrial, urban areas and grazing land)
through data on extension, given in hectares and
percentage, of land area of each category of use. It
should be elaborated with GIS instruments starting from
studies on land use or the Corine Land Cover maps, with
cartographic restitution of elaboration.
Hectares (ha), perc. (%)
a. 1100 ha ,1.1%
b. 37500 ha ,36.2%
c. 13300 ha ,12.8%
d. 4300 ha , 4.1%
e. 2100 ha, 2%
f. 45600 ha, 43.8%
State
2. Population Density Descriptive Social Providing information about the concentration
of the human population in reference to space.
It can be used as a partial indicator of human
requirements and activities in an area.
Population density is the number of people per unit of
area usually per square kilometer or mile. It can be
calculated from population of the area divided by the
surface it covers.
Number of population per Square
meters of area
(145,00 pop./km2)
Driving Force
3. Plant communities zones
Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the plant species
groups that are growing in the zone. Plant
community zones affect the surface runoff and
give information whether an irrigation area or
a settlement is prone to flood risks. Moreover
is a indirect indicator which gives information
about climate conditions and the relief
This indicator expresses the type of climate that is
suitable for a specific group of plant species. Describe
the exact community zone that belongs each pilot river
basin.
Dimensionless
The plant species are:
native flora (Pteridophyta and
Spermatophyta)
zoulatzia (Bosea cypria)
State
4. Elevation Descriptive Environmental The elevation of a specific area informs about
the complete morphological view
This indicator expresses the peaks and dipr of the relief
on the Z-axis given in meters, from mean sea level
(0m).
241 m
State
5. Slope Descriptive Environmental Slope is one of the natural factors, decides soil
characteristics, plant and animals, controlling
the proportion of precipitation that is
converted to runoff in a given landscape, and
the time it takes for runoff to enter a stream.
Ratio of the altitude change to the horizontal distance
between any two points on the line
15 % State
5
6. Total Water Balance Performance Environmental-
Developmental
The knowledge of the water balance is crucial
parameter which is able to lead to the
integrated exploitation of water resources and
to detect water deficit or surplus.
The total water balance is expressed as:
Changes in stock=Inputs-Outputs (over a specific
period of time)
The water Inputs are the sum of the precipitation that
infiltrates and enriches the aquifer, the reused
wastewater and the inputs of neighbouring basins. The
water Outputs are the sum of the consumption for
irrigation, water supply, industrial and livestock
consumption and the outputs to the neighbouring basins.
Deficit >3.3 Million m3/yr
State
7. Water table variation
rate Performance Environmental Provides information about the availability of
ground waters
This indicator expresses the mean level variation of the
ground water per drilling or the general mean level
variation, given in meters or in percentage.
Drop of up to 1 m/yr State
8. Mean annual
precipitation Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the amount of
water as input to the hydraulic cycle.
This indicator expresses the mean amount of
precipitation given in millimeters in a year.
415.8 mm State
9. Runoff coefficient
Performance Environmental RC is a parameter to evaluate the moisture
recycling and the importance of land use
practices in rainfall recycling
This indicator expresses the amount of water that runs
off to the total amount of precipitation that the
catchment has as input, given in percentage.
30 %
State
10. Total Annual Water
Consumption Performance Environmental-
Developmental
Providing information the water consumed
from ground and surface water per sector
(water supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).
Total annual water use per sector (water supply,
irrigation, industry, livestock).
Percentage of the total consumption for
each sector:
Domestic Water supply 29%
Irrigation 65%
Industry 3%
Livestock 3%
Pressure
11. Water Exploitation
Index (WEI) Performance Environmental-
Developmental
Providing information whether the rate of
abstractions in countries are sustainable over
the long term.
WEI is defined as the mean annual total abstraction of
fresh water divided by the long-term average freshwater
resources. It describes how the total water abstraction
puts pressure on water resources. Thus it identifies
those countries having high abstraction in relation to
their resources and therefore are prone to suffer
problems of water stress. The long-term average
freshwater resource is derived from the long-term
average precipitation minus the long-term average
Water exploitation index - WEI (%):
99 %
Pressure
6
evapotranspiration plus the long-term average inflow
from neighbouring countries. The warning threshold for
the water exploitation index which distinguishes a non-
stressed from a stressed region is around 20 % (Raskin
et al. 1997). Severe water stress can occur where the
WEI exceeds 40%, indicating strong competition for
water but not necessarily enough extraction to trigger
frequent water crises.
12. Water Discharge Descriptive Environmental A forecasting and management tool of risk
events caused by floods in a specific repeat
period.
This indicator expresses the maximum discharge that
the hydrographic network of the catchment can
produce, given in m3/sec.(proposed 50 years period of
time)
Rivers flow for 3-4 months a year. Most
of the rivers are dammed.
The maximum discharge observed from
all the rivers is 92 m3/sec.
The maximum discharge observed from
the non-dammed rivers is 72 m3/sec
Impact
13. Sediment discharge Descriptive Environmental PD expresses the aggravation rate of water
discharge, with sediments and the bed and
banks exposure rate to desertification.
Increase of sediment discharge Increases the
possibility of floods.
This indicator expresses the amount of sediments that is
eroded from the banks and bed of the river from the
maximum water discharge given in m3/sec.
Not measured.
Expected to be very small.
Impact
14. Produced urban wastewaters
Performance Environmental Urban Wastewaters a significant point source Amount of Waste water from residential settlements and
services which originates predominantly from the human
metabolism and from household activities and run-off
rain water
0,45 m3/sec Impact
15. Produced industrial wastewaters
Performance Environmental Industrial Wastewaters a significant point
source
Any waste water which is discharged from premises
used for carrying on any trade or industry, including
pasturalism, other than domestic waste water and run-
off rain water.
Cubic meters (m3/sec)
25.2 m3 /sec cooling water from
Vasilikos Power Station. The rest is
negligible.
Impact
16. % Population served by W.W.T.P.
Performance Environmental-
Social-
Developmental
The level of treatment before discharge and
the sensitivity of the receiving waters
determine the scale of impacts on aquatic
ecosystems.
In compliance with the Directive 91/271/EC, that has
been incorporate with the JMD 5673/400/1997 in the
Greek aquis, the Greek populated areas have been
divided in three priorities (A,B,C):
Priority area A: Settlements with equivalent population
(e.p.) over 10.000 that discharge their wastewater to
―sensitive‖ water bodies must complete the installation
of sewage central collection and treatment systems until
31/12/1998.
Priority area B: Settlements with e.p. over 15.000 that
discharge their wastewater to ―normal‖ water bodies
must complete the installation of sewage central
collection and treatment systems until 31/12/2000.
Priority area C: Settlements with e.p. over 2.000 that are
Percentage of the population served by
WWTP:
22%
State
7
not included in the priority area A &B must complete the
installation of sewage central collection and treatment
systems until 31/12/2005. In this priority it is also
included settlements in which sewage central collection
system has already been installed.
Taking into consideration the above classification it can
be identified the percentage of population connected
with WWTP.
17. Industries with Treated Wastewater
Performance Environmental Gives information whether the industrial
activity comprises significant point source
pollution for surface and ground waters in the
specific region.
Percentage of the amount of wastewater of industries
located at the River basin, treated by using their own
plants or by transferring then to other Wastewater
Treatment Plants.
Percentage (%) of industrial
wastewater treated:
Most of the installations in HR8 apply
some kind of wastewater treatment
according to their waste disposal
permits. However, there are still a small
number of non licensed installations.
Driving
Force-Impact
18. Reused wastewater Performance Environmental Treated wastewater is becoming increasingly
an important alternative water resource.
Moreover wastewater effluence is a water
source that covers the quality standards and
its use reduces the natural water consumption.
Treated wastewater could be precious water recourse
for the following purposes:
Urban reuse—the irrigation of public parks, school yards,
highway medians, and residential landscapes, as well as
for fire protection and toilet flushing in commercial and
industrial buildings.
Agricultural reuse—irrigation of nonfood crops, such as
fodder and fiber, commercial nurseries, and pasture
lands. High-quality reclaimed water is used to irrigate
food crops.
Environmental reuse—creating artificial wetlands,
enhancing natural wetlands, and sustaining stream
flows.
Industrial reuse—process or makeup water and cooling
tower water.
Percentage of waste water reused:
89%
Response
19. Population served by water supply network
Performance Environmental-
Social-
Developmental
Information whether the potables needs of the
population is covered by water networks
The number of population that is served by water supply
network within the limits of the particular area
Percentage of population served :
100%
State
20. Irrigation Area served by irrigation network
Performance Environmental-
Developmental
Providing information about the integrated
management of water resources for irrigation
purposes
The surface of irrigated area served by irrigation
network
Percentage of irrigated area served by
irrigation networks:
39%
State
21. Ecological status of
surface waters Performance Environmental-
Developmental
The ecological status, as an indicator for
monitoring sustainable water management, is
difficult to assess because of the large number
of measurements that need to be
For surface water categories, the ecological status
classification for the water body shall be represented by
the lower of the values for the biological and physico-
chemical monitoring results for the relevant quality
RIVERS
High 0%
Good 22%
Moderate 59%
State
8
implemented and the complexity to describe it,
because is related with a large number of sub-
indicators.
elements classified in High, Good, Moderate, Poor
and Bad, according WFD.
Poor 8%
Bad 0%
Unclassified 11%
LAKES
Good 26%
Moderate 74%
COSTAL
Good 100%
22. Chemical Status of
surface waters Performance Environmental-
Developmental
The chemical status, as an indicator for
monitoring sustainable water management, is
difficult to assess because of the large number
of measurements that need to be
implemented, and the complexity to describe
it, because is related with a large number of
sub-indicators.
Where a waterbody achieves compliance with all the
environmental quality standards established in Annex
IX, Article 16 of WFD and under other relevant
Community legislation setting environmental quality
standards it shall be recorded as achieving good
chemical status. If not, the body shall be recorded as
failing to achieve good chemical status, according
WFD.
RIVERS
Good 85%
Less Than good 4%
Unclassified 11%
LAKES
Good 86%
Moderate 14%
COSTAL
Good 100%
State
23. Quantity of ground
waters Performance Environmental-
Developmental
Providing information whether the availability
of groundwater resources is not exceeded by
the long-term annual average abstraction rate.
The parameter for the classification of quantitative
status is Groundwater level regime.
Good 5%
Poor 95%
State
24. Chemical Status of
ground waters Performance Environmental-
Developmental
Providing information about the
appropriateness for different kind of water
uses.
The parameters for the classification of chemical status
are Conductivity and Concentrations of pollutants
Good 71%
Poor 29%
State
25. Bathing Water Quality Performance Environmental Providing information about the coastal water
quality assessing the presence or absence of
pollution sources.
The indicator describes the changes over time in the
quality of designated bathing waters (inland and marine)
in EU Member States in terms of compliance with
standards for microbiological parameters (total coliforms
and faecal coliforms) and physicochemical parameters
(mineral oils, surface-active substances and phenols)
introduced by the EU Bathing Water Directive
(76/160/EEC).
Percentage of inland and marine water
bathing waters complying with the
mandatory standards and guide levels
for microbiological and physicochemical
parameters:
Good 100%
State
26. Water tariffs Performance Social-
Developmental-
Economical
Providing information about the integrated
pricing policy adapted per water use.
A water tariff is a price assigned to water supplied by a
public enterprise to its customers per use.
Currency/m3 per use
Domestic Water supply:
Larnaca City €0,42-€2,54/m3
Aradhippou €0,94-€2,50/m3
Communities €0,42-€2,54/m3
Irrigation €0,16- €0,17/m3
Industry €1,13-€1,54/m3
Livestock €0,62/m3
Response
9
Recycle water €0,05-0,07m3
27. Cost Recovery Performance Environmental-
Developmental-
Social-Economical
Providing information about the cost recovery
of municipality water services (water supply,
sewerage and irrigation)
Article 9.1 of the Directive refers to the total cost of water services requires detailed assessment of all components of total cost including:
The financial cost which refers to investment costs, operating and maintenance works, management and administrative costs and other direct economic costs.
The cost of natural resources represents the benefit loss due to limitation of available water resources to a greater extent than natural the refresh rate.
The environmental costs represent the cost of the impact caused by the use of water environment and aquatic ecosystems.
Cost recovery rate per Municipality and
service-Percentage (%):
Cost recovery rate for Domestic water
services Percentage (%):
Larnaca Water Board 96%
Municipality of Aradippou &
communities 119%
Irrigation water:
Irrigation Project of Kiti-Mazotos 45%
(aim to reach 54% until 2015)
Elsewhere in HR8 61%
Cost recovery for sewerage and
secondary treatment of sewage water
227%
(construction works costs are paid in
advance by the residents)
Production and supply of tertiary
treated effluent for reuse in irrigation
34%
Response
28. Water Management
Authorities Descriptive Environmental-
Developmental-
Social-Economical
Providing Information whether there is a local
authority which is responsible for the
integrated management of the Pilot River
Basin.
Water management authorities that are responsible for
the implementation of the WFD and the achievement of
its Objectives.
Number
1
Response
29. Water bodies’
Naturalness
Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the water bodies
have been altered by human activities
The indicator describes the morphological state of water
body. Indicate the percentage of the total length of
rivers or the surface of lakes that fall into the following
classes:
Natural
Heavily (or strong) modified
Artificial
Percentage (%)
RIVERS
Natural 75%, with respect to length
Heavily modified 25%
Artificial 0%
LAKES
Natural 74%, with respect to area
Heavily modified and Artificial 26%
COASTAL
86%, with respect to area
State
10
3. DATABASE OF INDICATORS
INDICATOR Land Use
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE Its aim is to provide information on land coverage and use in municipal and community level
of Hydrological Region 8 (HR8) of the Republic of Cyprus.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the articulation of territory based on the category of use (water bodies, forests, agricultural, industrial, urban areas and grazing land) through data on
extension, given in hectares and percentage, of land area of each category of use. It should
be elaborated with GIS instruments starting from studies on land use or the Corine Land Cover maps, with cartographic restitution of elaboration.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Hectares (ha), percentage (%)
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2000 ○ Updating frequency: ten-yearly
DATA SOURCE Corine Land Cover 2000
TABLES and PICTURES
Table 1 shows the distribution of existing major land uses, according to the CORINE LAND
COVER 2000. Agricultural land accounts for approximately 44% of HR8.
Figure 1 shows groups of major land use categories in HR8.
Figure 2 presents the percentage of land uses in HR8.
11
Figure 1. Grouped major land use categories in HR8
Figure 2. Percentages of land uses in HR8
STATUS and TREND
Agricultural land is the most extensive land use, accounting for 44% of the size of
the HR8, followed by rangeland which accounts for 36%.
The Local Plan applicable to the city of Larnaca provides measures to protect the
streams and rivers flowing though the residential web. Also, provides specific
protection measures for Larnaca salt lakes.
Although land use and development in HR8 is controlled by “The Statement of Policy for the Countryside” and by the 2 “Local Plans” of Lefkara and Larnaca – legal documents that have provisions for the protection of the environment and the water resources (landscape, lakes, watercourses, reservoirs etc) – there are still incompatible land uses and activities in HR8 and especially in Larnaca broader area.
12
Apart from the wide urban web, the Larnaca broader area hosts various infrastructure installations and services, some of which are of international interest (port, marina, airport, waste water treatment plant, desalination unit, two industrial areas etc). The airport that is adjacent to the salt Lakes along with the increased urbanization trends are posing a constant stress on these natural lakes. The seafront also hosts a number of incompatible installations and services (sevezo oil storage facilities and tourism development).
13
INDICATOR Population Density
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Social
PURPOSE It provides information about the concentration of the human population in reference to
space. It can be used as a partial indicator of human requirements and activities in an area.
DESCRIPTION Population density is the number of people per unit of area usually per square kilometer or mile. It can be calculated from population of the area divided by the surface it covers.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Number of population per Square meters of area (per m2)
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Driving force indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2001
○ Updating frequency: ten yearly
DATA SOURCE Statistical Service population census
TABLES and PICTURES
The HR8 extends within the administrative districts of Nicosia, Larnaca and Limassol, and
extends to 67 municipalities and communities. Within the region there are 71 settlements with a population of 107,399 inhabitants (census 2001). The largest urban centres within the
HR8 are Larnaca and Aradippou Municipalities with a population (census 2001) of 46,666 and 11,448, respectively. According to Statistical Service data over the nine years period 2001-
2010 inhabitants in Nicosia District recorded a growth of 12.1%, whereas in Larnaca and Limassol Districts the growth was 13.8%. However, although Larnaca seems to have the
lowest urbanization amongst the rest of the cities in Cyprus, still the growth in population
reaches up to 62%.
Table 1 shows the municipalities and communities within HR8 comprising of housing units, households and institutions, according to census 2001.
14
Table 1. Municipalities and Communities within HR8 (Census 2001)
MUNICIPALITY /
COMMUNITY, PARISH
HOUSING UNITS HOUSEHOLDS INSTITUTIONS
To
tal
Po
pu
lati
on
To
tal
Use
d a
s
usu
al
resid
en
ce
Va
ca
nt
or
tem
po
rary
resid
en
ce
(1)
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Nicosia District 8.611
Sia 208 150 58 150 544 544
Mathiatis (2) 203 149 54 149 581 581
Alabra 363 317 46 322 1,140 1,140
Agia Varvara 428 399 29 399 1,417 1,417
Lympia 691 629 62 629 2,247 1 21 2,268
Lythrodondas 1,087 782 305 786 2,599 2 29 2,628
Louroukina
Lazanias 43 5 38 5 6 1 27 33
Larnaca District 97,271
Larnaca Municipality 20,711 15,931 4,780 15,948 46,324 16 342 46,666
Aradippou Municipality 3,347 3,036 311 3,041 11,425 1 23 11,448
Livadia 1,801 1,454 347 1,454 4,854 1 29 4,883
Dromolaxia 1,563 1,462 101 1,462 4,994 4,994
Meneou 696 348 348 348 1,196 1,196
Kellia 113 108 5 108 369 369
Troulloi 287 265 22 265 1,028 1 4 1,032
Voroklini 2,388 1,154 1,234 1,156 3,310 3,310
Abdellero 27 24 3 24 109 1 21 130
Kiti 1,113 947 166 947 3,140 3,140
Perivolia 1,821 570 1,251 570 1,801 1,801
Tersefanou 316 282 34 282 976 976
Softades 58 3 55 3 7 7
15
MUNICIPALITY /
COMMUNITY, PARISH
HOUSING UNITS HOUSEHOLDS INSTITUTIONS
To
tal
Po
pu
lati
on
To
tal
Use
d a
s
usu
al
resid
en
ce
Va
ca
nt
or
tem
po
rary
resid
en
ce
(1)
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Mazotos 513 261 252 261 784 784
Alaminos 159 92 67 92 280 280
Anafotida 240 190 50 190 679 679
Aplanta 0
Kivilisi 103 73 30 73 231 231
Aletrhriko 279 229 50 230 793 793
Klavdia 165 153 12 153 448 448
Agglisides 366 278 88 281 997 997
Menogeia 28 19 9 19 50 50
Kalo Chorio 452 409 43 410 1,343 1,343
Agia Anna 86 65 21 65 251 251
Modfiloti 361 326 35 328 1,095 2 15 1,110
Psevdas 314 279 35 279 1,025 1,025
Pyrgos 216 145 71 145 542 1 30 572
Kornos 553 488 65 488 1,863 1,863
Delikoipos 11 4 7 4 8 8
Kochi 0
Zygi 404 154 250 154 505 505
Mari 112 61 51 61 177 177
Kalavasos 338 222 116 222 644 644
Tochni 230 114 116 114 322 322
Choirokoitia 201 141 60 141 508 508
Psematismenos 206 65 141 65 179 179
Maroni 348 187 161 193 521 521
Agios Theodoros 304 168 136 168 599 599
Skarinou 120 78 42 78 238 238
16
MUNICIPALITY /
COMMUNITY, PARISH
HOUSING UNITS HOUSEHOLDS INSTITUTIONS
To
tal
Po
pu
lati
on
To
tal
Use
d a
s
usu
al
resid
en
ce
Va
ca
nt
or
tem
po
rary
resid
en
ce
(1)
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Nu
mb
er
Po
pu
lati
on
Kofinou 434 392 42 394 1,307 1 4 1,311
Kato Lefkara 90 43 47 43 118 118
Ano Lefkara Municipality 685 323 362 323 906 1 15 921
Kato Drys 129 37 92 37 114 114
Vavla 64 14 50 14 31 1 17 48
Lageia 51 10 41 10 25 25
Ora 149 63 86 63 180 180
Melini 56 21 35 21 57 57
Odou 81 54 27 54 156 156
Agioi Vavtsinias 100 54 46 54 177 177
Vavatsinia 124 31 93 31 85 85
Limassol District 1,517
Pentakomo 274 125 149 125 388 388
Asgata 172 126 46 126 389 389
Vasa 52 23 29 23 54 54
Sanida 32 18 14 18 44 44
Klonari 13 6 7 6 17 17
Vikla 1 1
Kellaki 145 94 51 94 259 1 11 270
Akapnou 46 15 31 15 26 26
Eptagonia 153 109 44 109 329 329
Note (1):Includes conventional dwellings that were vacant, available for rent or sale, for demolition and
conventional dwellings which were for seasonal or secondary use,
Note (2) Municipalities/communities, whose settlements do not fall into the HR 8, are in italics
17
Taking into account the above table and in accordance with the Statistical Service Data, the
projected the population for HR8 is estimated to be 150,785. Thus the number of population per square kilometre of the area is 145.00 pop/km2.
STATUS and TREND
Number of population within HR8 is 145.00 pop/km2, which indicates that apart
from municipality areas such as Larnaca and Aradippou, is not congested. That
means human requirements can be satisfied to certain extend. However, Larnaca
city needs large quantities of water and energy which cannot be provided by the
adjacent nature and needs to expand its water infrastructure which in turn has an
environmental impact.
18
INDICATOR Plant communities zones
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE It provides information about the plant species groups that are growing in the zone. Plant
community zones affect the surface runoff and give information whether an irrigation area or
a settlement is prone to flood risks. Moreover is an indirect indicator which gives information about climate conditions and the relief.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the type of climate that is suitable for a specific group of plant
species. Describe the exact community zone that belong each pilot river basin.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Dimensionless
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
DATA SOURCE
Environment Department- Desertification Report
TABLES and PICTURES
No graphical information
The location and size of Cyprus, the isolation, the diverse landscapes and geological
formation and climatic conditions are key factors contributed to the rich flora of the island.
Overall, the native flora (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) Cyprus, includes
1610 species and 1738 taxa at the level of variety, while the adventive flora contains 238
taxa.
The endemic flora of Cyprus includes 108 species and 143 taxa at a variety represent 6.7%
and 8.2% of the native flora of Cyprus, respectively. Some of the endemic species such as
Onopordum cyprium (thistle), Carlina involucrate subsp. cyprica, Astragalus cyprius and
Onobrychis venosa, are widespread spread on the island, is very common and occur in a
variety of habitats. Noteworthy is the presence of two native trees, cedar (Cedrus brevifolia)
and the golden oak (Quercus alnifolia), typical forest vegetation types. Also biogeographic
interest is the zoulatzia (Bosea cypria), a ornithochoros shrub which occurs in stony and rocky
places in many parts of the island low altitude.
STATUS and TREND
Rich flora species, which however are adversely affected by climate change.
19
INDICATOR
Elevation
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE The elevation of a specific area informs about the complete morphological view DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the peaks and dips of the relief on the Z-axis given in meters, from
mean sea level (0m). The area can be described as flat or slightly hilly based on the mean
elevation and it’s general distribution. UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Meters (m)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: DEM of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8). Grid cell size 25 m originated
from contours at 5 m interval.
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, DEM supplied by the Geological Survey Department.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State indicator
TABLES and PICTURES
The lowest elevation is -5.45 m at the bottom of the Larnaca salt lakes and the highest is
1380 m at the Troodos hilltops. The mean elevation is 240.99 m. The standard deviation of
the distribution is 214.55 m. There are about 1.6 million grid nodes.
Graph 1 shows the percentage of area, at Hydrological Region 8, that covers each elevation
class. From the distribution of the classes it can be seen that more than 70 % of the area
within the HR8 is lying in an elevation of between 0 and 300 m. Graph 2 presents the
elevation contours within the boundaries of Hydrological Region 8, while Graph 3 shows a
Shaded relief map of Hydrological Region 8. From Graphs 2 and 3 it can be observed again
that the Hydrological Region 8 is predominantly on low lands.
20
Graph 1. Distribution of Elevation Classes
Graph 2. Elevation contours within the boundaries of Hydrological Region 8
21
Graph 3. Shaded relief map of Hydrological Region 8
22
INDICATOR
Slope
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE Slope is one of the natural factors, decides soil characteristics, plant and animals, controlling
the proportion of precipitation that is converted to runoff in a given landscape, and the time it
takes for runoff to enter a stream.
DESCRIPTION The ratio of the altitude change to the horizontal distance between any two points on the line.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: DEM of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8). Grid cell size 100 m originated from contours at 5 m interval.
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, DEM supplied by the Cyprus Department of Lands and
Surveys.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State indicator
TABLES and PICTURES
Graph 1 shows the percentage of area, of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8), that covers each
elevation class. Graph 2 shows the distribution of slope within the Hydrological Region 8
(HR8).
Graph 1. Elevation Classes
23
Graph 2. Elevation Distribution
From Graphs 1 and 2 it can be observed that 85% of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8) is
predominantly flat and less than 5% has steep hills.
24
INDICATOR
Total Water Balance
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental PURPOSE The knowledge of the water balance is crucial parameter which is able to lead to the
integrated exploitation of water resources and to detect water deficit or surplus.
DESCRIPTION
The total water balance is expressed as:
Changes in stock=Inputs-Outputs (over a specific period of time)
The water Inputs are the sum of the precipitation that infiltrates and enriches the aquifer, the
reused wastewater and the inputs of neighboring basins. The water Outputs are the sum of the consumption for irrigation, water supply, industrial and livestock consumption and the
outputs to the neighboring basins.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Million m3/year deficit of surplus
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrologic Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to 2008
○ Updating frequency: yearly basis
DATA SOURCE
Water Development Department (Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology)
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES and PICTURES
In the area of HR8 the average annual water balance was estimated using the annual
precipitation and water extraction for the period of 2000 to 2008. The Hydrologic Region 8
(HR8) is subdivided into 9 sub-regions. For each of the sub-regions, using the rainfall in each
one and the area, the total precipitation volume was calculated to be equal to 427.4 Million
m3/year (see Table 1). Based on the simplified hydrological cycle shown in Figure 1, the
following calculations were made. The evapotranspiration for that area was estimated to be
93% of the precipitation volume. As shown in Table 1, the evapotranspiration volume was
calculated to be 393.2 Million m3/year. Therefore the net volume of water available for
surface and groundwater recharge is the remainder, which equals to 33.5 Million m3/year.
Out of this amount it is estimated that 11.4 Million m3/year is inflow into the three dams
(Kalavasos, Lefkara, Dhypotamos) and the remainder 22.1 Million m3/year goes for
25
groundwater recharge. From the 11.4 Million m3/year, which is inflow into the three dams,
the 10.2 Million m3/year are releases from the dams and 0.6 Million m3/year are losses from
the dams as evaporation and seepage. Since the demand is always greater than the supply
and cannot be satisfied from surface water, there is no significant storage in the dams. There
is no artificial recharge which is being carried out in the area. The amount of groundwater
extraction was roughly estimated from the different types of agricultural activities in the area.
The amount of groundwater which is extracted is estimated to be equal to 19.6 Million
m3/year, while the groundwater losses to the sea were estimated at 5.8 Million m3/year.
Comparing the inflows with the outflows from the groundwater system it can be estimated
that there is a deficit of 3.3 Million m3/year. This means that there is an overexploitation
of the aquifer system in the area of HR8. The values of the parameters shown in Figure 1,
which is not mentioned above, are estimated to be zero.
Figure 1. Simplified Hydrologic cycle
Simplified Hydrologic
cycle
26
Figure 2. The 9 sub-catchments in HR8
Figure 3. Aquifer system in HR8
It should be noted that the aquifer systems of Troodos and Lefkara-Pachna are extending
outside the hydrological Region 8.
27
Table 1. Water balance calculations
Precipitation = Infiltration + Run off + Evaportranspiration
Deficit= Consumption – Recharge
Water balance in HR8 (estimates for the period 2000 – 2008)
Million m3/year
Precipitation 427.4
Evapotranspiration 393.2
SW+GW recharge 33.5
Inflow in dams 11.4
Losses from Dams (Evap + seepage) 0.6
Releases from dams 10.2
GW recharge 22.1
Artificial recharge 0.0
GW extraction 19.6
Losses to sea 5.8
GW Deficit -3.3
STATUS and TREND
Since the demand is always greater than the supply and cannot be satisfied from
surface water, there is no significant storage in the dams. Estimations of water
balance for the period 2000 to 2008 revealed a dramatic groundwater deficit of
3.3 Million m3/year at the basin, caused by continued exploitation of the
underground water systems.
28
INDICATOR
Water table variation rate
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental PURPOSE
Provides information about the availability of ground waters
DESCRIPTION
This indicator expresses the mean level variation of the ground water per drilling or the
general mean level variation, given in meters or in percentage.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Meters per year
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Since 1980
○ Updating frequency: Varies. At least twice per year.
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department. CYMOS Database. Mostly from observation wells spread in all the area of the catchment.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES and PICTURES
The following graphs show the variation of the water table at some representative wells in
the region for a period of 10 to 30 years.
29
Figure 1. Aquifer system in HR8
30
STATUS and TREND
Observing the water level fluctuations in the groundwater bodies (see Figure 1) within the
Hydrological region 8, it can be said that:
for the CY2 aquifer the water level is fluctuating but mainly stable
for the CY3, CY4, CY5 and CY6 is falling water levels
and for the sections of the CY18 and CY19 falling within HR8 the water levels are
again falling.
From the representative graphs of GW level variation shown above, it can be seen
that there is up to 1 m water level drop per year. This indicates that there is
continued overpumping in the region.
31
INDICATOR
Mean annual precipitation
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE
Providing information about the amount of water as input to the hydraulic cycle.
DESCRIPTION
This indicator expresses the mean amount of precipitation given in millimeters in a year.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
1.1. Millimeters (mm)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale:
○ Since 1970 ○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE From irrigation private (and public) drillings spread in all the area of the catchment.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES and PICTURES
Hydrologic Features
HR8 is composed of nine hydrological basins, shown in the following table. Table 1 gives
detailed information on each hydrological basin.
Table 1 Hydrologic features of HR 8 and Hydrological basins
Name Basin
Code
Area (km2) Average annual
precipitation (mm)
Rainfall
(million
m3/year)
Voroklini 8-1 84.05 300.00 25.21
Aradippou 8-2 78.62 310.00 24.37
Larnaca Salt Lake 8-3 99.69 343.00 34.19
Treminthos 8-4 171.17 374.00 64.02
Pouzis 8-5 79.38 377.00 29.93
32
Xeros 8-6 92.49 380.00 35.15
Pentaschoinos 8-7 172.20 506.00 87.13
Maroni 8-8 100.79 447.00 45.05
Vasilikos 8-9 161.50 510.00 82.37
HR 8 1039.89 427.42
Figure 1. Sub-watersheds in Hydrological Region 8 (HR8)
The average annual rainfall in HR8, is estimated at 416mm. The calculations are presented in
Table 2. The annual precipitation was corrected taking in to account the area covered as
shown in Table 1, and also corrected with respect to elevation as shown in Table 2.
33
Table 2. Surface elevation corrected precipitation in HR8 and upstream dams
Watershed Average
altitude of
basin (m)
Surface precipitation
(without height correction)
(mm)
Surface precipitation (with a
height correction) (mm)
HR 8 259.1 408.6 415.8
Kalavasos dam* 564.5 538.6 546.7
Lefkara Dam 628.1 549.4 540.4
Dhypotamos Dam 368.2 465.6 464.5
(*Upstream of Dams)
y = 0.2364x + 411.01
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1969
-1970
1971
-1972
1973
-1974
1975
-1976
1977
-1978
1979
-1980
1981
-1982
1983
-1984
1985
-1986
1987
-1988
1989
-1990
1991
-1992
1993
-1994
1995
-1996
1997
-1998
1999
-2000
2001
-2002
2003
-2004
2005
-2006
2007
-2008
Υδρολογικό Έτος
Ετήσ
ια β
ροχό
πτω
ση (m
m)
.
Figure 2. Annual rainfall in HR8
STATUS and TREND
Taking into consideration Figure 2 it can be seen that there is no significant
change in the rainfall in the area.
Annual R
ain
fall
(mm
)
Hydrological Year
34
INDICATOR
Runoff coefficient
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE
RC is a parameter to evaluate the moisture recycling and the importance of land use practices
in rainfall recycling.
DESCRIPTION
This indicator expresses the amount of water that runs off to the total amount of precipitation
that the catchment has as input, given in percentage.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT (%) percentage
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Since 2008
○ Updating frequency: when there is new information
DATA SOURCE From hydrological flood studies in the area carried out by consultants and submitted for
approval to the WDD Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology. Also an estimate of the runoff
coefficient was carried out from interpretation of the land use in HR8.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES and PICTURES
No Tables or Pictures
STATUS and TREND
The Runoff Coefficient was estimated to be 30%. But due to urbanization of the
area which results to reduction of the cultivated land and increase of the paved
area the runoff coefficient is expected to increase slightly but not to dangerous
level.
35
INDICATOR
Total Annual Water Consumption
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental
PURPOSE The Total Annual Water Consumption informs about the water consumed from ground and
surface water per sector (water supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the total annual water use per sector (water supply, irrigation,
industry, livestock).
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE ● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2009 ○ Updating frequency: annualy
DATA SOURCE WDD, analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8
of the Cyprus River Basin District
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Pressure
TABLES and PICTURES
The total annual demand in HR8 is in the order of 38 Million m3 per year
36
Livestock
The total annual requirement to meet livestock drinking water demands is estimated at 2.25 Million m3.
Kind Number
CHICKEN FOR MEAT 2,980,204
CHICKEN FOR EGGS 57,244
SHEEP 58,671
GOATS 38,365
SHOWS 13,981
PIGS 124,073
COWS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 7,236
OTHER COWS 9,878
Irrigated Areas
The total annual requirement for irrigation water is estimated at 20.82 Milion m3 (or 23.94
Million m3 if losses are taken in to account).
Types of Irrigated Areas AREA (km2)
Olive Trees 23.44
Citrus Trees 4.106
Fodder plants 4.712
Potatoes 1.285
Greenhouse crops 1.230
Total 45.532
Domestic water Supply
The annual water supply needs of permanent residents are estimated at 9.98 Million m3 while
the needs of tourism are estimated at 1.08 Million m3. Detail estimate of industrial water
consumption cannot be made due to lack of accurate data.
37
Industrial Water Supply
According to the Larnaca Water Board, industrial consumption is estimated to 0.4 Million m3
per year. It should be noted that this amount concerns what is provided by the Water Board
to industries and does not account on water sourced from private boreholes.
STATUS and TREND
Domestic Water Consumption is 29% of total water consumption and presents an
annual increase of 2-3%. In Larnaca, the domestic demand is served by the
desalination plants and Tersefanou Water Treatment Plant which guarantee
undisturbed water supply. However, in the r4est of the area domestic demand is
served from boreholes, which means is depended upon weather conditions.
Irrigation, Industrial and Livestock demand is 71% of total water consumption
and is served from Kourris, which is located outside of HR8, Kiti, Kalavasos
Lefakara and Dhypotamos dams and is depended upon the weather conditions.
38
INDICATOR
Water Exploitation Index (WEI) %
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental PURPOSE Providing information whether the rate of abstractions in countries are sustainable over the
long term.
DESCRIPTION WEI is defined as the mean annual total abstraction of fresh water divided by the long-term average freshwater resources. It describes how the total water abstraction puts pressure on
water resources. Thus, it identifies those countries having high abstraction in relation to their
resources and therefore are prone to suffer problems of water stress. The long-term average freshwater resource is derived from the long-term average precipitation minus the long-term
average evapotranspiration plus the long-term average inflow from neighbouring countries. According to the literature, the warning threshold can be 20 %, which distinguishes a non-
stressed region from a stressed region (Raskin et al., 1997, Lane et al., 2000). Severe water
stress can occur where the WEI exceeds 40 %, indicating strong competition for water but which does not necessarily trigger frequent water crises. Some experts argue that 40 % is
too low a threshold, and that water resources can be used much more intensely, up to a 60 % threshold. Others argue that freshwater ecosystems cannot remain healthy if the waters in
a river basin are abstracted as intensely as indicated by a WEI in excess of 40 % (Alcamo et
al., 2000).
Water stress in the long term can cause the deterioration of water ecosystems due to poor
water availability in terms of quality and quantity. In addition, water stressed countries can face a problem of groundwater over-abstraction and the consequent water table depletion
and salt-water intrusion in coastal aquifers.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
Water exploitation index (WEI %)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrologic Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to 2008 ○ Updating frequency: annual
DATA SOURCE
Water Development Department (Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology)
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Pressure
TABLES and PICTURES
For the Cyprus Hydrologic Region 8 the WEI was calculated form the Water Budget estimations which was carried out for the period 2000 to 2008. The long-term average inflow
from neighboring basins is considered negligible. Table 1 presents the water balance in Cyprus Hydrologic Region 8.
39
Table 1
Water balance in HR8 (estimates for the period 2000 – 2008)
Million m3/year
Precipitation 427.4
Evapotranspiration 393.2
SW+GW recharge 35.2
Inflow in dams 13.1
Losses from Dams (evap. + seepage) 0.6
Releases from dams 9.3
GW recharge 22.1
Artificial recharge 0.0
GW extraction 19.6
Losses to sea 5.8
GW Deficit -3.3
Using the data from Table 1 the value of the WEI for Hydrologic Region 8 is calculated as
follows:
The WEI (%) is the ratio of total abstraction to the net Inflow. Referring to Table 1, the total
abstraction equals to the total of ―releases from dams‖ plus ―GW abstraction‖ which is equal
to 28.9 Million m3/year (i.e. 9.3+19.6). The net inflow equals to the sum of ―SW+GW
recharge‖ plus ―Artificial recharge‖ minus ―Losses to sea‖ minus evaporation losses from
dams. If we assume that the evaporation losses from dams, is half of the ―Losses from Dams
(evap. + seepage)‖, then the net inflow equals 29.1 Million m3/year (35.2+0.0-5.8-0.5*0.6).
Therefore the WEI is the ratio 28.9 to 29.1 which makes 99%.
WEI % =Total abstraction / Net Inflow
99 %
STATUS and TREND
The warning threshold for the water exploitation index which distinguishes a non-
stressed from a stressed region is around 20-40%. According to the estimates
(long term for the period 2000 to 2008) WEI exceeds by far the threshold to be
characterized as stressed.
40
INDICATOR
Water Discharge
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE A forecasting and management tool of risk events caused by floods in a specific repeat
period.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the maximum discharge that the hydrographic network of the catchment can produce, given in m3/sec. (proposed 50 years period of time).
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
1.2. Cubic meters per second (m3/sec)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: fifty years period
○ Updating frequency: annually, based on the available data and occurrence of flood events
DATA SOURCE WDD, CYMOS database DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Impact
TABLES and PICTURES
Rivers flow 3-4 months in a year. Most of the rivers are dammed. The maximum discharge
observed from all the rivers is 92 cubic meters per second (m3/sec).
The maximum discharge observed from the non-dammed rivers is 72 cubic meters per
second (m3/sec).
Figure 1 presents the historical floods for the last 100 years within the hydrological region 8.
Within the city of Larnaca we observe pluvial floods but in recent years many projects were
undertaken for alleviating the flooding within the city.
All the floods outside the city area are flash floods
41
Figure 1. Historical floods in HR8
STATUS and TREND
The majority of the floods in the area are expected to be flash floods.
42
INDICATOR
Sediment discharge
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE SD expresses the aggravation rate of sediment discharge, with sediments and the bed and
banks exposure rate to desertification. Increase of sediment discharge, increases the
possibility of floods.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the amount of sediments that is eroded from the banks and bed of
the river from the maximum water discharge given in m3/sec.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 1.3. Cubic meters per second (m3/sec)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8. ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: fifty years period
○ Updating frequency: based on the available data.
DATA SOURCE WDD, Division of Hydrology & Hydrogeology.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Impact
TABLES and PICTURES
No data
STATUS and TREND
From the amount of sediment accumulated in the three dams in the area it was observed
that it is much lower than what it was calculated in the design face of the dam. Therefore
sediment discharges though are not monitored, are very small and do not pose any major
threat for floods.
Sediment discharges though are not monitored, are very small and do not pose
any major threat for floods.
43
INDICATOR
Produced Urban Wastewaters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE The Produced Urban Wastewaters indicator provide information about urban wastewater as a
significant point source
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the amount of waste water from residential settlements and services
which originates predominantly from the human metabolism and from household activities and run-off rain water.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cubic meters (m3/sec)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE ● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2010
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE WDD, Analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8
of the Cyprus River Basin District.
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Impact
TABLES AND PICTURES
In compliance with the provisions of Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water
treatment, agglomerations with a population equivalent (PE) greater than 2000 are required to build collecting systems for urban waste water and wastewater treatment plants.
In HR 8 there is an urban agglomeration (Larnaca) and also six rural agglomerations (Aradippou, Kiti, Pervolia, Livadia, Dromolaxia, Voroklini) under the provisions of Directive
91/271/EEC.
The transition compliance dates with the provisions of Directive 91/271 for Larnaca and the
rural agglomerations is 31/12/2012. The first phase of the Larnaca sewerage system began in 1993 and was completed in March 2000 with the construction approximately 100 km of
sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that serves 42,500 PE. (Or 30,800 people out of a total population of 61,500 in the wider area of Larnaca). In order to serve the
whole area of Larnaca, Phase II has started, which includes the construction of additional 217
Km of sewerage and expansion of the capacity the WWTP from 8,500 m3/day to 17,000 m3/day. The construction work of the sewerage network will be completed in 2012 and of the
WWTP plant in 2011.
44
The three rural agglomerations (Kiti, Pervolia and Dromolaxia) will be served from Larnaca
WWTP (Phase II Projects). Note that part of Livadia village is served by the Livadia WWTP. Besides WWTP of Livadia in HR8 operate the WWTPs of Anglisides and Kofinou.
Note that in HR 8 operate the Sewerage Boards of Larnaca and Anglisidon.
According to WDD data the water recycling planning provides for the combined management
of treated waste water of Larnaca and 7 nearby communities.
In HR8 there is a separate collection system for rain water runoff and is disposed through rivers to the sea.
At present the 61% of the Larnaca Municipality and some of the surrounding communities are
served by the Larnaca WWTP. In essence, 39% of Larnaca Municipality and as well as 100%
of the Rural Areas within the HR8 are not as yet connected to any WWTP. The estimated people equivalent is 214,139 (PE), which produces a waste of 180 lt/person/day, resulting to
a production of 0.45 m3/sec wastewater.
The estimated production of wastewater in HR8 is 0.45 m3/sec.
45
INDICATOR
Produced Industrial Wastewaters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE The Produced Industrial Wastewaters indicator provide information about industrial
wastewater as a significant point source
DESCRIPTION This indicator express any waste water which is discharged from premises used for carrying on any trade or industry, including pasturalism, other than domestic waste water and run-off
rain water.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cubic meters (m3/sec)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2010 ○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE
WDD, CYPRUS RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Impact
TABLES and PICTURES
In HR8 operate 25 manufacturing plants and 28 livestock facilities (rearing of cow, pig and
poultry). The maximum daily waste production is approximately 2,2 x106 m3 and is derived
mainly from 2 industrial plants: the Vassilikos Cement and the Vasilikos Power Station. These
two facilities are licensed to discharge daily up to 2.177.626 m3 cooling water to the coastal
WB CY_17-C2-HM. The remaining plants and facilities produce small quantities of wastewater
and the treated wastewater is used primarily for irrigation.
STATUS and TREND
Apart from the cooling water produced by 2 installations that is disposed to the sea without prior treatment according though to specific quality terms, the
amount of wastewater produced in HR8 is negligible.
46
INDICATOR
Population Served by W.W.T.P.
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental, Social, Developmental
PURPOSE Population serve by W.W.T.P. provide information on the level of treatment before discharge
and the sensitivity of the receiving waters which determines the scale of impacts on aquatic ecosystems. About the water consumed from ground and surface water per sector (water
supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).
DESCRIPTION The Ministry of Agricultural Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the implementation of the Council Directive 91/271/EEC for the Urban Waste Water Treatment,
as far as the preparation and implementation of the National Implementation Program of the Directive which includes planning, preparation of studies, promoting, managing and
supervising the construction of sewerage systems and monitoring the operation and maintenance in the rural communities and municipalities, with population equivalent greater
than 2,000.
Taking into consideration the above we identify the percentage of population connected with
WWTP.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2010 ○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Waste Water and Reuse Division
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES AND PICTURES
In HR 8 there is an urban agglomeration (Larnaca) and also six rural agglomerations
(Aradippou, Kiti, Pervolia, Livadia, Dromolaxia, Voroklini) under the provisions of Directive 91/271/EEC.
The transition compliance dates with the provisions of Directive 91/271 for Larnaca and the
rural agglomerations is 31/12/2012. The first phase of the Larnaca sewerage system began in
1993 and was completed in March 2000 with the construction approximately 100 km of sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that serves 42,500 PE. (Or 30,800
people out of a total population of 61,500 in the wider area of Larnaca). In order to serve the whole area of Larnaca, Phase II has started, which includes the construction of additional 217
Km of sewerage and expansion of the capacity the WWTP from 8,500 m3/day to 17,000
47
m3/day. The construction work of the sewerage network will be completed in 2012 and of the
WWTP plant in 2011.
The three rural agglomerations (Kiti, Pervolia and Dromolaxia) will be served from Larnaca WWTP (Phase II Projects). Note that part of Livadia village is served by the Livadia WWTP.
Besides WWTP of Livadia in HR8 operate the WWTPs of Anglisides and Kofinou.
Note that in HR 8 operate the Sewerage Boards of Larnaca and Anglisidon.
STATUS and TREND
Only 22% of the HR8 population is served by WWTP.
48
INDICATOR
Industries with Treated Wastewater
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE The industries with treated indicator gives information whether the industrial activity
comprises significant point source pollution for surface and ground waters in the specific region.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the Percentage of the amount of wastewater of industries located at
the River basin, treated by using their own plants or by transferring then to other Wastewater Treatment Plants.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 1998
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE
WDD, CYPRUS RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Driving Force-Impact
TABLES and PICTURES
According to the 2002-2009 Laws on water pollution control each installation that pollutes or
can impose pollution of water or soil must be granted with a Waste Disposal Permit. The
Department of the Environment of MANRE is responsible for granting the permits and
inspecting the compliance of the installations with the terms of the permits. Due to the huge
workload of licensing there are still installations with that either don’t hold permits or their
permits have expired. The Department has granted permits to all IPPC installations that are
currently operating in Cyprus. Most licensed installations that produce wastewater apply some
kind of in-house wastewater treatment depending on the type and load of the wastewater.
For example wastewater produced by olive oil mills is lead to evaporation tanks. In
installations of cow rearing wastewater is mechanically treated in order to separate the solids
and led either to irrigation or evaporation tanks. In poultry installations wastewater is led
either to irrigation or evaporation tanks. Pig rearing installations have either private treatment
facilities or transfer their wastewater to other appropriate installations. Slaughterhouses have
their own wastewater treatment facilities and use treated effluents for irrigation. The cement
and the power production installations dispose the cooling.
49
STATUS and TREND
Most of the installations in HR8 apply some kind of wastewater treatment
according to their waste disposal permits. However, there are still a small number
of non licensed installations.
50
INDICATOR
Reused Wastewater
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE Treated wastewater is becoming increasingly an important alternative water resource.
Moreover wastewater effluence is a water source that covers the quality standards and its use reduces the natural water consumption.
DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the percentage of waste water reused.
Treated wastewater could be precious water recourse for the following purposes:
Urban reuse: the irrigation of public parks, school yards, highway medians, and residential
landscapes, as well as for fire protection and toilet flushing in commercial and industrial buildings.
Agricultural reuse: irrigation of nonfood crops, such as fodder and fiber, commercial nurseries, and pasture lands. High-quality reclaimed water is used to irrigate food crops.
Environmental reuse: creating artificial wetlands, enhancing natural wetlands, and sustaining
stream flows.
Industrial reuse: process or makeup water and cooling tower water
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to present
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Response
TABLES and PICTURES
The Cyprus Government water policy is focused on the maximum utilization of non-conventional water resources, such as the recycled water, which can replace equal quantities
of potable water.
51
Table1. Annual Quantities of Treated Wastewater (2-4-2009)
Annual Quantities of Treated Wastewater
YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* 2009* 2010
Larnaca
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
Production
QUANTITIES
(m3)
2,287,663 1,876,764 2,139,196 1,935,295 1,840,117 1,774,498 1.800.122
Used for
irrigation
QUANTITIES
(m3)
1,992,137 1,816,348 1,910,867 1,935,295 1,840,117 1,216,172 1,510,992
% of reused 87% 97% 89% 100% 100% 67% 84%
% of reused
average
89%
Note* : Due to water rationing the production of treated wastewater during these years was
less than the years before.
The recycled water, which is produced from the domestic wastewater treatment, is used for irrigation of existing agricultural cultivations.
Over the past seven years the consumption of recycled water for irrigation purposes only, in the wider Larnaca district stands at 1.2 Million m3 per year. The supplementary irrigation
water for parks and football stadiums in the region according to WDD estimates was 350,000 m3 annually.
Based on the quality standards of recycled water for irrigation purposes and the expected
quality from the upgraded treatment plant new types of crops could be irrigated, which would
require 4.5 to 5.5 Million m3 annually.
STATUS and TREND
Treated Waste water is an average of 89% reused in HR8.
52
INDICATOR Population served by water supply network
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Social-Developmental
PURPOSE It provides information whether the potables needs of the population is covered by water
networks
DESCRIPTION The number of population that is served by water supply network within the limits of the particular area
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage of population served
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2010
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Larnaca Water Board
TABLES and PICTURES
The percentage of population served by water supply network is 100%. The annual water
supply needs of permanent residents are estimated at 10 Million m3 while the needs of
tourism are estimated at 1.1 Million m3. According to the Larnaca Water Board, industrial
consumption is estimated to 0.4 Million m3 per year. It should be noted that this amount
concerns what is provided by the Water Board to industries and does not account on water
sourced from private boreholes.
STATUS and TREND
The percentage of population served by water supply network is 100%. Approximately 20% of the Communities of Larnaca District has no central flowmeters. The lack of flowmeters results in uncontrolled / non detectable water leaks. Moreover the implementation of awareness policies on water consumption reduction cannot be effective.
53
INDICATOR Irrigation Area served by irrigation network
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental- Developmental
PURPOSE It provides information about the integrated management of water resources for irrigation
purposes
DESCRIPTION The surface of irrigated area served by irrigation network
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage of irrigated area served by irrigation networks
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2010
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
The irrigated area in HR8 is 45.53 km2. The main types of the plant species are the followings:
Olive Trees (23.44 km2)
Citrus Trees (4.11 km2)
Fodder plants (4.71 km2)
Potatoes (1.29 km2)
Greenhouse crops (1.23 km2)
Others (10.76 km2)
STATUS and TREND
Only 39% (17618 km2) of the irrigated area is served by irrigation networks.
It should be noted also that only a small part of the irrigated land served with water from boreholes is monitored on a regular basis. Uncontrolled extraction of
groundwater makes difficult the integrated water management.
It is also worth mentioning that the irrigation efficiency of the majority of the irrigated land is very high and reaches 90%.
54
INDICATOR Ecological status of surface waters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental- Developmental
PURPOSE
The ecological status, is an indicator for monitoring sustainable water management, and is
difficult to assess because of the large number of measurements that need to be
implemented and the complexity to describe it, as it is related with a large number of sub-
indicators. In Cyprus, the ecological status of surface water bodies is the result of the
Monitoring Programme, which is in place as from 2006, and expert’s judgment.
DESCRIPTION
For surface water categories, the ecological status classification for the water body is represented by the lower of the values for the biological and physico-chemical monitoring
results for the relevant quality elements classified in High, Good, Moderate, Poor and Bad, according WFD.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2010 ○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
In the context of the application of Article 5 of the Water Framework Directive, 27 River WBs
are identified within this region, Eight (8) of which are heavily modified, Seven (7) Lake WBs, three (3) of which are Heavily Modified (Lefkara, Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams) and five
(5) coastal WBs.
Figure 1 shows surface Water Bodies (WB) in HR8
Table 1 shows the classification of the current status of River WBs conducted by WDD in
2009. Note that three (3) River WBs were not classified due to absence of data.
Table 2 shows the classification of the current ecological status/potential of Lake WBs
conducted by the WDD in 2009.
Table 3 shows the classification of the current ecological status/potential of the Coastal WBs conducted by the Department of Fisheries in 2009.
55
Figure 1. Water bodies and basin in HR8
Table 1. River WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB code Basin
Name Basin
Length
(km)
Heavily
Modifie
d
Ecological
status/potential
1 CY_8-1-2_R1 Voroklini 8-1 5.1 NO Unclassified
2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM Voroklini 8-1 2.7 YES Unclassified
3 CY_8-2-1_R1 Aradippou 8-2 34.3 NO Unclassified
4 CY_8-4-11_R3 Tremithos 8-4 8.2 NO Moderate
5 CY_8-4-12_R3 Tremithos 8-4 4.0 NO Moderate
6 CY_8-4-13_R3 Tremithos 8-4 2.8 NO Moderate
7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 22.5 YES Moderate
8 CY_8-4-2_R3 Tremithos 8-4 10.7 NO Moderate
9 CY_8-4-4_R3 Tremithos 8-4 16.5 NO Moderate
10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 6.7 YES Poor
11 CY_8-5-1_R1 Pouzis 8-5 34.3 NO Moderate
12 CY_8-6-1_R3 Xeros 8-6 19.1 NO Moderate
13 CY_8-7-11_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 15.7 NO Good
14 CY_8-7-12_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 3.8 NO Good
15 CY_8-7-13_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 0.9 NO Good
56
16 CY_8-7-2_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 2.8 NO Good
17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 6.7 YES Poor
18 CY_8-7-3_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 13.8 NO Good
19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 16.2 YES Moderate
20 CY_8-7-5_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 13.4 NO Moderate
21 CY_8-8-1_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-8 26.7 NO Good
22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM Maroni 8-8 16.4 YES Moderate
23 CY_8-9-1_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 3.8 NO Moderate
24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 2.1 YES Moderate
25 CY_8-9-2_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 38.0 NO Moderate
26 CY_8-9-5_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 1.4 NO Moderate
27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 12.8 YES Moderate
Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB Code Name Ecological
status/potential
1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake Moderate
2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani Moderate
3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros Moderate
4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake Moderate
5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM Lefkara Good
6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM Dhypotamos Good
7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM Kalavasos Good
57
Table 3. Coastal WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB Code Name
Ecological
status/potentia
l
1 CY_17-C2-ΗΜ Vasilikos port Good
2 CY_18-C2 Zygi– Kiti Cape Good
3 CY_19-C2 Larnaca West Good
4 CY_20-C2-ΗΜ Larnaca Center Good
5 CY_21-C2 Bay of Larnaca –
Northeast
Good
STATUS and TREND
As with the river WBs, with respect to length, 0% is High, 22% Good, 59%
Moderate, 8% Poor, 0% Bad, whereas 11% are unclassified.
The target for 2015 is to increase Good to 33%, reduce Moderate to 56%, and
eliminate Poor to 0%. More specifically, measures have been designed in order to
improve ecological status of CY_8-4-11_R3, CY_8-5-1_R1 and CY_8-9-1_R3 from
Moderate to Good and also for CY_8-4-5_R3-HM and CY_8-7-2_R3-HM from Poor
to Moderate, in 2015.
As with the Lake WBs, with respect to area, 26% are Good, and 74% Moderate.
The target for 2015 is to have all but CY_8-3-2_12_L2 to Good Ecological Status.
With regard to Coastal WBs, with respect to length, 100% are Good.
58
INDICATOR Chemical Status of surface waters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental- Developmental
PURPOSE
The chemical status, is an indicator for monitoring sustainable water management, is difficult
to assess because of the large number of measurements that need to be implemented, and
the complexity to describe it, because is related with a large number of sub-indicators. In
Cyprus, the chemical status of surface water bodies is the result of the Monitoring
Programme, which is in place as from 2006, and expert’s judgment.
DESCRIPTION
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2010 ○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Department of Fisheries
TABLES and PICTURES
Figure 1 shows surface Water Bodies (WB) in HR 8.
Table 1 shows the 27 River WBs, identified in the context of the application of Article 5 of the
Water Framework Directive within HR8, Eight (8) of which are heavily modified. It also shows
the classification of the current status of River WBs conducted under by WDD in 2009. Note
that for 3 River WBs were not classified due to absence of necessary data.
Table 2 shows the 7 Lake WBs in HR8 and all of them but Lefkara are classified as having
good chemical status.
Table 3 shows the 5 Coastal WBs in HR8 and all of them classified as having good chemical
status.
Where a water body achieves compliance with all the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX, Article 16 of WFD and under other relevant Community legislation
setting environmental quality standards it shall be recorded as achieving good chemical status. If not, the body shall be recorded as failing to achieve good chemical status,
according WFD.
59
Figure 1. Water Bodies and basin in HR8
Table 1. River WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB code Basin Name Basin
Length
(km)
Heavily
Modified
Chemical
status
1 CY_8-1-2_R1 Voroklini 8-1 5.1 NO Unclassified
2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM Voroklini 8-1 2.7 YES Unclassified
3 CY_8-2-1_R1 Aradippou 8-2 34.3 NO Unclassified
4 CY_8-4-11_R3 Tremithos 8-4 8.2 NO Good
5 CY_8-4-12_R3 Tremithos 8-4 4.0 NO Good
6 CY_8-4-13_R3 Tremithos 8-4 2.8 NO Good
7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 22.5 YES Good
8 CY_8-4-2_R3 Tremithos 8-4 10.7 NO Good
9 CY_8-4-4_R3 Tremithos 8-4 16.5 NO Good
10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 6.7 YES Good
11 CY_8-5-1_R1 Pouzis 8-5 34.3 NO Good
12 CY_8-6-1_R3 Xeros 8-6 19.1 NO Good
13 CY_8-7-11_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 15.7 NO Good
14 CY_8-7-12_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 3.8 NO Good
15 CY_8-7-13_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 0.9 NO Good
16 CY_8-7-2_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 2.8 NO Good
17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 6.7 YES Good
60
18 CY_8-7-3_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 13.8 NO Good
19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 16.2 YES Good
20 CY_8-7-5_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 13.4 NO Good
21 CY_8-8-1_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-8 26.7 NO Good
22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM Maroni 8-8 16.4 YES Good
23 CY_8-9-1_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 3.8 NO Good
24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 2.1 YES Good
25 CY_8-9-2_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 38.0 NO Less Than
Good 26 CY_8-9-5_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 1.4 NO Good
27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 12.8 YES Good
In HR 8, 7 Lake WBs are identified, 3 of which are heavily modified (reservoirs of Lefkara,
Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams). The table below shows the classification of the current
status/potential of Lake WBs conducted by the Water development Department.
Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB Code Name Chemical
status
1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake Good
2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani Good
3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros Good
4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake Good
5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM Lefkara Less Than
Good 6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM Dhypotamos Good
7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM Kalavasos Good
61
Table 3. Coastal WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification
WB Code Name
Chemical
status
1 CY_17-C2-ΗΜ Vasilikos port Good
2 CY_18-C2 Zygi– Kiti Cape Good
3 CY_19-C2 Larnaca West Good
4 CY_20-C2-ΗΜ Larnaca Center Good
5 CY_21-C2 Bay of Larnaca – Northeast Good
STATUS and TREND
River WBs with respect to length: Good 85%, Less than good 4%, Unclassified
11%
The main problem of water quality of WB CY_8-9-2_R3 is associated with Cd and
Pb due to agricultural and mining activity respectively.
Lake WBs with respect to area: Good 86%, Less than good 14%
The main problem of Lefkara WB CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM is associated with Ni and
Pb.
Coastal with respect to length: Good 100%
62
INDICATOR Quantity of ground waters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental- Developmental
PURPOSE It provides information whether the availability of groundwater resources is not exceeded by
the long-term annual average abstraction rate.
DESCRIPTION The parameter for the classification of quantitative status is Groundwater level regime. In HR8, the quantity of groundwater is adversely affected by the many illegal boreholes and
overabstraction mainly due to agricultural activities. In two of the groundwater WBs in HR8,
namely Lefkara - Pachna and Troodos, abstraction is also made for potable purposes. In sum overabstruction reaches 2.5 Million m3∕ year. However, the upcoming enrichment of Kiti -
Perivolia aquifer with tertiary treated effluent from Larnaca Sewerage Treatment Plant is expected to improve ground table level in this WB.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2000-2010
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
The Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8 and their status evaluation is presented in
Table 1 below
63
Table 1. Groundwater bodies associated with HR8
WB Name Quantitative
status
1. CY-2 Aradippou Good
2. CY-3 Kiti - Perivolia Poor
3. CY-4 Softades & Vasilikos Poor
4. CY-5 Maroni Poor
5. CY-6 Mari – Kalo Chorio Poor
6. CY-18 Lefkara - Pachna Poor
7. CY-19 Troodos Poor
STATUS and TREND
Good 5%, Poor 95%
Quantitative status in all WBs with respect to area within HR8, but Aradippou, is
poor. However, every effort is made to alleviate the situation through the
enforcement of the new Law on Unified Water Management (LAW79/I/2010),
which provides for registration of all boreholes, abstractions control through the
enforcement of a meter on every single borehole and also heavy fines in cases
where licensed quantities are exited. In all, the WBs which at present have poor
status, they will still be in the same status in 2015, however the enforcement of
the Law along with the pricing policy on agriculture, is expected to alleviate
diminishing of the aquifer.
64
INDICATOR Chemical Status of ground waters
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental - Developmental
PURPOSE It provides information about the appropriateness for different kind of water uses.
DESCRIPTION The parameters for the classification of chemical status are Conductivity and Concentrations
of pollutants
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2010 ○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
Table 1 presents the seven (7) Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8 and their status
evaluation. As it is showed two of them are characterised in poor chemical status.
Table 1. Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8
No WB Name Chemical
status
1 CY-2 Aradippou Good
2 CY-3 Kiti - Perivolia Poor
3 CY-4 Softades & Vasilikos Poor
4 CY-5 Maroni Good
5 CY-6 Mari – Kalo Chorio Good
6 CY-18 Lefkara - Pachna Good
7 CY-19 Troodos Good
65
STATUS and TREND
Good 71%, Poor 29%
The main problems of water quality of Kiti - Perivolia and Softades & Vasilikos
WBs are over-abstraction for irrigation purposes (NH4) and high salinity due to
sea intrusion (Cl).
66
INDICATOR Bathing Water Quality
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE It provides information about the coastal water quality assessing the presence or absence of
pollution sources.
DESCRIPTION
The indicator describes the changes over time in the quality of designated bathing waters
(inland and marine) in EU Member States, in terms of compliance with standards for microbiological parameters (total coliforms and faecal coliforms) and physicochemical
parameters (mineral oils, surface-active substances and phenols) introduced by the EU Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC).
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: 2010
○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Environment Department
TABLES and PICTURES
Table 1. Bathing WBs in HR8 and their status
BW Name WB ID WB Name Compliance
1 GIANNADES CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%
2 KARPASIANA CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%
3 LENIOS CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%
4 BEACH HOUSE CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%
5 PERIPTERO CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%
6 NAFTIKOS OMILOS
LARNAKAS
CY_20-C2-HM LARNACA CITY 100%
7 FOINIKOUDES 1 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
8 FOINIKOUDES 2 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
9 KASTELLA LARNAKAS CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
67
10 MAKENZY 1 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
11 MAKENZY 2 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
12 S.W. OF AIRPORT CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
13 ORPHANI CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
14 FAROS PERVOLION CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%
15 BO RIVAGE CY_21-C2 LARNAKA BAY NORTH-EAST 100%
16 KALYMNOS CY_16-C2 MONI 100%
17 BOUZI CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%
18 ALTIANA CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%
19 GEEF IKIA CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%
STATUS and TREND
Good 100% The results from the monitoring of the water quality in all bathing areas indicate
100% compliance with the mandatory values as well as with the more stringent
guide values according to the provisions for the transition period of the new Directive 2006/7/EC. The bathing water quality was excellent in the 2010 bathing
season in all coastal bathing areas.
68
INDICATOR Water tariffs
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Social-Developmental-Economical
PURPOSE It provides information about the integrated pricing policy adapted per water use.
DESCRIPTION A water tariff is a price assigned to water supplied by a public enterprise to its customers per
use.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Currency/m3 per use
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Response
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8
● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2010 ○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
None
STATUS and TREND
Domestic Water supply:
Larnaca municipality €0.42 up to €2.54/m3
Aradhippou municipality €0.94 up to €2.50/m3
Communities €0.42 up to €2.54/m3
Irrigation €0.16- €0.17/m3
Industry €1.13-€1.54/m3 Livestock €0.62/m3
Recycle water for irrigation use €0.05-0.07/m3.
Tariff for recycle water does not reflect the cost of producing the water. The aim is to provide incentives to the farmers to accept and increase the usage of this
water.
69
INDICATOR Cost Recovery
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Social-Developmental-Economical
PURPOSE It provides information about the cost recovery of municipality water services (water supply,
sewerage and irrigation)
DESCRIPTION Article 9.1 of the Directive refers to the total cost of water services requires detailed assessment of all components of total cost including:
The financial cost which refers to investment costs, operating and maintenance
works, management and administrative costs and other direct economic costs.
The cost of natural resources represents the benefit loss due to limitation of available
water resources to a greater extent than natural the refresh rate. The environmental costs represent the cost of the impact caused by the use of water
environment and aquatic ecosystems.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cost recovery rate per Municipality and service-Percentage (%)
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Response
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: year 2010
○ Updating frequency: 5 years
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
TABLES and PICTURES
No information provided.
70
STATUS and TREND
Cost recovery rate for Domestic water services:
Larnaca Water Board 96% Municipality of Aradippou & communities 119%
Irrigation water:
Irrigation Project of Kiti-Mazotos 45% (aim to reach 54% until 2015)
Elsewhere in HR8 61%
Cost recovery for sewerage and secondary treatment of sewage water 227%
(construction works costs are paid in advance by the residents)
Production and supply of tertiary treated effluent for reuse in irrigation 34%
71
INDICATOR
Water Management Authorities
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental, Developmental, Social-Economical
PURPOSE Water Management Authorities indicator provide information whether there is a local
authority which is responsible for the integrated management of the Pilot River Basin.
DESCRIPTION Water management authorities that are responsible for the implementation of the WFD and
the achievement of its objectives.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Number
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Cyprus River Basin
● Timing scale: Not Applied
DATA SOURCE Water Development Department
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
Response
TABLES and PICTURES
The Water Development Department is responsible for implementing the water policy of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Main objective of this policy is the rational development and management of the water resources of Cyprus. In this context,
the responsibilities of the department cover a wide and diverse spectrum, which includes:
a) the collection, processing and classification of hydrological, hydrogeological, geotechnical
and other data necessary for the study, maintenance and safety of the water development works,
b) the study, design, construction, operation and maintenance of works, such as dams, ponds, irrigation, domestic water supply and sewerage schemes, water treatment works,
sewage treatment and desalination plants, and c) the protection of the water resources from pollution.
The competent authority for the implementation of Water Framework Directive has
responsibility over the entire River Basin District. It has to be noted, however, that according to the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 10 on Cyprus, attached to the Treaty of
Accession to the EU, the application of the acquis is suspended in those areas of the Republic
of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control. Furthermore, the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the
republic of Cyprus and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning responsibility for the implementation of the Protocol on the Sovereign
Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus, provides for the application of the WFD in the
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus.
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As described in the information supplied to the Commission in 2004 under WFD Article 3,
Cyprus has been identified as one River Basin District. Hydrographically, the island of Cyprus is subdivided into 9 hydrological regions made up of 70 watersheds. There are no rivers with
perennial flow over their entire length. Therefore, the whole island is considered as one River Basin District, made up of all the watersheds.
STATUS and TREND
Water Development Department has responsibility over the entire River Basin District. The application of the acquis is suspended in those areas of the Republic
of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control (HR4, HR5 and parts of HR3,HR6 and HR7)
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INDICATOR
Water Bodies Naturalness
SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental
PURPOSE The water bodies naturalness provide information about the water bodies that have been
altered by human activities.
DESCRIPTION This indicator describes the morphological state of water body. Indicate the percentage of the total length of rivers or the surface of lakes that fall into the following classes, Natural,
Heavily or strong modified and Artificial.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)
DATA PROCESSING SCALE
● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:
○ Temporal coverage: 2009
○ Updating frequency: annually
DATA SOURCE WDD, analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8
of the Cyprus River Basin District
DPSIR CLASSIFICATION
State
TABLES and PICTURES
In HR 8, 27 River Water Bodies (WB), are identified in the context of the application of Article
5 of the Water Framework Directive as shown in Figure 1. Eight (8) of these are heavily modified as shown in Table 1.
In HR 8, 7 lake WBs are identified, 3 of which are heavily modified (Lefkara, Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams), as shown in Table 2.
Figure1. Water bodies and
basin in HR8
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Table 1. River WBs in HR8
WB code Basin Length (km) Heavily Modified
1 CY_8-1-2_R1 8-1 5.1 NO
2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM 8-1 2.7 YES
3 CY_8-2-1_R1 8-2 34.3 NO
4 CY_8-4-11_R3 8-4 8.2 NO
5 CY_8-4-12_R3 8-4 4.0 NO
6 CY_8-4-13_R3 8-4 2.8 NO
7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM 8-4 22.5 YES
8 CY_8-4-2_R3 8-4 10.7 NO
9 CY_8-4-4_R3 8-4 16.5 NO
10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM 8-4 6.7 YES
11 CY_8-5-1_R1 8-5 34.3 NO
12 CY_8-6-1_R3 8-6 19.1 NO
13 CY_8-7-11_R3 8-7 15.7 NO
14 CY_8-7-12_R3 8-7 3.8 NO
15 CY_8-7-13_R3 8-7 0.9 NO
16 CY_8-7-2_R3 8-7 2.8 NO
17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM 8-7 6.7 YES
18 CY_8-7-3_R3 8-7 13.8 NO
19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM 8-7 16.2 YES
20 CY_8-7-5_R3 8-7 13.4 NO
21 CY_8-8-1_R3 8-8 26.7 NO
22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM 8-8 16.4 YES
23 CY_8-9-1_R3 8-9 3.8 NO
24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM 8-9 2.1 YES
25 CY_8-9-2_R3 8-9 38.0 NO
26 CY_8-9-5_R3 8-9 1.4 NO
27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM 8-9 12.8 YES
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Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8
WB Code Name Heavily Modified
1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake NO
2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani NO
3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros NO
4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake NO
5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-
HM
Lefkara YES
6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-
HM
Dhypotamos YES
7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-
HM
Kalavasos YES
STATUS and TREND
75% of River WBs in ΗR8, with respect to length, is natural.
74% of Lake WBs in HR8, with respect to area, is natural.
86% of coastal WBs, with respect to area, is natural