water management (introduction)

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Group 4


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IntroductionWater; Water on Earth; Water Cycle; Uses of Water;

Potable Water ; Water Quality; Water-Borne Diseases


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Water is a chemical compound with the chemical

formula H2O. A water molecule contains

one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected

by covalent bonds.


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Properties of water

Water is a liquid at standard temperature

and pressure.

It is tasteless and odorless. Water is a good polar solvent and is often

referred to as the universal solvent.

The maximum density of water occurs

at 3.98 C (39.16 F).


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Properties of water

Its density is 1,000 kg/m3 (62.428 lb/cu ft or

8.3454 lb/US gal) liquid (at 4 C; ice has a density of

917 kg/m3).

Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen andoxygen.

Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this

increases with the dissolution of a small amount of

ionic material such as sodium chloride.

Most of the major components in cells

(proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved

in water.- Wikipedia


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IF THE WORLDS WATER WERE POURED INTO A BUCKET.


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Water is vital to life on Earth. It is the only knownsubstance that naturally exists in gas, liquid, andsolid form within the relatively small range of air

temperatures and pressures found at Earthssurface. Because of this, water has profoundconsequences for Earths climate and ecosystems.It also has the capacity to store large amounts of

heat and transport this heat over vast distances via

ocean currents.-NASA


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Water has other unusual chemical and physical propertiesthat play important roles in shaping Earths environment. Ice,

waters solid phase, is less dense than liquid water and so it

floats, insulating the water underneath. This prevents the

complete freezing of bodies of water, whether a small pondor the Arctic Ocean. The insulating effect of ice enables thewater below to sustain life through the harshest of winters.Water is also responsible for the transport of key nutrients

vital to the survival of plant and animal life both on land andin the oceans.

- NASA


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Irrigation

utilization of water for producing agriculturalcrops.

Fisheries

utilization of water for the propagation of cultureof fish as a commercial enterprise.

Livestock raising

utilization of water for large herds or flocks ofanimals raised as a commercial enterprise.


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Water ClassificationDENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER

No. 34

Series of 1990


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Class AA

Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which areuninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meetthe National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.

Class A

Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment(coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.

Class B

Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming,

skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes).

Class C

Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources;

Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.)

Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment).

Class D

For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.

Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.)

Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.


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Potable WaterPotable water is water suitable for drinking and cookingpurposes. Potability considers both the safety of water interms of health, and its acceptability to the consumer usually in terms of taste, odor, color, and other sensible

qualities.


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Water Quality


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The NWRB and the Department of Health (DOH)

prescribe certain protocols for the testing of water atthe supply source and through the distributionsystem. These are different for the microbiologicalconcerns and the physical and chemical

characteristics of the product.

Frequency of Sampling


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Physical/Chemical Tests:

The minimum frequency of physical and chemicalsampling for drinking water supply is once a yearregardless of service levels. Samples are to be taken

from the source itself.


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Hardness

is due primarily to calciumand magnesium carbonates andbicarbonates (which can be removed byboiling) and calcium and magnesiumsulfate and chloride (which can beremoved by chemical precipitationusing lime and sodium carbonate).Hardness in water is objectionable for

the following reasons:

Calcium and magnesium sulfate havea laxative effect. Hard water makes lathering moredifficult, and so it increases soapconsumption.

In boilers, pots and kettles, hardnesscauses scaling, resulting in thereduction of the thermal efficiency andrestriction of flow.


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Alkalinity or Acidity

the presence of acid

substances is indicated by pH below7.0 and alkaline substances by pHgreater than 7.0. Acidic water iscorrosive to metallic pipes.


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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD is a measure of the

amount of organic content ofwater. As bacteria utilizeoxygen in the oxidation oforganic matter, the CODincreases and the dissolved

oxygen in the water decreases.

Organic Nitrogen

organic nitrogen is a

constituent of all waste proteinproducts from sewage, kitchenwastes and all dead organicmatter. Freshly producedwaste normally containspathogenic bacteria. All waterhigh in organic nitrogen shouldtherefore be suspected forpossible contaminants.


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groundwater usually contains more of these two

minerals than surface water. Iron and manganese arenuisances that must be removed if in excess of 0.3mg/l and 0.1 mg/l respectively. They stain clothing andplumbing fixtures, and the growth of iron bacteriacauses strainers and screens to clog and metallic

conduits to rust. The appearance of a reddish brownor black precipitate in a water sample after shakingindicates, respectively, the presence of iron ormanganese.

Iron and Manganese


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Toxic Substances

a number of chemicalsubstances, if present inappreciable concentration in

drinking water, may constitute adanger to health. These toxicsubstances include: Arsenic

Barium

Cadmium

Hexavalent chromium Cyanide

Lead

Selenium

Silver

Phenolic Compounds

these cause undesirabletaste in water wheneverpresent.


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Physical Aspects

Turbidity is a measure of the degree of cloudiness

or muddiness of water. It is caused bysuspended matter in water like silt, clay,organic matter or microorganisms. Evenwhen caused by factors that do not posea health risk, turbidity is objectionable

because of its adverse aesthetic andpsychological effects on the consumers.


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Odor odor should be absent or very faint

for water to be acceptable fordrinking. Pure water is odorless;hence, the presence of undesirableodor in water is indicative of the

existence of contaminants.


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Taste pure water is tasteless, hence, the

presence of undesirable taste inwater indicates the presence ofcontaminants. Algae, decomposingorganic matter, dissolved gases, and

phenolic substance may cause tastes.


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Drinking water should be free of pathogenic

microorganisms. Bacteria

Parasitic protozoa and helminths

Pathogenic protozoans

Entamoeba Giardia

Microbiological Aspects


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The Philippines National Standards for Drinking Water

2007 (PNSDW-2007) provide the minimum standardsfor quality of potable water. Per PNSDW, drinkingwater must be clear, colorless and free fromobjectionable taste and odor. All other standard

values are contained in the PNSDW AdministrativeOrder No. 2007-0012 or any other standards morerecently issued by the Department of Health.

Philippine Standards for WaterQuality


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Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Qualities for Acceptability


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NTU =Nephelometric turbidity unit


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Water-Borne

Diseases


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Gastroenteritis is a medical condition

characterized by inflammation ("-itis")

of the gastrointestinal tract that

involves both the stomach ("gastro"-)and thesmall intestine ("entero"-).

Cause

Viral

Rotavirus Norovirus

Adenovirus

Astrovirus

Bacterial

Campylobacterjejuni

Escherichia coli

Salmonella

Shigella

Symptoms

diarrhea

Vomitingand abdominal pain

cramping

Gastroenteritis

Infectious


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InfectiousHepatitis

is a medical condition defined by theinflammation of the liver and characterized

by the presence of inflammatory cells in

the tissue of the organ.

Symptoms

Dark urine

Pale or clay colored stools

Abdominal pain or distention

Itching on the body parts

Nausea and vomiting

Low grade fever

Weigth loss

Breast developments in males


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Poliomyelitis

often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an

acute, viral, infectious disease spread from

person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral

route.

Cause: poliomyelitis virus

Effects:

Inflammation of spinal cord

Paralysis


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- Wikipedia


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- Wikipedia


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- Wikipedia


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END


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REFERENCES :

GREENPEACE. (2007, October). The state of water in the

Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines : Greenpeace

Southeast Asia.

The World Bank Office Manila. (2012, February ).Rural Water

Supply Design Manual(Vol. 1). Metro Manila, Philippines:

TWBOM.

water management (introduction)

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