water management systemsbeahrselp.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/madhyama...water management and...
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WaterManagementSystemsBEAHRSELP 2017MADHYAMA SUBRAMANIANUCBERKELEY, CLASS OF2015SOLIDARIDAD NORTH AMERICA
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CONTENTS1.Water - Overview
2.WaterAvailability
3.WaterUse
Ø EnvironmentalUse
Ø HumanUse
4.WaterUseacrossUserClasses
5.Conclusion
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Overview• Water– Basichumanneed
Ø Freshwateraccountsforonly3%ofwaterglobally,97%ofglobalwaterissalineØ Freshwater:69%areinicecapsandmountains;30%isgroundwater;
allsurfacewatersources(rivers,lakes,tanksetc.)accountforonly0.9%oftheglobalresources.Ø Ofthetotalsurfacewater,only2%flowsinriversandstreams;therestareinlakes(87%)andswamps(11%)
• Challenge:Freshwaterscarcity,bothintermsofqualityandquantity
• KeyDriversofFreshwaterScarcityØ GrowingcompetitionforwaterØ WeakregulationØ AgingandinadequatewaterinfrastructureØ WaterpollutionØ Climatechange
• Changesintraditionalprecipitationpatterns• Increasingincidenceofextremeclimateeventslikedroughtsandfloods• Meltingglaciersandsnowcaps
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Overview• Absolutewaterscarcityisamisnomer;scarcityisrelative
•Waterisacommonpoolresource,makingitdifficulttomanage
• Smartwatermanagementiskey,toalsoadapttoachangingclimate
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WaterManagementandDistribution• Needforeffectivewatermanagementsystemsforappropriatedistribution.
•WaterManagementhasthreeaspects:Ø Availability:Seasonalityofprecipitation,whileallyear-roundrequirement
Ø Use:EnvironmentaluseandHumanuse
Ø Classesofusers:Rich/Poor, Industrial/Urbanvs.Rural,UserswithdifferentWaterRights
• Noone-size-fitsallsolution:MixofDemandandSupplySidesolutions,Contextspecific
• E.g.Infrastructure,Policy,Regulation,Laws,Pricingmechanisms
• Centralizedvs.De-CentralizedSolutions
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Water– Availability• Precipitationtakesplaceduringcertainmonthsinayear,
dependingonregion.
Ø SouthAsia– 70to90%rainfallover4monsoonmonths(June toSep)
Ø California– Rainandsnowduringwinter(OctobertoApril)
• ClimateChangeaffectingprecipitationpatternsglobally
• However,waterisanall-yearrequirement
• Hence,theneedforappropriatesystemstostorewater(Supply-sideSolution)
• Naturalandman-madewaterstoragesystems
Ø Natural- Groundwater (extractionratesmuchhigher thanrechargerates)
Ø Manmade- Infrastructurefor storingsurfacewatere.g.Reservoirs,man-madeponds, lakes
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Water– Availability• BigDams:Focusof the20thcenturyglobally
Ø Challenges:Hugeenvironmental footprint, varieddistributional effectsacrossusers
• Alternativewaterstoragesystems:WatershedDevelopment,DecentralizedWaterHarvestingandManagement.E.g.IndiaandBrazil
• Brazil:TheNorthEasternregionofBrazil– 9states,23mill.people,poor farmers,semi-aridregion
• Since2003,thegovernmentandcivilsociety(nearly3000organizations)haveimplementedseveraldecentralizedprojectstoenhancelivelihoodsbyraisingwatersecurity,throughrainwaterharvesting.
• The“1millioncisterns,”“1pieceoflandand2sourcesofwater,”otherprojects- Tanks,flywheelpumpsonhanddugwells,rockcatchments,subsurfacedams,anddeepwaterpits+waterconservation+livelihoodprograms.
• Livinginharmonywiththesemi-aridzone,byadoptingsuitablemethodsofwaterstorageanduse,managingadecentlifeeventhoughwaterisscarce.
• Without thevoiceofCSOs,thedemocratizationofwaterdevelopmentintheNorthEastmaynothavetakenplaceandlargescalewaterusersmayhavehadtheupperhand.
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Water– Availability
• Demand-sidesolutions:Surfaceandgroundwatermanagement
Ø Regulation:Conservation rulestocutCA-widewateruseby25%inurbanareasduring2015drought
• Largestcities,waterdistrictsandwatercompaniesplacedinnine tiers,basedontheirresidentialpercapitawateruse.Hadtomeettargets,comparedwiththeir2013baselineuse,orfacestatefinesofupto$10,000aday.
• Measuresincludedoutreach,incentivestobuywater-efficientequipment, limitlawnwatering,imposepenalties
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Environmental UsesofWater• Allwaterbodies(rivers,lakes,andwetlands)andrelated
ecosystemsarelivingsystemsrequiringwaterinflowsandoutflows(volume,seasonality,quality)
• Waterintheecosystemisinterconnected–whathappensinonepartaffectstheother.E.g.groundwaterextractioninupstreamaffectsriverflowsdownstream
• Closeinter-linkagesbetweenthehydrological,ecologicalandsocio-economiccomponentsofriverbasinsØ Drainagesystems– “roomfortheriver”approach(2005floods in
Mumbai)Ø Ecosystemdestruction (Sundarbans mangroves)– affectedbyrampant
pollution
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EnvironmentalUsesofWater• PlanningusingIntegratedRiverBasinApproach:Aholisticapproach
tomanageentireriverbasinsecosystems,includingaccompanyingwetlandandgroundwatersystems,withusageandmanagement
Ø Combinationofprotectedareas,sustainableforestryandagriculture,improved reservoirmanagement, restorationandotherinitiatives
Ø Positivemove,yettorealizefullpotential.
• ValuationandPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)topartiallyinternalizeecosystemexternalities:Pricingandincentivestooltocounterbalanceimpactonecosystemservices
Ø Incentivesoffered tofarmersorlandownersinexchangeformanaging theirlandtoprovidesomesortofecologicalservice;stillearlydays
Ø FONAGWaterFund,Ecuador- Downstreamwateruserssuchascities,utilities,andindustriespayintothefund, tosupportconservationandreforestationactivitiesinthepáramo andforestedwatershedsoftheAndes thatsupplydrinking watertothedownstreamurbanpopulations ofQuito
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HumanUseofWater• Competingusersofwater
Ø Agriculture - 80%ofglobal freshwaterØ Domestic/UrbanuseØ Industrialuse
• Growingdemandfromurbanindustrialuse;eveninagrariancontexts
• Increasingpollutionlevels
• Socialconflictsduetoindustrialwateruse,transferfromruraltourban,diversionfromfarmingtoenvironmentetc.
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HumanUseofWater• Regulatorysolutions
Ø India:TheMaharashtraGroundwater (regulation fordrinking waterpurposes) Act,1993,takesprotectionmeasuresforpublicdrinkingwatersourcessuchasprohibition ofconstructionofwellswithincertainlimits.
• Technologysolutions:Wastewaterrecycling,Desalination,MeatlessMeats
• Improveefficiency:DripIrrigation,Fixingleaksinpublicdistributionsystems,water- efficienttoilets
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WaterUseacrossUserClasses• Waterusedistributionvariesacrossuserclasses
Ø Smallgeographicalregionswithinripariansystems
Ø Withinairrigationcommandarea
Ø Withinavillageofuserswithdifferentendowments
Ø Withinacitydistribution acrosspoor/richneighborhoods
Ø Seniorvs.JuniorWaterrightsholders
• Whenthereisalivelihoodimplication,waterunavailabilitybecomesevenmoreserious
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WaterUseacrossUserClasses• Decentralizedsystems:
ParticipatoryIrrigationManagement(PIM)ParticipatoryGroundwaterManagement(PGWM):Waterusersfromagroup,decideoncropandwaterbudgetssothatacommunitycangetassuredwater
• Differentialpricingforurbanwateruse:Lowpriceforpoorneighborhoods,highpriceforricherneighborhoods
• Subsidies:Tonotgrowspecificcrops
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SolutionsandTrade-offs•Weneedtobemindful ofalldimensions:Environmentaluse,HumanUseandClassesofHumanUse
• Largescalewaterharvesting(Dams)maybegood todealwithseasonalfluctuations,howeverecologicalconsiderationsmustbekeptinmind.
• Pricingofwaterincreasesitvalue,butpricingcannotbeusedwherewaterisa‘meritgood’, whereconsumption cannotdependontheabilitytopay,e.g.drinking waterforhumans.
• Regulationbasedonpoor information: Ifyoudon’tknowthenatureoftheresource,peoplemayberestrictedfromusingtheresource(suchasgroundwater).
• Efficiency:Insteadofreducinguseofgroundwater, dripirrigationoftenleadstoaperverseresultbywayofincreaseinirrigatedacreage,whichmaynotbeappropriate.Ithastobeusedincombinationwithotherrules.
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Conclusion• Water:Notascarcity,amanagementissue• Complexchallengewithmultiplesolutions• Rightmixinacomprehensivemanneriskeytominimizetrade-offs