water mold in kingdom stramenopila

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The water molds : SC 3202 E-mail address : [email protected] . . Neti Ngearnpat,Ph.D.

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Mycology course, university of phayoa

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Page 1: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

The water molds

������� : SC 3202E-mail address : [email protected]

�. $%. &'() &�)'*�+,- Neti Ngearnpat,Ph.D.

Page 2: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Stramenopiles� Name means “straw hair” and

was introduced by D. J. Patterson in 1989 based on tinsel-type flagellum

� Presence of filamentous thallusin stramenopiles and Fungi is evidence of convergent evolution

http://Microscope.mbl.edu

Page 3: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� Also “Straminipila”, colloquial name ‘stramenopiles’

� Includes diatoms, chrysophytes,

� brown algae and

� some protozoa

������������ eucaryote ������������ flagellum �� ���������������� �� ������������ �!���"���#�$�"%��"� �� ����&�$������������ '�(���%�������)������*� ������+,����*�,�+�-.�&�*��*�"�/ &� �� �)0 �!���"��#����%��"� �����������!�(��*�"�/ &��()0���"%$��� (�/ &�) ���"� ( pseudofungi) ���"0$��&�������&���3�

Page 4: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� ��,4������������4+����45�'�(�� ����+����������,4�'6( � ��*� zoospore ����� flagellum 1 ��*��"0$�*��#�*��� �7���

� ( anterial flagellum) ���������� 8 (tinsel flagellum)

� �� 3 &���

� 1. Phylum labyrinthulomycota ( net slim molds)

� 2.Phylum Hyphochytriomycota

� 3. Phylum Oomycota **

** ������������� ���

Page 5: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� Biology and Genneral Characteristics

� �� "�"0$����� '�( �45��4 ���45��,�'�(�45�����

� �5�� ��%�3 2 '�� �,� 1. ���� parasite �� algae,fungi '�( �3%��(�� 2. ���� saprobe ��7�+,�7��3%�

� Thallus ���!�(��*�"����� Phylum Chytridiomycota �,� ���7����,�+�-.�������"%$� zoospore 7�� �����)���,������&�* ���"%$� motile cell '3$�(���%��'33$� � �,� 35�'#�$ '�(������ flagellum

� �� single anterior flagellum �������� tinsel

� Asexual reproduction ��*� zoosporangium '�( zoospore&�$+� sexual

Phylum Hyphochytriomycota

Page 6: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� Biology and Genneral Characteristics

� thallus wall ��(���*%" chitin '�( cellulose

� thallus �� 2 '�� �,� 1. holocarpic thallus ����+%����"0$���7����� host (endobiotic) '�( �����"�'�� �0��$� ���� zoosporangium �4 �7��� 2. eucarpic (epibiotic) thallus �(���(�� rhizoid #�,� rhizomycelium 7�� ���$%���< �������%"%(�,�+�-.� 7�� �� 2 �!�( �,� monocentric '�( polycentric

Page 7: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

���� ��*� '��3$� 8 �� ��,4�������".$���45�Holocapric

EucapricMonocentric Polycentric

Page 8: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

zoospore encystment germination

holocarpic

Eucarpic/ monocentric

Eucarpic/polycentric

Thallus types in hyphochytrids

Page 9: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

���"��% ��%�3'�� $�"8 �,� ��,�� zoospore )0��$�"������ zoosporangium '�*%�(%$�"�45�&���(���%3). ( substrate) #�,� host '�*%��(��*�=�%( Cyst ���4��(����>���� thallus '�*%��*� ����zoosporangium �#�$

Page 10: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Classification

�Phylum Hyphochytriomycota

��� 1 Order �,� Order Hyphochytriales

��� 3 family �,�

1. Family Anisolpidiaceae2. Family Rhizidiomycetaceae3. Family Hyphochytriaceae

Page 11: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

�Family Anisolpidiaceae

�• thallus ����'�� holocarpic – �� "�".$���7����� host(endobiotic) '�( ���������"�'�� �0��$� ���� zoosporangium ��"&�$���$%��� somatic ��$� rhizoid #�,��$%��� ��*��" ( hypha) �#�,��"0$��"

� Zoospore �����*� �"0$=�"��#�,�=�"�� zoosporangium �&�*

� �� ������ "����#�$�" ��$� Anisolpidium sp.

�A. octocarpi +����� parasite �"0$=�"���7����� brown algae (Ectocarpus) ���(��

Page 12: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Anisolpidium sp. ������������

Page 13: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

2. Family Rhizidiomycetaceae� thallus ����'�� eucarpic ,monocentric �,���#��� ������*� zoosporangium 1 ��'�(���$%��� somatic structure

�#�,��"0$• ��"���(�� rhizoid #"� ��� &��� substrate ��� apophysis(���� epibiotic)• �$%��� thallus ����"0$=�"�� host ��,������>�3������(�����"�&����� zoosporangium • �� 3 genus &�*'$

Rhizidiomyces , Rhizidiomycopsis , Latrostium

����4���� parasite �� oogonium �� ���45� �� family Saprolegniaceae '�(�� green algae Vaucheria

Page 14: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Rhizidiomyces

Page 15: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Rhizidiomyces apophysatusHyphochytridiomycetes; cell wall of cellulose and chitin, flagella (anterior and hairy), plasmogamy, resting spores

2 apophysis

Page 16: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

2. Family Hyphochytriaceae� thallus ����'�� eucarpic , polycentric

• Zoospore �����*� �"0$=�"��#�,�=�"�� zoosporangium �&�* • �� species �� resting spore • �� genus ���"% �,� Genus Hyphochytrium 7�� +����� parasite �����4��0 '�(�� algae #�,����� saprobe ��7�+,�

� +�%$���@�����3����*�%�+�'�(+,�#��"8����

Page 17: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Hyphochytrium catenoides

Eucarpic, polycentric thallus

Growth from an infected pine pollen in two days on nutrient agar (X 50)

Page 18: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� ���"��%8 &�%$� net slime mold #�,� ����,��(�� (marine slime mold) ��,�� ��&7�3+���7���7�����,����" �(#%$� ������$� '#

� �/��.�����" ��,��$� '# ( slime net)

� �7����0��$� ��*�"�(�%" �����)���,������&������$� '# &�$+�����*� ��.33�4 ����4

� �!�(�5��>�,� zoospore ��'������� �� ��*�"�%&�$��$�� ��*�"�%����'������7� ��*��4�����'��%�+���

Phylum Labyrinthulomycota

Page 19: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

A Labyrinthula sp. enrobed in the ectoplasmicnetwork through which it glides.

��+%��4�$%��#>$�� "�"0$���45� '�(��(�����45��(�� ��"�� "�"0$�$%����#�$�"���!�(�� saprobe #�,� parasite

Page 20: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� ����#�%�#�0$ '�$ ������ 2 ������� �,�

1. Order Labyrinthulales���"%$� Labyrinthulids #�,� �7���#���#�� �����)���,������&�*&����������,��#��"%��(��@��$� '# zoospore ���.���*�8������"%$� eyespot

��$� Labyrinthula sp.

Labyrinthula zosterae $���� wasting disease ��#>*��(��

2. Order Thraustochytriales

���"%$� Thraustochytrids �������.��*%"�",���� 8������"%$� scale '�*%�� #$�#.*����4��*%" ectoplasmic net &�$+� eyespot

��$� Thraustochytium sp. �� "=�+�����5�&��+�(���4" �+,��A��3��&��� ����� +����"� &�*'$ ����*�-3 '�(����� '�������"��

Page 21: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Thraustochytrium

Trophic cells surrounded by ectoplasmic net

Ectoplasmicnet formed from bothrosomes; trophic cells have a single layer of golgi-derived scalesLabyrinthula

zoospores contain a dark eyespot, but lack surface scales

Thraustochytriumthallus wall composed of layered scales formed by golgiapparatus

Zoospores lack an eyespot and are surrounded by a single layer of scales

Page 22: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
Page 23: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� Wasting Disease.� Like the bubonic plague of seagrasses, wasting disease was responsible for the

disappearance of 90% of eelgrass in the 1930's along the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe (Muehlstein, 1989).

� cause infection is a marine slime mould-like protest

� Labyrinthula zosterae

Thraustochytrium vegetative cells attached to the substrate with ectoplasmic net extentions.

Page 24: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Thraustochytrids

� Ectoplasmic net and enzymes produced by thraustochytrids can grow into and degrade aquatic plants, mollusk shells, etc.

� Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium are used for commercial production of omega-3-fatty acids

Page 25: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

FAT-RICH FLOUR: SINTEF scientist

Jose Rainuzzo shows off a powder

consisting of dried micro-organisms

that are rich in highly desirable fat.

“To put it very simply, you could say

that we are trying to produce fish feed

and dietary supplements from

seawater”, says SINTEF’s Jose

Rainuzzo. More precisely, the

Peruvian scientist and his colleagues

are exploring the properties of a micro-

organism that lives everywhere in the

ocean. The organism,Thaustrochytrids,

has characteristics that place it on the

boundary of the plant and animal

kingdoms. SINTEF scientists believe

that it could be a possible source of

Omega-3 fat for aquaculture and for the health

Making food from water--Invisible but invaluable: raised in steel tanks, a tiny marine creature is capable of producing Omega-3 fat, a product in great demand.

http://www.ntnu.no/gemini/2005-01e/food.htm

Page 26: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Labyrinth ------>

Page 27: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� ��� ����%�3��&�����4 ���!�(��C��'�(�����5���#����*��0$��*��"�*%"%�-��0�7�� (absorptive nutrition : absorption) ��*�"�/ &�'�*

� �/ &���&�����4���"0$ class ���"% �,� class Oomycetes � �4��� ���,�����>%$� oomycetes

� ������"���� pseudofungi �*��������"%$� �� ���

� �����"� ��������� ����%�3�.$��#>$ +���%&���'#�$ �45��,� �45�����'�(��� +%�� "�"0$���45��()0���"%$� ���45� “ water molds “ +�����'#�$ �45��(��� �45��� ����7�����0

Phylum Oomycota

Page 28: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

������������

� �������� zoospore ����� flagellum '33$� ��� ��*�

� ��� ����(���� A� �7��� ���� ��3*�-�0'�� '�(�7��0��� (link� ��#�$�")

� �����,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��"����*� ����� heterogamous

��*� �7����,�+�-�������0��$� 3$� � �+ ���" (Oogonium) =�"���� Oospere '�( �+ A0* ���" antheridium A������,�+�-, &�* Oospore

� �7�����%&�����%����"�'����++��" (2n)

Page 29: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

� �������� zoospore �� '��

1. Primary zoospore, apical zoospore ��'��������� ��*��*��#�*� �0��$� �7�����*�"�0'+��

2.Secondary zoospore, laterally zoospore ��'��������� ��*��"0$�*���*� �0��$� �7�����*�"�����)�%

� ��,4�����&�����4�$%��#>$��*� zoospore ����� ��*� zoosporangium

� �� ���� ��*� zoosporangium '�*%����>���� ��*��" (germ tube)�5�#�*������*�"��������" ��,��'$��(#�.�&��*���0 ��$����� �45��*� (downy mildew)

� �� ���� zoosporangium �5�#�*������*�"��������" '3$�%���( � �(��� zoospore #�,���� ���"3� ��4���=�+'%��*�� ��$�����������% (white rust)

Page 30: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Classification

Phylum Oomycota

�� 5 Order �,�

1. Order Lagenidiales

2.Order Leptomitales

3.Order Rhipidiales

4.Order Saprolegniales

5.Order Peronosporales

Page 31: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Order Lagenidiales� ���.$���4���� parasite �� ���45������,�� ��#�$�" �3%��������

� Zoospore ��*� ��). (vesicle) ��� �������zoosporangium

� Zoospore ��@�'�� secondary ��$��4� ���"%$� monoplanetic

� ������'�� monocentric holothalic

� ��$� Lagenidium giganteaum ���� parasite ���0�45�".

vesicle

Page 32: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Lagenidium giganteaum

Biological control !!Commercial Availability!!

Page 33: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Order Leptomitales

� ���.$���4���� saprophyt ��'#�$ �45�

� Zoospore ������,������&�$&�* (aplanetic)

� Zoospore ����'�� primary or secondary

� ������ ��3�������*��"���&�$��A� 4� '3$�(+� ��"��� ( constriction) �����("( 3� ��"�����4�(�� *���� �� ���+% &�3��'�(�0'�� ( cellulin granule) ���.��"0$�5��#*�.��*�"%$���A� 4� �� ���"%$� Pseudoseptum

� ��$� Leptomitis sp.

Page 34: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Order Rhipidiales

� +����45�'�$� ����� O2 3�5����� facultative anaerobe

� Eucarpric monocentric thallus

� Zoosporangium �"0$�� substrate '�*%��*� &�7�"����*�&��0�7���#��=�"��

� �����)��*���� biological indicator �� �=�+'#�$ �45�&�*

� O2 �0 +����� leptomifis, Apodachlya

� O2 3�5� +����� Aqualindevella, Rhipidium

Page 35: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Order Saprolegniales� ���.$���4�5�� ��+ '�� saprophyt '3$�� ������������3'�(��� ��"�6+�( �3%�

�45�����+�(���4" &%* ��$� Saprolegnia parasitica, Aphanomycesinvadans

� Aphanomyces spp. ��+,����� ����3�5���"��+,��4��0 ��$� �*�" )�%

�!�(�5��>

� Zoospore ����'�� diplanetic

� �("(�,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��,����$�" zoospore &�'�*%�(��*� Zoosporangium �#�$7*���"0$��������'3$ ���������� ��,��"8

� ������*� Oospore '�%���"�"0$�� Oogonium =�"������#���(����@�*��8�"0$3������� Oospore

Page 36: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

�("(�,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��,����$�" zoospore &�'�*%�(��*� Zoosporangium �#�$7*���"0$��������'3$ ���������� ��,��"8

Page 37: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

�������� 2 families

1. Family Saprolegniaceae ������'�� eucarpric ��*��"&�$��A� 4�����>'A$��@��.$� &�*'$ Saprolegnia, Achlya ,Dictyuchus ���������������� ����������������� !��� �"� ���

Saprolegnia

Achlya

Page 38: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Primary infection or opportunistic infection **����� Saprolegnia spp. (S. parasitica, S. diclina, S. ferax)

Saprolegniasis

Typical water mold infection “Cotton wool like”,

Page 39: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Saprolegnia are present in ALL aquariums and ponds

Saprolegnia spp.* (Typical water mold infection)

Page 40: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
Page 41: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Saprolegnia cycle

Page 42: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Order Peronosporales� ���.$���4�5�� ��+ '�� saprophyt, facultative parasite, obligate parasite

� ���!��#�$�����%�� �&��'�()#����(* ����� �+�� !,� ��� �������� root rot, ��������� (Damping-off) , �����������(downy midew), white rust

Page 43: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

������������ • &�$��*� &�7�"�� '3$��*��"�(����>�".$�(#%$� �7�����*��*�� (

intercellular hyphae) '�( haustorium �+,���0���#�����D�3�

• Secondary zoospore • �����.$����%�%E�����0 Zoosporangium �5�#�*������*�"��

�����" �"�% ������ germ tube ��"3� • ���,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��"%�-� gametangial contact

A����&�*�,� Oospore �"0$�� Oogonium �����&7�3+���7���*�����

Page 44: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

��*�!�(�� *���0 sporangium '�( sporangium ����'"'������

Order Peronosporales

'�$ &�* 3 families1.Family Pythiaceae2.Family Peronosporaceae3.Family Albuginaceae

Page 45: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Family Pythiaceae

� ��*� sporangium �����"��*��"3����%�� ��"�����*��"��(����>",�"�%&�&�*��,��"8 ( indeterminate growth)

� Facultative parasite )*���������3 �(����*��"���'��&����D�3� &�$��*� D�������"�

� �+������������%���,4��0

� �����������%���5��>�,� Pythium '�( Phytophthora ��(*���������, ������+*��*( ���.*%�/

� ������ � arterial occlusion #��*����*�*��*��

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium

Page 46: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Pythium� Facultative parasite '�( saprobe ������ �������#3.�����$��(������� �� 3*��*�, ��������$�, ����$�

� ��*� sporangium �0��$� �� �� �������� ��� germ tube #�,���*� zoospore ��4���=�+'%��*��

Page 47: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
Page 48: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Pythium

Page 49: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

several Pythium species, including P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare and P. ultimum, are known to cause damping off and crown and root rot in greenhouse cucumber, pepper and tomato crops.

Page 50: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Phytophthora� �$%��#>$��@� parasite �� +,�

� �������#3.�����$��(������� �� 3*��*�, ��������$�, ����$�

� P. infestans $��������G�� ... Late blight of potato

� ��*� sporangium �0��$� lemon-shape (papilllatesporangium) ��*� �����"*���� sporangiophore ��"�( ����������� +,�����������

Page 51: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
Page 52: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Late Blight of Potato and Tomato

Page 53: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Victims of the Irish Potato Famine

The Great Irish Famine (also known as the Great Hunger and, in Irish, An Gorta Mór or An Drochshaol) was a famine, and its aftermath, in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. The famine was caused initially by potato blight, an oomycete that almost instantly destroyed the primary food source of many Irish people. The blight explains the crop failure but the dramatic and deadly effect of the famine was exacerbated by other factors of economic, political, social, and religious origin. Its immediate effects continued until 1851. Much is unrecorded but estimates are that around one million people, about 12% of the population, died in the three years from 1846 to 1849.[1] Most of these deaths were the result of famine-related diseases rather than starvation. Another one million people are estimated to have fled as refugees to Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia during the same period, increasing the Irish Diaspora

Potato famine (�����'�����#�����������G�� 7�� ������#��#��� ��%����&���'����+����������(����6�3�"#��)

Page 54: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Phytophthora sp.

Phytophthora root rot, a form of ‘dieback’,is a disease that affects many native plants

and ecosystems, important crops and horticulturalplants in Australia and throughout the world.Its global spread has been the consequence oftrade and human migration. In Australia, the

disease infects an especially large range of mainlywoody perennial plant species and is also a majorthreat to some rare and endangered species.

Page 55: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Family Peronosporaceae� ���#3.��� ���45��*� ( downy mildow) ��+,�

� obligate parasite &�$�����)�+�(���4" &�*����#��� ����(#�

� ��*� '3�� *���� sporangiophore '�(�� ��� spore �� sporangium

� �����������%���5��>�,� Plasmopara, Peronosporas, Pseudoperonospora ��+

Page 56: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Plasmopara

� ��*� sporangiophore ���� ����� germ tube ��"3� '�( '3�� �����.�6� sporangium ���0��$� ��

� � �� ������ �� ����� (Plasmopara viticola)

� �*���3*��3� �*���.��#�,� �(+��."����%�� ��,4��������5��%��� ��,4����(��*��5���""���5��#*��* ���*�"&�*��*� '�(����,4�������%���.� ����$����(��������%���$����5��#*'#* '�(�$% �"$� �%����%

Page 57: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Plasmopara viticola

Page 58: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Plasmopara viticola

Page 59: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Nearly ruined the French wineindustry in the late 1800swhen the fungus (Plasmopara viticola) wasintroduced to Europe fromAmerica on rootstocks to curean root aphid problem

Discovery and development ofthe Bordeaux Mixture byProf. Alexis Millardet savedthe wine industry

Bordeaux

Page 60: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila

Peronospora� ��*� sporangiophore ��'3�� '������( 2 '6 ( dichotomous

branching ) �$%����"*���( ���"%��* sporangiophore �( ���@�germ tube ��"3�

� � �� ������ ��������������� (Peronospora parasitica )

� �(+��.$��� ��,4�������A ����%#�,����������3$����*��#� ���(���'A����#�,� 3$����������45�3�� 'A��$���*� ��������#���"����&�$'�$��� ���(�#�,� '�('#* 3�" ������"0$3���$� 8 �(��'A����$�� '�*%����(���&�" ������0 %$� ��3*��$���(�������'A����#�,� ��������4" '�(��(#�.��$% &� ����(�5��#*3*��3���3�*� �����$��'�'�(3�"

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Peronospora parasitica

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Family Albuginaceae� ���#3.��� ��������% ( white rust) ��+,� A�.* ���� (#��5�

� obligate parasite ���+�" 1 ���� �,� Albugo

� �(����*��"���'��&����(#%$� �7���+,� ��*� D�������"� �+,���0���#��

� *���0 Sporangiophore��*�"�(�� ��������.$��� epidermis �#*��* �0� ���"%$� Sorus Sporangium ���" 3$�������0�7$

� �����'�����.����#�,� ������� ����%��$%����� �� 7�� �(�$�" 8 �"�"�#>$��4� )� ��*�A$� 0�"��� ��(��� 5 ��. �$%�3*��3*�� � 35�'#�$ ���"%������'��(�#���.�����%�%� 3$����(�"�"�#>$��4� �����.��0���������+0 '�(�����"���������% ��,������>�3����� �(������(�5��#*�������#�,� '�(���'#* &���%�4 �������(����&#�*'#* �����"�������*���

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White Rust of Crucifers Caused by Albugo candidainclude broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, radish, rutabaga, and turnip

sexual stage

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2. Phylum Hyphochytriomycota

3. Phylum Oomycota **

Kingdom Stramenopila

ASEXUAL only

BOTH

Order Saprolegniales

Order Peronosporales

•���������� root rot ���������� (Damping-off) ,

•Phytium , Phytophthora (Late blight of potato), •�����������(downy midew)

•��� ��������� � �� � (Plasmopara viticola) Peronosporas•white rust ��������� •Albugo

Saprolegniasis

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