water policy in the context of the eu's …...water policy in the context of the eu's...
TRANSCRIPT
Water policy in the context of the EU's Neighbourhood Policy
Workshop on the Water Nexus Ankara, Turkey 12-13 February 2015 Luca Marmo
European Commission Environment Directorate-General
Unit ENV.E.1 – International, Regional & Bilateral relations BU-9, 3/129
1049 Brussels E-mail: [email protected]
The context
The challenges
Climate change
Land use changes
Food production
Biodiversity
Soil
EU's Water Policy
EU's Neighbourhood Policy
Outline of the presentation
The context
Source: P. Zdruli (2014)
The Mediterranean region
High population growth rates: 450m now, 520m by 2025
Living in coastal areas: 150m
Tourism: 170m tourists per year
Urbanisation rate: 72% by 2025
Coastline: 46,000km
Extraordinary diversity of habitats – one of the 25 top global hotspot areas of rich biodiversity
Large number of endemic species
Critical levels of habitat loss
An estimated 10,000–12,000 marine species in the Mediterranean (4–18% of the world’s known marine species)
Some figures concerning the Mediterranean region
World average 3795 l/cap/d Vanham (JRC, 2013)
Living with water imbalance
The Water Footprint of Mediterranean countries
The challenges
Climate change
IPCC projects by 2100:
An average warming of 0.3 to 0.5°C per decade
A reduction of rainfall by 4 to 30%
An increase in the frequency and strength of extreme weather events (heat waves, droughts, floods) and forest fires
Sea level rise by 18 to 59 cm
Decrease in water resource
Loss of biodiversity and carbon sequestration services
Climate Change in the Mediterranean
Source: NOAA (2011)
Winter rainfall in 1971-2010 compared to 1902-2010
Land use changes
(rainfall patterns)
Source: Millán M. Millán (2014)
Major water-sheds
Source: Millán M. Millán (2014)
Food production
POSSIBLE DRAWBACKS
Longer growing season
Carbon dioxide fertilization
More frequent droughts
Pest
Heat stress
CO 2
Faster growing periods
Increased flooding and salinization
Increased precipitation
+ + ±
- - -
From Tubiello, IIASA, 2007
Complex climate change impacts on agriculture in Europe
Wheat yield increases are levelling off
Biodiversity
European Biodiversity Baseline (2010)
Soil
WATER RETENTION
Biodiversity
Biomassproduction
Groundwater recharge
Flood/drought mitigation
Erosion control
WATER RETENTION
Nutrient cycling
Water filtration
Climate regulation
Provisioning servicesSupporting servicesRegulating services
Legend:
Source: Deloitte (2014)
Soil water retention
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Tropical
forests
Temperate
forests
Boreal forests Tropical
savannas &
grassland
Temperate
grassland &
shrublands
Desert &
semi-desert
Tundra Croplands Wetlands
Glo
ba
l C
arb
on
sto
cks
(Pg
C)
Soil (1 m depth) Plants
Carbon partitioning between vegetation and soil
Total = 2477 Gt C
Vegetation = 466 Gt C
Soil = 2011 Gt C (81%)
Source: P. Ciais and P. Smith (2010)
Yield response to N input with different levels of soil C
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 50 100 150 200
Yie
ld in
cre
ase (
kg
/ha)
Nitrogen fertilizer (kg/ha)
C increase
2.5%
1.5%
0.5%
Source: K. Hedlund (2010)
© 2014 Deloitte SA
EU's Water Policy
Resilience to extreme events
Good ecological status
Integration
Economic Instruments
Governance
Knowledge Base
Ensure sufficient availability of
good quality water for sustainable and equitable
water use
Objectives
Increase water efficiency
• Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – Groundwater Directive
(2006/118/EC) – Priority Substances
Directive (2008/105/EC amended in 2013)
• Specific legislation: – Floods Directive
(2007/60/EC) – Marine Strategy
Directive (2008/56/EC) – Urban waste water
treatment Directive (91/271/EEC)
– Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)
– Drinking water Directive (98/83/EC)
– Bathing water Directive – New (2006/7/EC) – Old (76/160/EEC)
The legal context
• Other relevant legislation: – Industrial Emissions – Plant Protection Products – Biocides – REACH – …
Improved governance Working together for sustainable water management
Planning process
Integrated river basin management Transparent decision making to balance environmental
protection and sustainable development
Technical challenges Comprehensive assessment of water environment and
socio-economic needs
Programme of measures The ecological perspective has become an integral part of
water management
Abandoning unsustainable practices and repairing damage
Restoration
Achievements
Status of surface waters
Ecological status Chemical status
Significant pressures (rivers) Significant impacts (rivers)
Source: EEA Source: EEA
Challenges
Challenges (cont'd)
Economic v environmental considerations
Appropriate impact assessment of projects
Interplay with land use issues, including coastal
areas and urban expansion
Pricing policy and transparent costs
EU's Neighbourhood Policy
European Neighbourhood Policy
National Action Plans/Association Agendas
Bilateral Programmes
(Single Support Frameworks)
3 priorities per country for 2-4 years
but 20% allocated with flexibility (e.g., capacity building)
ANNUAL Action Programme
National investments
Crossborder Cooperation
(CBC)
MS+ENP country
Cross-border
projects
European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI)
€15,4 billion (2014-2020)
ENP-wide Programme
Erasmus for ALL Neighbourhood Investment Facility
Regional Programmes
South East
Project Fiches
Regional Projects
EaP
More4More principle
up to 10%
Umbrella Programme
TAIEX SYGMA
Indicative allocation 2014-2020 €3.084bn-€3.455bn
Indicative allocation for the first period 2014-2017
€1.675bn-€1.876
Building a partnership for inclusive and sustainable economic development and integration
55%
Building a partnership between the people: Erasmus+ in the Neighbourhood and Russia
40%
Building capacity for European Neighbourhood countries
5%
ENP-wide programme
Building a partnership for sustainable and inclusive economic development and integration (NIF)
Establishing better and more sustainable energy and transport interconnections, energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy, including deep and comprehensive free-trade agreements
Addressing climate change, as well as threats to the environment more broadly
Promoting smart, sustainable and inclusive growth through support to small and medium sized enterprises, to the social sector, including human capital development, and to municipal infrastructure development
ENP-wide programme (cont’d)
Indicative allocation 2014-2020 €674m-€824m
Indicative allocation for the first period 2014-2017
€371m-€453m
Building a partnership for liberty, democracy and security
20%
Building a partnership for inclusive and sustainable economic development
20%
Building a partnership between the people 25%
Supporting regional and sub-regional institutional cooperation
15%
Complementary support 20%
Regional Programmes – South
Environmental challenges:
Switching to a green, resource efficient and low carbon economy at regional level
Climate change
Water resource management and pollution issues
Marine pollution and biodiversity challenges
Biodiversity and fight against desertification
Mainstream environment and climate
Address capacity and data needs
Integrate the research and innovation dimensions in addressing the above challenges
Implement MEAs, in particular the Barcelona Convention
Regional Programmes – South (cont'd)
Objective 2: Building a partnership for inclusive and sustainable economic development
Environment:
Support to integrated water management
Protection of the marine and coastal environment,
Implementation of the Horizon 2020 road map for the de-pollution of the Mediterranean
The development of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and sustainable fisheries as appropriate.
Biodiversity and climate change issues may be addressed under all the above themes.
Regional Programmes – South (cont'd)
Bilateral Programmes – South (cont'd)
Country Single Support Framework Environment priorities in the Action Plan
Morocco - Access to basic services (among them drinking water and waste water treatment in rural areas) - Support to democratic governance, rule of law and mobility - Jobs, sustainable and inclusive growth (mainstreaming environment in business opportunities, green jobs)
- Promoting good Environmental governance - Preventing and combating the deterioration of the environment, protect human health and promote the rational use of natural resources - Cooperation on environmental issues
Algeria - Justice reform and strengthening of citizen participation in public life
- Labour market reform and employment creation
- Support to the management and diversification of the economy
(reference to integrated environmental management, sustainable
development and green economy) Environment is one of the nine
horizontal priorities to be integrated in other sectors
Action Plan is currently being negotiated
Tunisia - Socio-economic reforms for inclusive growth, competitiveness and
integration
- Strengthening fundamental elements of democracy
- Sustainable regional and local development (environmental
governance and green economy is one of the specific objectives)
- Promoting good Environmental governance
- Preventing and combating the deterioration of the
environment, protect human health and promote
- the rational use of natural resources
- Enhancing and boosting cooperation on
environmental issues
Libya - Democratic governance
- Youth: active citizenship and socioeconomic integration
- Health
- Complementary support to CSOs and Capacity development
- Environment to be mainstreamed
- No Action Plan
Bilateral Programmes – South (cont'd)
Country Single Support Framework Environment priorities in the Action Plan
Egypt - Poverty Alleviation, Local socio-economic development and Social
Protection (socio-economic development at the local level,
strengthening sustainable economic activities)
- Governance, Transparency and Business Environment
- Quality of life and environment (improving waste-water
management and citizens' access to sanitation, Improving access
to clean energy)
- Promotion of sustainable development
- Improving environmental performance and
enhance good environmental governance
- Enhancing cooperation on environmental issues
Palestine - Rule of Law
- Private sector and Trade
- Water and Sanitation
- Development of a framework for an integrated water and wastewater management system
- Implement sustainable development policies - Enhancing co-operation in environmental issues - Ensuring good environmental governance - Converging with certain EU legislation and
principles on environment - Review institutional structures of the environment
sector - Conserving environmental diversity and protect the
marine and coastal environment - Strengthening the framework for hazardous and
solid waste management
Jordan - Reinforcing the rule of law for enhanced accountability and equity
in public delivery
- Employment and private sector development (includes focus on
green economy and green jobs)
- Renewable energy and energy efficiency
- Promotion of sustainable development
- Ensuring good environmental governance
- Gradual convergence with EU policy principles and
legislation
- Enhancing regional cooperation (Horizon 2020
initiative, regional water issues, etc.)
Bilateral Programmes – South (cont'd)
Country Single Support Framework Environment priorities in the Action Plan
Lebanon - Justice and Security System Reform
- Reinforcing social cohesion, promoting sustainable economic
development and protecting vulnerable groups
- Promotion of sustainable and transparent management of energy
and natural resources (specific reference to monitor environment
as objective and reference to SEIS among the sources of
information in the indicators)
- Enhancing environmental protection and advancing
sustainable regional development
- Cooperation to strengthen the protection and
management of the environment, in the framework
of existing and future environmental actions,
notably the Horizon 2020 programme
- Advancing the practice of integrated water
management both on the supply and the demand
- Environmental awareness raising and support for
activities of and cooperation with local authorities,
civil society and the private sector
Israel No SSF - Promotion of sustainable development
- Ensuring good environmental governance
- Taking action for prevention of deterioration of the
environment, protection of human health, and
achievement of rational use of natural resources
- Enhancing co-operation on environmental issues
Syria Bilateral cooperation programmes with Syria have been suspended, as has participation by the Syrian authorities in the EU’s
regional programmes
Thank you for your attention!