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Water QualityField Manual

for theState Water Project

May 2006

)/ STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor

THE RESOURCES AGENCYMichael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources

. DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCESLester A. Snow, Director

Nancy A. Saracino Gerald E. Johns Leslie F. Harder Raphael A. TorresActing Chief Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Acting Deputy Director

Division of Operations and MaintenanceGary Gravier, Acting Chief

Operations Support OfficeRichard Sanchez, Chief

Environmental Assessment BranchDaniel F. Peterson, Chief

Water Quality SectionRobert J. DuVall, Chief

Staff Report by

Jeffrey Janik, Senior Environmental Scientist

Richard H. Gage, Retired

Christine A. Erickson, Environmental Scientist

ContentsForeword 6Introduction 7

Chapter One Quick Reference Guide 10Sample Collection 11Sample Bottle and Preservative Requirements 12Field Measurements 13

Chapter Two Water Quality Sampling 16Purpose 17Sampling Equipment 20Types of Samplers 21

Kemmerer 22Van Dorn 22Bailers 24Buckets, Jugs and Sample Bottles 24Automated Station Circulation System 24

Sampler 27Quality Assurance 27Field 28Notebook 28

Chapter Three Field Measurements 30General Considerations 31Preventive Maintenance of Equipment 31Field Chemical Analysis Kits 32Dissolved Oxygen 33pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Acid-Base) 34Specific Conductance (EC) 37Turbidity Measurements 38

Standards 38Hach 2100A 39Hach 2100P 42Turbidity Quality Control 44

Secchi Depth 45Multiparameter Water Quality Monitors 46Reservoir Limnological Profile 49Addresses 50

Chapter Four Sample Processing 51Sampling Locations 52

Aqueduct Sites 52Reservoir Sites · 53

Sample Type 53Sample Bottle and Water Requirements 54Filtering 57

Filter Cartridges 57Sample Handling and Transportation 60Sample Preservation 61

Sample Quality Control Data 63Travel Blanks 63Field Blanks 63Equipment Blanks 66Split Replicate Samples 67

Organic Sampling 69Notes 69

MIB and geosmin 71Giardia and Cryptosporidium 72Water Treatment Plant Sampling 73

Routine Sampling 73Repeat Sampling 74

Bacteriological Collection Procedure 75Calibration Standards 77FLIMS 78

New Station Codes in FLlMS 81Addresses ~ 82

Chapter Five Automated Water Quality Stations 83Purpose 84Data Use 86Data Loggers 88

Mandatory Settings 88Chapter Six Safety Procedures 89

General Precautions 90Reservoir Sampling 91Other Concerns 92Chemicals 93

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Tables

Table 1. Sample Bottle and Preservative Requirements 12Table 2. State Water Project Sampling Stations 18Table 3. SWP Routine Monitoring Stations 19Table 4. Recommended Water Samplers 26Table 5. Multiparameter Water Quality Monitors 48Table 6. Sample Bottles, Preservatives and Holding Times 55Table 7. Field Blank Sample Requirements 64Table 8. Stations Recommended for Blank Sampling 64Table 9. Collection Frequency and Locations for Split Replicates 68Table 10. Automated Water Quality Stations 85

Figures

Figure 1. Map of the SWP prinCiple monitoring stations 9Figure 2. Samplers 23Figure 3. The standard Secchi disk 45Figure 4. Cartridge filtering apparatus 59Figure 5. VOA glass vial 70

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Foreword

The State Water Project (SWP) water quality monitoring program is anextensive effort, encompassing monthly collection of physical, chemicaland biological samples at more than 30 stations in the California,South Bay, and North Bay Aqueducts and project reservoirs. In addition,automated stations at 13 sites monitor water quality continuously andprovide real-time data to SWP water contractors.

Staff of the Division of Operations and Maintenance, EnvironmentalAssessment Branch prepares the Water Quality Field Manual. Thepurpose is to provide a field reference manual, to document water qualitysampling methods, and to serve as a means to communicate programchanges to water quality staff in Field Divisions.

The manual, first printed in January 1991, has been extensively modifiedand updated to include changes in field techniques and modifications tothe SWP water quality program. Comments about the manual should bedirected to the Environmental Assessment Branch. '

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Introduction

This manual describes methods of field collection and processing waterquality samples from the State Water Project (SWP). The aim of themanual is to provide Division of Operations and Maintenance (O&M)personnel with methods and procedures for collecting, handling, andprocessing samples for the SWP Water Quality. Program.

The main objectives of the Water Quality Program are to:

• Assess the relative quality of SWP water by comparing data toArticle 19 water quality objectives, Department of HealthServices and EPA Drinking Water Standards.

• Document long-term water quality changes in SWP water.

• Provide SWP contractors with real time water quality data toassess water treatment plant operations.

• Provide long-term SWP water quality data to public and privateusers.

• Identify, monitor, and respond to water quality emergencies anddetermine impacts to the SWP.

• Assess the influence of hydrological conditions and wateroperations on SWP water quality.

The following six sections are included in the manual:

Chapter 1 - Quick Reference Guide

Summarizes sample collection and field measurement procedures.Table 1 lists sample bottle and preservative requirements for the mostcommon DWR laboratory analyses.

Chapter 2 - Water Quality Sampling

Describes field sampling procedures and recommended types ofsamplers. Tables include the SWP sampling schedule andrecommended water samplers.

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Chapter 3 - Field Measurements

This section discusses field measurements and information on multiparameter water quality monitors.

Chapter 4 - Sample Processing

Describes quality assurance including collection and handling of fieldblanks. Procedures for field filtering and tables of sample bottles andpreservatives are included.

Chapter 5 - Automated Water Quality Stations

Information on the automated stations including types of equipment,calibration, maintenance, and data management are presented.

Chapter 6 - Safety Procedures

Safety procedures and routines that should be followed during fieldsampling are addressed.

() Figure 1. Map of the SWP principle monitoring stations

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Quick Reference Guidepage 10

Chapter One

Quick

Reference

Guide

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SampleCollection


Prior to leaving for field collection

• Create run in FLiMS• Assemble sampling equipment• Check all sampling equipment• Restock chemicals• Test equipment batteries - carry spares• Calibrate instruments against standards• Print FLIMS forms and labels• Label bottles• Pack field notebook• Pack an ice chest with blue ice to keep the

collected samples cold

At sampling site

• Collect all required samples (Table 3)• Filter and preserve samples correctly

(Table 7)• Collect necessary field blanks and

duplicate samples (Tables 8 and 9)• Store samples properly on ice in chest• Complete forms and field notebook• Record field measurements

At Bryte Chemical Lab

• Within 24 hours deliver or ship samples,chain-of-custody sheets, and lab forms

• Pick up bottles, distilled water, referencestandards and other supplies for nextwater sampling run

After sampling. at the office

• Check calibration of equipment• Clean and store field equipment - page 30• Enter field measurements into FLiMS


tRfdPI B ttlT bl 1 Sa e ample 0 e an reserva Ive eqUlremen 5

Sample Bottle and Preservative RequirementsDWR Analysis

Container Storage and/orCode No. Type Volume Filter Preservation

1Standard 1 Poly 0.5 pt yes Acidify (1 mL HNO")Mineral 1 Polv 1.0 qt yes None

2 Standard 1 Poly 0.5 pt yes Refrigerate WC)Nutrient 1 Poly 0.5 pt yes

3 0& M Misc. 1 Glass-Amber(s) 1.0 liter Refrigerate WC)Pesticides 1 Glass-Amber(s) 125 mL no

4 Chlorinated1

Glass-1.0 liter Refrigerate WC)Pesticides Amber(s) no

Nitrogen I Glass-5 Phosphorus 1 Amber(s) 1.0 liter no Refrigerate WC)

PesticidesHerbicides

6 (chlorinated 1 Glass-Amber(s) 1.0 liter no Refrigerate (4°C)phenoxy acids)

Volatile 2 Glass-amber 40 mL no Refrigerate WC)7 Organics 1 travel blank 40 mL Lab acidified bottleno Refriaerate WC)

9Carbamates

1 Glass - clear 125 mLRefrigerate WC)

(EPA531.1) no Acidified buffer added

* Phytoplankton 1 Glass 40mL no 2 mL Lugol's

56Suspended 1 Poly 1 qt no Refrigerate WC)Solids (V&S)

59 Turbidity 1 Poly 1.0 pt a no Refrigerate WC)

66 Total organic 1 Glass-c1ear(a) 40 mL noRefrigerate WC)

carbon Lab acidified vial

66dDissolved

1 Glass-c1ear(a) 40mL noRefrigerate WC)

oraanic carbon Lab acidified vial1 Poly 1.0 qt yes None

68Project 1 Poly"w" 1.0 pt yes Acidify (1 mL HN03

)

Standard 1 Poly 0.5 pt yes Acidify (1 mL HN03)

1 Polv 1.0 pt a no None

ASS Asbestos 1 Glass-clear 1.0 liter noRefrigerate - deliver to

lab within 48 hrsT&O Taste & Odor 1 Glass 40 mL No Refrigerate WC)

Poly=polyethylene; Poly "w" =acid rinsed Polyethylene

Glass-amber(s) =rinsed with organic solvent;

Glass-clear(aJ =with 0.1 mL of pHospHoric acid

a not required if code 56 submitted.* Code Number Not Specified

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() FieldMeasurements

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Oxygen (dissolved) - Page 32YSI or Hach metersUnits: mg/LSWP range: 0.0 - 12 mg/L

1. Check the DO meter calibration.

2. Put the DO probe directly in the water or ina container of the water to be measured.

3. Swirl the DO probe if using a YSI meterbecause the probe consumes oxygenwhile taking the reading.

4. Record the reading when it stabilizes.

pH - Page 33Hach Dr-EI Engineers Field KitUnits: pH unitsSWP range: "" 6.6 - 9.5 units'

Calibrate instrument with wide range pHindicator.

Measure pH using 25 mL of raw water.

Acidic = < 7 pH unitsAlkaline=> 7

TemperatureUnits: degrees Celsius (DC)SWP range: "" 10 - 30°C

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FieldMeasurementsContinued


Specific Conductance - Page 36Conductivity meterUnits: IJS/cmSWP range: 100-1600 IJS/cm

1. Take measurement directly from water orinsert probe into the sample bottle

2. Equilibrate a few minutes before recordingthe reading

Secchi Depth - Page 44Secchi Disk, 8-inch diameterUnits: metersSWP range: 0.1 - 4.0 m

1. Make reading in shaded area.

2. Lower Secchi disk until it disappears.

3. Record depth, then lower an additional fewcentimeters.

4. Raise Secchi until it reappears, recorddepth.

5. Average the two readings (#3 & #4), thenrepeat a second time.

6. Secchi readings can only be taken in calmwaters (reservoirs).

() FieldMeasurementsContinued

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Turbidity ·Page 37Hach 2100P TurbidimeterUnits: NTUSWP range: <1-100 NTU

Routine Calibration using Gelex Standards

1. Check instrument with Gelex standards. Ifthe standardization is not within 5% of theestablished value, calibrate with formazin.

2. Select the automatic range mode usingRANGE key.

3. Thoroughly clean the outside of the Gelexvials and apply a thin coating of silicon oil.

4. Place the 0-10 NTU Gelex standard in thecompartment. Align the cell diamond withthe instrument mark. Close the lid.

5. Press READ. Record value.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 for the other Gelexstandards (make sure that the vial isoriented properly).

7. Re-assign values to the Gelex standardseach time the instrument is calibrated withformazin.

oChapter Two

Water Quality

Sampling

()Purpose

Water Quality Samplingpage 17

The goal of field sampling is to obtain samplesthat are representative of water qualityconditions at the time of sampling. It is oftendifficult to collect a representative samplebecause water quality in the Aqueduct maychange rapidly especially during periods ofhigh pumping. In addition, the numerous stepsinvolved in the sampling process fromcollection to delivery to the analyticallaboratory affect concentrations and forms ofsome constituents.

Water quality samples are routinely collectedat more than 30 stations in the State WaterProject (Table 2).

The water quality parameters collected at eachstation provide important information to meetobjectives of the SWP water quality-monitoringprogram (Table 3).

Water samples must be collected and handledproperly to prevent or minimize changes thatcould affect the concentration of the elementsbeing analyzed. Compounds such as Lugol'ssolution for phytoplankton and nitric acid formetals (code 68) preserve the samples.Cooling by ice or refrigeration slows downchanges in the sample and is anotherimportant preservation method.

Sample collection and laboratory analyses areexpensive. The quality of the data is directlyreflected by the care and attention given tosamples in the field. A poorly collected orprocessed sample can yield inaccurate andmisleading information. Important and costlyproject operation decisions are made based onwater quality data. Therefore, water qualitysampling is an extremely important task thatshould be carried out in a conscientiousmanner and with the greatest possible care.

(.--) Table 2. State Water Project Sampling Stations


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Station Type Mile DescriptionPostOroville Field Division

LD001000 Reservoir - Lake Davis near damFR001000 Reservoir - Frenchman Lake near damAN001000 Reservoir - Antelope Lake near damOR001000 Reservoir - Lake Oroville near dam• TA001000 Afterbay - Thermalito Afterbay

Delta Field Division.KGOOOOOO Aqueduct 0.00 N. Bay Aqueduct at Barker Slough Pumping Plant.KG002111 Aqueduct 21.11 N. Bay Aqueduct at Cordelia Pumping PlantKAOOOOOO Aqueduct 0.00 Clifton Court Forebav Intake

.KAOO0331 Aqueduct 3.31 Harvey a. Banks Pumping PlantDVOOOOOO Reservoir - Lake Dei Valle OutletDV001000 Reservoir - Lake Del Valle at Glory HoleKB001638 Aqueduct 16.38 S. Bay Aqueduct at Del Valle Check #7KB002250 Aqueduct 22.50 S. Bay Aqueduct at Vallecitos Turnout

San Luis Field DivisionKA006633 Aqueduct 66.33 Aqueduct at O'Neill ForebaY Inlet

.DMC06716 Aqueduct 67.16 Delta Mendota Canal at McCabe RoadSL001000 Reservoir - San Luis Reservoir at Trash Racks

.SLOOOOOO Reservoir - Pacheco Pumping Plant Intake

.KA007089 Aqueduct 70.89 Aqueduct at O'Neill Forebay Outlet (formerly Check 13)

.KA017226 Aqueduct 172.26 Aqueduct near Kettleman City - Check 21San Joaquin Field Division

KA024454 Aqueduct 244.54 Aqueduct at Check 29Southern Field Division

.KA030341 Aqueduct 303.41 Aqueduct at Check 41KA040341 Aqueduct 403.41 Aqueduct at Check 66SI001000 Reservoir - Silverwood Lake at dam OutletSI002000 Reservoir - Silverwood Lake at tunnel Inlet

.KA041134 Aqueduct 411.34 Aqueduct at Devil Canyon Power Plant HeadworksPE001000 Reservoir - Lake Perris at InletPE002000 Reservoir - Lake Perris at OutletPY001000 Reservoir - Pyramid Lake at Tunnel InletCASOOOOO Reservoir - Castaic Lake Dam Control BuildinqCA001000 Reservoir - Castaic Lake at Inlet

.CA002000 Reservoir - Castaic Lake at Outlet Tower

• Principal Water Quality Station

Table 3. SWP Routine Monitoring Stations


SrSpwState ater roject Routine amollna chedule

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Antelope Lake AN001000 A AFrenchman Lake FR001000 A ALake Davis LD001000 A ALake Oroville OR001000 M2 M2 M2 M2

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Del Valle Check No.7 KB001632 M M M M W M #Vallecitos KB002250 M' M' M' M' #Del Valle C.O.w. DVOOOOOO M' M' M' M' W' M' #Del Valle Reservoir DV001000 0.5 M M M M M M

DV001000 4 Q Q Q Q M M MDV001000 8 M M

--Delta Mendota Canal DMC06716 M T M

:1San Luis Res. - Trashracks SL001000 3 M M M W MPacheco Pumping Plant SLOOOOOO M M M W MO'Neill FB Outlet KA007089 M M T M M M

- '. -. , .. -Clifton Court Forebay KAOOOOOO M M M M W M #H.O. Banks Pumping Plant KAOO0331 M M T M M M W M Q Q #Check 21 . KA017226 M M T M M M #Check 29 KA024454 M M T M M #Check 41 KA030341 M M T M M Q #Silverwood Lake SI001000 W2 W2

SI002000 Q M M W2 w2

Lake Perris PE001000 W2 w2

PE002000 Q M M W2 w2

PE005000 W2 w2

Devil Canyon Headworks KA041134 M M T M M #Pyramid Lake PY001000 Q M W2 W2

PY003000 W2 W2

PY005000 W2 W2

Castaic Dam Control Bldg CASOOOOO #Castaic Lake CAOO1000 W2 W2

,CA002000 Q M M W2 W2

A-Annually In MayQ=Quarteriy (Feb, May, Aug, Nov)T=Mar, Jun, SepM=Monthiy (3rd Wednesday)M'=Monthly (During Del Valle Releases)

M2=Monthly (April - November)W=WeeklyW' = Weekly (During Del Valle Releases)W=Weekly (Winter- Bi-monthly)

SamplingEquipment


Water quality parameters measured in the fieldinclude dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature,and specific conductance. These parameterscan change dramatically before the samplesarrive at the laboratory so they need to beaccurately measured in the field at the time ofcollection.

It is important to calibrate field-monitoringequipment according to manufacturer'sspecifications. Improperly calibrated fieldequipment can introduce errors. Someparameters such as pH, turbidity, and specificconductance are measured both in the fieldand laboratory and results are compared.

The equipment used for sample collectionshould have a minimal impact on the quality ofthe water being collected. Although difficult toachieve, sampling equipment should not alterthe condition of the sample by contaminationor physical action, which could affect thelaboratory results. For example, certainpesticides can adsorb onto the plastic sides ofa sampler or leach compounds into thesample. Metal sampler parts may adsorb oradd trace metals and some rubber stoppersused on Van Darn or Kemmerer samplers maycause trace metal contamination.

* Disclaimer

The Department of Water Resources and itsemployees - neither authorize, recommend,nor endorse the use of any products or brandsnamed in this document. The Department andits employees bear no responsibility for the useof these products. Such products shall beutilized at the user's own risk.

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Types ofSamplers


Van Dorn and Kemmerer samplers are themost frequently used water quality samplers(Figure 2). The samplers are constructed of avariety of materials including metals: stainlesssteel, brass, bronze, and nickel-plated brass;and plastics: Teflon®, polyurethane,polycarbonate, acrylic, polyvinyl chloride(PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC),and silicone rubber.

Metals samplers are durable and do notcontain any contaminating organics. Onedrawback to metal sampler components is thepotential of leaching trace metals. Componentsof plastic samplers may also cause samplecontamination. For instance, blue polyurethaneused for ring seals on the closing end pieces ofold WildCo samplers leach mercury1 and areunsuitable for trace metal sampling.

Teflon® is an excellent material for sampler.construction and suitable for trace metalsampling. It is highly resistant to heat, inert tochemical attack, has poor adsorptiveproperties, and low leach potential. However,Teflon® samplers usually have a maximumvolume of only about I liter. Teflon® equipmentis also expensive.

1Glass, G.E. et al. 1990. New sources ofmercury contamination in the Great Lakes.Envir. Sci. Techno!. 24:1059-1069.

Kemmerer

Van Darn


Kemmerer samplers are also available in anumber of different materials. The wlinderwalls may be constructed of Teflon, StainlessSteel (304 or 316), clear acrylic, brass, orpolyurethane.

Van Dorn samplers have several advantagesover the Kemmerer and are the recommendedsampler for use in the SWP:

.1. End stoppers do not interfere with watermovement through the sampler

2. No metal rod contacts the sample water

3. Several samplers can be tripped with thesame messenger (weight) for multipledepths sampling in a reservoir.

Several different types of constructionmaterials are used for the walls, end seals,and closing tubing. Samplers constructed withblue end seals and black polyurethane closingtubing should not be used for trace metal andorganics sampling. Sampler walls should beconstructed of either PVC or acrylic. End sealsshould be made of white polyurethane withamber latex closing tubing or with silicone endseals.


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Figure 2. SamplersAquatic Research Instruments (left), WildCo (middle), and Kemmerer'sampler (right)

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Bailers

Buckets, Jugsand SampleBottles

AutomatedStationCirculationSystem


Bailers are designed for sampling groundwaterfrom wells. The small diameter of the bailerallows passage inside well casings. Largervolumes up to 3.3 liters are available instainless steel. However, because of the smalldiameter (3 inches) and long length, bailersare not easy to use for surface water samplingin flowing waters.

San Luis Field Division staff tested the Teflon®bailer in June 1993 and found it awkward touse because of its long length. Since it lacks aclosing mechanism, sampling at discretedepths is not possible. Bailers are notrecommended for sampling except for groundwater collected from wells.

Under certain conditions, buckets can be usedto collect water samples. Shortcomings ofbuckets are that discrete point subsurfacesampling is not possible. In addition, surfacematerials may be collected during samplingand may not be representative of the sample.After sampling, the opening should be coveredto prevent air-born materials such as dust fromblowing into the bucket and contaminating thesample.

A clean plastic gallon jug or sample bottle maybe used to collect surface samples in somesituations. The container can be held belowthe water and filled without collectingcontaminates in the surface film. Care mustbe taken to only use clean containers.

At water quality sampling stations that haveautomated stations, samples can be collectedfrom the circulation system. A hose bibprovides pressurized water for filteringsamples minutes of purging should be doneprior to sampling.

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Recommendations The best way to collect samples is from theautomated station circulating system. Ifneeded, best samplers for both trace metaland organics sampling are constructed ofpolycarbonate, Acrylic or Teflon with no metalparts in contact with the water sample(Table 4). End seals are constructed ofsilicone or Teflon. End seals constructed ofblue or black urethane should not be usedbecause of the possibility of samplecontamination. Silicone surgical grade tubing isrecommended for sampling equipment used tocollect organics and trace metals samples.

For Van Dorn samplers, the Aquatic ResearchInstruments discrete point sampler and WildeoBeta Plus sampler are recommended(Figure 2). -

These recommended samplers can be usedfor both trace metal and organic sampling. Nometal comes in contact with the sample. Thesamplers allow collection at discrete depths inthe water column.

Table 4. Recommended Water Samplers


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SamplerRecommend-ations

Van Dom Walls End Seals TubingAquatic Research Inst. PCA PE -silicone Latex-amber ++Discrete point samplerWildCo Beta Plus 1m AC PU -blue Latex-amber +1100 series PVC PU -blue Latex-amber +Kemmerer Walls End Seals Center RodWildCo Kemmerer Bottles AC PU PVC +1200 series 88304 white/blue 88304 ++

8iliconeBailers Body CapsWildCo Bailer 88316 8i1icone ++1280 seriesBuckets Walls

PVC +88304 +88316 +

Legend Abbreviations++ = best AC Acrylic PE Polyethylene (rigid)+ =acceptable PVC Polyvinyl chloride SS304 Stainless Steel 304

PU Polyurethane SS316 Stainless Steel 316PCA Polvcarbonate

SamplerQualityAssurance

Procedure

1. Rinse the sampler thoroughly with waterafter returning from sampling to removepossible contaminants.

2. For a more thorough cleaning of thesampler, first use an alkaline lab detergent,then rinse with a mild acid solution(3% HCL or HNO,) to remove traces of thedetergent.

3. Allow the sampler to air dry before storing.

4. If sampler is stored wet, there is apossibility of mildew, mold, or plasticsurface deterioration.

5. Kemmerer end seals should not be fullyclosed during storage. The sampler shouldbe stored with the end seals slightly opento prevent damage.

6. Periodically check marked lines forstretching or shrinking. Lines should bemeasured from the center of verticalsamplers.

7. Store the samplers in a clean darkcupboard to avoid contamination anddamage from the sun.

8. Check flexible tubing before use for cracksand wear. It is much easier to replacetubing than watch you sampler caps fall tothe bottom of the aqueduct or reservoir.

') FieldNotebook

Field Measurementspage 28

A field notebook is an important piece ofequipment and should always be taken into thefield. It is the original document for recordingfield data and is used as a back up for FLIMSforms.

The following information should be logged ina notebook when water quality samples arecollected:

• Station location

• Station number

• Date

• Time

• Sample depth

• Flow

• Sampler's name

• Sample number and lab analysis codenumber

(~') • Field measurements: includingdissolved oxygen EC, pH,

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temperature, and turbidity.

• Weather

• Secchi depth (lake stations)

• Unusual conditions and otherobservations

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Addresses


Aquatic Research InstrumentsP.O. Box 98218 Main StreetHope, Idaho 83836

Phone: (800) 320-9482FAX: (208) 264-5263E-Mail: [email protected]: www.aquaticresearch.com

Wildlife Supply Company (WildCo)95 Botsford PlaceBuffalo NY 14216

Phone: 800-799-8301FAX: 800-799-8115E-Mail: [email protected]: www.wildco.com

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Chapter Three

Field

Measurements

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GeneralConsiderations

PreventiveMaintenance ofEquipment


The objective of field measurements is toprovide data that closely represents conditionsin the aquatic environment at the time of themeasurement.

The work area used for sample handling andmeasurements in the field should be clean.When a truck tailgate is used as a table, itshould be covered with white laboratory linerscut to size and taped securely or clean plastictrashcan liners.

Field measurements such as dissolvedoxygen, specific conductance or conductivity(EC), pH, Secchi depth (lake sites only),temperature, and turbidity should be made inthe field.

After each use rinse all probes with distilled ordeionized water.

Change dissolved oxygen probe membranesmonthly or whenever readings are erratic andcalibration is not maintained. Remove the oldelectrolyte and add new each time themembrane is changed. Check for air bubblesunder the membrane. Tap the probe gently todislodge bubbles that may be in the body ofthe probe.

pH probes are kept clean and stored bysoaking in commercially available storagesolution or pH 4 solution. Do not use DIwater.

Routine maintenance procedures prescribed inequipment manual should be followed.

Warranties and service contracts should bemaintained for major equipment.

Instruments should periodically be sent to themanufacturer for servicing and re-calibration.

Field ChemicalAnalysis Kits


Kits are available from several venders for fieldanalysis of dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity,chloride, and turbidity. Prepared quantities ofstandard dry reagents (powder pillows) areused or fixed quantities of liquid reagents aredispensed with digital titrators for ease ofanalysis.

Kits are acceptable for the analyses previouslylisted, but have limitations which restrict moreextensive usage.

These limitations include:

• Generally lower accuracy and precisionthan laboratory measurements.

• Quality assurance procedures used inthe analytical laboratory are notemployed for Hach field analyses.

• Results may be influenced(interference) by other chemicals inwater that could cause erroneousresults.

Do not use kits for field analysis of metals(selenium, mercury, molybdenum) or organiccompounds. These analyses should beconducted in a certified analytical laboratory.Under some circumstances, kits can also beused for measuring copper, iron, andmanganese.

DissolvedOxygen


The measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) isa useful indicator of water quality. Dissolvedoxygen in surface waters is derived from theair and from oxygen given off by algae andother aquatic plants during photosynthesis.

Oxygen solubility in water is affected bytemperature, pressure (or elevation), and to alesser degree salinity. The lower thetemperature or elevation the more oxygen canstay in solution. At higher temperatures,solubility of oxygen declines.

The most common method for taking field DOmeasurements is the YSI dissolved oxygenmeter, Hach Luminescent Dissolved Oxygenmeter (LDO), or Hydrolab Multiparametermonitors. When properly maintained andcalibrated, these meters can accuratelymeasure DO and are the preferred method forfield DO readings.

The Winkler titration method for determiningDO is a very accurate way of measuring DO.It is also fairly laborious to perform. If a DOmeter is not available, the Winkler method canbe used.

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pH(Hydrogen IonConcentration,Acid-Base)


The pH of a solution is the measure of thehydrogen ion activity and is the logarithm ofthe reciprocal of the hydrogen ionconcentration. It is a very useful measure ofwater quality and reflects biological orchemical changes in natural water, as well aspollution. A high pH (>8.5) may indicate highlevels of algal photosynthesis.

Solutions having a pH less than 7 aredescribed as acidic; solutions with a pH morethan 7 are described as basic or alkaline.The pH should be measured in the fieldimmediately after a sample is collected.Chemical, physical, and biological reactionsmay cause the pH of a water sample tochange significantly even minutes after samplecollection.

Diurnal Changes in pH

pH usually increases during the day whenplant photosynthesis utilizes CO2 (a weakacid). The degree of pH shift depends on thebuffer capacity (alkalinity/acidity) of the water.During the evening, CO2 is added to the waterby plant respiration and the pH will generallydecrease

The expected range in the SWP is 6.6 to 9.5

Procedures

There are several methods to measure pH thatvary widely in accuracy and precision. Sincethere are a wide variety of pH metersavailable, it is important to become thoroughlyfamiliar with the instruction manual provided bythe meter's manufacturer.

(j,,----

pHMethod continued


a. Colorimetric

Hach Chemical Company has available a DREL Engineers Field Kit for testing for pH. Theprocedure, outlined in the Hach "MethodsManual" is as follows:

(I) Measure a 25 mL sample using agraduated cylinder and put contents intothe bottle provided with the kit. Insert thesample in the opening in the top of the kitand zero the instrument. For frostedbottles, face the clear side with letteringtoward the light path.

(2) Add 1 mL of wide range pH indicatorsolution and swirl to mix. Replace thesample in the instrument. Read pH on themeter scale.

b. pH Meter

(I) Two buffers are needed to calibrate the pHmeter. Select buffers of 4 and 7 if theexpected pH is less than 7. Use pH- 7 and10 buffers when the expected pH isgreater than 7. The pH buffers must be thesame temperature as the sample (within afew degrees).

(2) Remove the plastic protective cap from theelectrode prior to calibration andmeasurement.

(3) Remove the filling plug on refillableelectrodes prior to use (usually a rubberplug or sliding sleeve).

(4) Rinse the electrodes with distilled waterand dry with soft paper.

o

pHMethod continued


(5) Set the function switch to pH and adjustthe pH meter to the pH of the buffersolution. First calibrate with the pH 7 bufferand secondly with the pH 4 or 10. Rinsethe electrode with distilled water and blotdry.

(6) Immerse the electrode in the sample,measure the temperature, and adjust thecompensator.

(7) Set the function switch to pH and gentlyswirl the sample until the pH meter readingstabilizes.

(8) Measurement of pH are reported in pHunits and reported to the nearest 0.1 unit.

(9) Read the pH value of the sample andrecord. Rinse the electrode with distilledwater, and store electrode asrecommended by the manufacturer.

/~~

( I, I

SpecificConductance(EC)


Conductance is the capacity of water toconduct an electrical current. Specificconductance is the conductance measured at25°C. Conductivity values increase withtemperature at a rate of approximately 1.9%per °C.

The types and quantities of dissolvedsubstances in water determine the specificconductance of water. Conductance iscommonly used as an indirect measure ofsalinity or mineralization of water.Conductance values can also be used toestimate concentrations of bromide, sodium,chloride, total hardness, and other minerals.

Specific conductance of water may changesignificantly with time because of pollution,precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange,oxidation, and reduction. Therefore, it isimportant to measure specific conductance or(EC) in the field.

Expected range in SWP = 100-1600 IJS/cm.

Procedure

1. Calibrate the conductivity meter with aknown conductivity relative to KCI andfollowing the manufacturer'sinstructions.

2. Place calibrated probe in sample andagitate to move the solution over theprobe.

3. Record the reading after the meter hasstabilized.

() TurbidityMeasurements

Standards

o


Suspended matter such as silt, clay, finelydivided organic and inorganic matter, solublecolored organic compounds, algae and othermicroorganisms causes turbidity in water. It isan expression of the optical property of light tobe scattered at a 900 angle and absorbed byparticulates in the water rather than beingtransmitted in a straight line.

Turbidity is measured by a nephelometer or anephelometric turbidimeter. Units areexpressed as nephelometric turbidity units(NTUs).

There are two main types of turbidimeters,ratio and non-ratio. A ratio turbidimetercompensates for the color of turbidity usingmultiple detectors. As a result, the ratioturbidimeter will generally read higher than anon-ratio on samples that are colored fromdissolved substances and have turbiditygreater than about 40 NTU.

Expected range in SWP =<1 to 75 NTU

There are two types of standards, primary andsecondary, used to calibrate a nephelometricturbidimeter. Secondary standards are sealedand usually supplied with the instrument. Sincesecondary standards will change over timebecause of deterioration and other factors,primary standards are used to calibratesecondary standards. Primary standards canbe prepared with formazin or prepared polymerstandards can be purchased directly fromAdvanced Polymer Systems. Polymerstandards using polymer bead require nopreparation or dilution.

Hach recommends the use of Formazin but theDepartment of Health Services (DHS) does notrequire it.

(~ StandardsContinued

Hach 2100A

o


An alternative standard is available from Hachcalled StablCal. However, it is not currentlyDHS approved for drinking water compliance.StablCal are dilutions of formazin primarystandard prepared by a proprietary methodthat makes low concentrations stable for twoyears. (See Hach 1998 Catalog, page 206). Norefrigeration is necessary and StablCalstandards are available in sealed vials that canbe used directly on the 2100P. Bulk standardsin 500 mL volumes are also available. Theresponse is similar to formazin standard overthe entire measurement range. StablCalstandards are available in kits with <0.1, 20,100 and 800 NTU ampules. Mark theexpiration date on the standards when they arereceived and replace them as needed.

Several types of nephelometers are used onthe SWP; the Hach 2100P (Ratio) and the nonratio 21 OOA, 1720C, Surface Scatter 6 andTurner model C4Q-100.

Procedure:

1. The turbidimeter must be warmed up for atleast half hour. For bench units the life ofthe bulb will be prolonged if the instrumentis not turned off after each use or at theend of the day.

2. Calibrate the unit using the secondarystandards provided with the instrument.

• Zero the instrument by placing thefocusing template into the cell holder.

• Press the 1.0 range and adjust thezero knob.

• Insert the secondary standard into thecell holder.

• Place the light shield over it.

Hach 2100AContinued


• Press the 10.0 range and adjust thespan knob to correspond to the NTU

.value you are using.

• The instrument is ready for turbiditymeasurements.

3. Thoroughly clean a cuvette (tube) withdistilled water.

4. Mix the sample by inverting several times.

5. Rinse the tube twice with sample.

6. Pour the sample down the side of a tiltedcuvette to reduce air bubbles that candistort readings.

7. Place the tube in the cell holder. It isimportant to place each sample in thesame position. Mark a spot on the meterand one on each bottle, then aligning thetwo marks.

8. Place the light shield over it and depressone of the range buttons, 1.0, 10.0 or100.0.

9. Record the reading.

Note: A thin layer of silicon oil applied to eachcell with a soft, lint free cloth will help minimizethe effect of scratches on the cell. Cloth and oilshould be purchased from Hach. Cloth mustbe kept in a sealed bag to keep it clean.

Hach 2100AContinued


Calibration and Maintenance

The 2100P is a ratio turbidimeter. Calibrationshould be done at least monthly usingformazin, the primary standard for turbidity.The instruments electronic and optical designprovides long-term stability and minimizes theneed for frequent calibration.

The 2100P does not require standardizationbefore every measurement. Prior to use,turbidimeter calibration should be checkedagainst the appropriate Gelex standards.Gelex standards should be aligned properly(the diamond aligns with the orientation mark).

If the standardization is not within 5% of theprevious established value, the 21 OOP shouldbe calibrated with formazin primary standard.

Formazin solutions

Use Hach StablCal standards.Part NO.26594-05 contains·4 standards of <0.1 ,20, 100, and 800 NTU.

Routine Calibration using Gelex Standards

1. Calibrate the 21 OOP with formazin (nextsection).

2. Select the automatic range mode usingRANGE key.

3. Thoroughly clean the outside of the Gelexvials and apply a thin coating of silicon oil.

4. Place the 0-10 NTU Gelex standard in thecompartment Align the cell diamond withthe instrument mark. Close the lid.

5. Press READ. Record value.

()

o

Hach 2100AContinued

Hach 2100P


6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 for the other Gelexstandards (make sure that the vial isoriented properly).

7. A re-assign value to the Gelex standardseach time the instrument is calibrated withformazin.

Calibration using formazin of Stab/Cal

1. Rinse a sample cell several times withdilution water and fill to the line (about 15mL) or use the <0.1 NTU 8tabiCai ampule.

2. Insert the sample cell and align theorientation mark on the cell with the one onthe cell compartment. Close the lid andpress I/O.

3. Press CAL. To get a numerical displaypress ---* (right arrow)

4. Press READ. The instrument will countfrom 60 to O. Read the blank and use it tocalculate the correction factor for 20 NTUblank. Remove the sample cell from thecompartment.

5. The display will show 81 with the 1flashing and "'20 NTU". Insert a 20 NTUstandard into instrument with the marksaligned properly. Close the lid.

6. Press Read. The instrument will countfrom 60 to O. Measure the turbidity .Theinstrument will increment to the nextstandard. Remove the sample cell from thecompartment

TurbidityQuality Control


1. Keep cuvettes clean and free of dust andscratches. Use a weak acid for cleaning.Fingerprints can affect the turbidityreading, so avoid them on areas wherelight passes through the cuvette.

2. Use the same cuvette for the standard andthe sample when calibrating the primarystandards (unless it becomes scratched).

3.· Check that the cuvette index mark isaligned properly before making a reading.

4. Turn on the turbidimeter at least 30minutes prior to measurements.

5. Samples or standards that are cold maycause condensation on the cuvette andaffect the readings.

6. Replace expired standards!

7. Care should be used when handlingformazin. The is toxic and a knowncarcinogen. Formazin waste should bedisposed ofproperly.

Secchi Depth


Secchi depth is an index of water clarity and isaffected by suspended organic and inorganicmatter. Secchi depth is measured with aSecchi disk, first developed by PA Secchi in1865 for a Vatican financed Mediterraneanoceanographic expedition.

The disk is attached to a line and lowered intothe water until it is no longer visible. Themeasured distance at that point is the Secchidepth. Secchi depth is a common water qualitytool used to indicate the general increase ordecrease in plankton and silt concentration.The shallower the disk depth is, the greater thealgal or silt concentration.

Expected SWP range = 0.1- 4.0 m

Loop for line

Figure 3. The standard Secchi disk8-inch diameter circular metal or Plexiglas

disk with black and white alternating quarterpanels. The disk has a loop or metal eye in thecenter for attachment to a marked tape orrope.

Secchi Depth-continued

MultiparameterWater QualityMonitors


Procedure

1. Slowly lower the disk into the water until itdisappears from view. Note this depth.

2. Lower the disk several centimeters.

3. Raise the disk back up until it is visibleagain and note the depth. Take anotherreading and average with the first reading.

4. When possible, measurement should bemade where the surface water is shaded.

Multiparameter water quality monitors areavailable from a number of manufacturesincluding Hydrolab, In-Situ, and YSI (Table 5).These instruments can be equipped tomeasure temperature, dissolved oxygen,specific conductance, pH, depth, oxidationreduction potential and turbidity. Theinstruments facilitate reservoir limnologicalprofiles since the probes can be lowered todepths up to 100 meters for quick andaccurate measurements.

Advantages of this equipment include:

• Quick and accurate fieldmeasurements especially during lakeand reservoir profiles.

• Minimizes time in the field.

• Portable Data logging capabilitiesallow direct entry of data into acomputer.

Disadvantages include:

• High initial cost

• Requires regular maintenance andcalibration.

()MultiparameterWaterQualityMonitors-continued

Calibration

Field Measurements. page 47

The instruments consist of a surface unit fordisplaying or storing data, a submersible unitwith multiple probes for measuring variousparameters, and an underwater cableconnecting the two units. Rechargeablebatteries supply power, which may be internalor contained in a separate battery case.

Sensors should re-calibrated prior to asampling run. The temperature probe on mostunits cannot re-calibrated in the field.

Manufacturer's instructions should be followedfor specific calibration procedures. In addition,follow the routine maintenance proceduresoutlined in the instruction manual for eachmodel. These units will need to be sent to themanufacture periodically for maintenance andre-calibration.

(-'! Table 5. Multiparameter Water Quality Monitors


Company Instruments AddressHydrolab Surveyer4A P.O. Box 389

DataSonde 4A Loveland, CO 80539-0389MiniSlnde 4A Tele: 800-949-3766Hydras 3 www.hydrolab.com/Quanta

Eureka Manta 9715-A Burnet Road Suite 400-A

Amphibian Austin, TX 78758Tele: 512.302.4333www.eurekaenvironmental.com

In-Situ Troll 9000 221 East Lincoln Ave.Fort Collins, CO 80524Tele: 970-498-1500www.in-situ.com/

YSI 600 and 6000 series 1725 Brannum LaneYellow Springs, OH 45387800.897-4151www.vsLcom

(1 ReservoirLimnologicalProfile

o

o


Limnological conditions in lakes and reservoirsare rarely uniform from the surface to bottom.Therefore, it is necessary to take a number ofmeasurements at different depths in the watercolumn to measure vertical differences.

The vertical differences are due primarily tochanges in the density of water withtemperature. At 39 of (4°C), water is at itsmaximum density. Warm water, being lessdense than cold water, will"float" closer to thesurface in a layer known as the epilimnion(Figure 7). Below this layer, a zone existscalled the metalimnion where watertemperature decreases rapidly. Thethermocline is a narrow strata of water withinthe metalimnion where water temperaturedecrease is maximum with respect to depth.The bottom waters or hypolimnion areuniform in temperature and do not freely mixwith the warmer upper waters until thermalstratification breaks down in late fall or earlywinter. The density property of water affectsmany physical and chemical processes inwater.

A vertical profile in a reservoir is useful for anumber of reasons. Operations criteria andgeneral water quality can be established. Also,the extent of thermal stratification can be usedto predict lake over turn and possible waterquality problems when deeper waters aremixed with surface waters.

When profiling a reservoir, a sufficient numberof depths should be sampled to determine themain strata in the lake (epilimnion,metalimnion, and hypolimnion). Generally,sampling intervals of one meter are neededwhere large temperature changes occur withdepth. In strata of uniform water temperature,two to five meter intervals are sufficient tocharacterize the thermal structure of thereservoir.

(\ Addresses\ I

CJ


Advanced PolymerSystems 3676 Haven AvenueRedwood City, CA 94063

Phone: 800 827-9283

Hydrolab CorporationP.O. Box 389Loveland, CO 80539-0389

Phone: 800-949-3766Fax 970-461-3921E-Mail: [email protected]://www.hydrolab.com/

Hach CompanyWorld HeadquartersP. O. Box 389Loveland, CO 80539

Phone: 800-227-4224Fax: 970-669-2932http://www.hach.com/

Eureka9715-A Burnet Road Suite 400-AAustin, TX 78758

Phone: 512-302-4333http://www.eurekaenvironmental.com

In-Situ221 East Lincoln Ave.Fort Collins, CO 80524

Phone: 970-498-1500http://www.in-situ.com/

YSI1725 Brannum LaneYellow Springs, OH 45387

Phone: 800.897-4151http://www.ysi.com

(\I. !

C'---)

u

Chapter Four

Sample Processing

~,

( 'I SamplingLocations

Aqueduct Sites

Sample Processing

The water quality operations plan for theSWP was initially developed in 1970 byMetcalf and Eddy Engineers (known asthe M&E Report). SWP samplinglocations on the aqueducts andreservoirs were established to provide ofmonitoring network that wasrepresentative of different conditions inthe project. Periodic revisions insampling locations and parameters aremade by the Water Quality Section andthe Field Divisions based on requests bythe water contractors, or by a need tomore accurately measure water qualitywithin a specific reach or section of theSWP.

Surface samples are usually collectedfrom the aqueduct at a depth of about 3feet (1 meter). Record the depthaccurately on the FLiMS form.

Samples should not be collected fromthe surface film, which would not be arepresentative sample. The sampleshould be taken in free moving water toavoid the sludge and film associatedwith the walls and bottom of theaqueduct. The exact sample locationshould be indicated in field notes and onFLiMS lab analysis sheets.

Samples should not be collected fromareas that could be contaminated fromexternal environmental sources near theaqueduct, such as crop dusting, deadfish or animals, bird droppings, anddusty wind conditions. Pesticide andherbicide samples could be particularlyaffected by nearby crop dusting.

Unusual aqueduct conditions should benoted on the laboratory analysis sheet.If there are questions about the sample,call the Water Quality Section or BryteLab before submitting it for analysis.

,~\

( :

Reservoir Sites

Sample Type

Sample Processing

Water quality samples or lake profilesshould be taken from establishedreservoir stations marked by ananchored buoy or identified by aprominent landmark. This locationshould be verified using a GPS. Surfacesamples should be collected at about 3feet (1-meter) depth. Reservoirelevations can be included as a noteand entered into FLiMS in the "SampleDescription" field. Do not collect surfacesamples from the surface film. Unusualreservoir conditions should also benoted.

Most water quality samples collectedfrom the SWP are grab or discretesamples. That is, they are a singlesample from one place and point intime.

Other types of samples can be collectedthat integrate a number of individualsamples into a composite sample.Composite samples are useful if thetarget parameter is expected to changein concentration in either time or space(depth). Automatic samplers such asthose made by ISCO and Manning areavailable to collect individual samples atspecific time intervals and compositethem into one sample.

Normally, a single grab sample will beused for ongoing assessment of waterquality conditions; however, on someoccasions, composite samples may berequired.

Automated water quality stationsprovide composite samples byaveraging a series of twelve discretereadings collected at five-minuteintervals.

Sample Bottleand WaterRequirements

Sample Processing

Sample bottles are sized to provide anadequate volume of sample and reservefor laboratory analysis. Bottle materialsmust be non-reactive with the watersample. Glass or polyethylene bottlesare used for all SWP water samples.

Glass is used for most pesticides ororganics since some of the constituentcompounds can adsorb ontopolyethylene. Requirements for eachtype of analysis in terms of bottlevolume and type, preservative, filteringrequirements, and holding times are .presented in Table 5. The FLiMSpaperwork and labels will also reflect thebottles needed for the requestedanalysis.

Gloves worn during sample processingshould be powder free vinyl. Latexgloves could contaminate samples withzinc (Bill Nickels, Bryte Lab).

When a sampling run is set up in FLiMSa list of the proper number and type ofcontainers is created for each group ofanalytes selected, as well as correctsample handling and preservationmethods. Follow all of the directionsprinted on the container labels.

Table 6. Sample Bottles, Preservatives and Holding Times

Sample Processing

Code Analysis No Size Container Filler Preserv· Holdalive Time

1 Standard Mineral 32-34, 1 1qt poly yes None 7 days39,41,54,5827-29 1 0.5 pt poly yes 1mLHNOa

2 Standard Nutrient 1 0.5 pt poly yes Coo14°C 28 days40,43,45,46,48 1 0.5 pt polv no Coo14°C

3 O&M Misc. Pesticides 1 1La glass-clear (s) no Cool 4 °C 7 daysSulfur pest. &glyphosate 1 125mL glass-clear (s) no Cool 4 °C

4 Chlorinated Pesticides 1 1L' glass-clear (s) no Cool 4 °C 7days

5 Nitrogen/Phosphorus 1 1L' glass-clear (s) no Cool 4 °C 7daysPesticides

6 Herblcides(chlor. 1 1L a glass-clear (s) no Cool 4°C 7daysphenoxy acid)

7 Volatile Organics 3 40mL Glass-amber no Cool 4 oC 14 days(Inc!. MTBEl 1 trip blank

8 THMFP 4 40mL Glass-amber no Cool 4 oC 14 days

9 Carbamates (531.1) 1 125mL glass-clear yes Coo14°C 28 days

* Unassigned

11 Arsenic 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

12 Barium 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6months

13 Cadmium 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

14 Strontium 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

15 Chromium (all valences) 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

16 Copper 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

17 Iron 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

18 Aluminum 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

19 Lead 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

20 Manganese 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

21 Mercury 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 28 days

22 Nickel 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

23 . Selenium 1 1pt poly~acld rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6months

24 Silver 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6months

25 Zinc 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6months

26 Molybdenum 1 1pt pOly-acid rinse yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

27 Calcium 1 1pt poly yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

28 Magnesium 1 1pt poly yes 1mL HNOa 6 months

29 Sodium 1 1pt poly yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

30 Potassium 1 1pt poly yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

31 Lithium 1 1pt poly-acid rinse yes 1mLHNOa 6 months

32 Alkalinity 1 1pt poly yes None 14 days

33 Sulfate 1 1pt poly yes None 28 days

34 Chloride 1 1pt poly yes None 28 days

35 Fluroide 1 1pt poly yes None 28 days

36 Bromide 1 1pt poiy yes None 28 days

37 Unassigned

38 Silica 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 oC 28 days

39 Boron 1 1pt poly yes None 6 months

40 Nitrate+Nitrite 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 oC 28 days

41 Nitrate 1 1pt poly yes Coo14°C 28 days

Sample Processing

Code Analysis No Size Container Filter Preserv· Holdative Time

42 Nitrite 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 oC 28 days

43 Ammonia 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 oC 28 days

44 Organic N(requires 43) 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 °C 28 days

45 Ammonia &organic N 1 1pt poly no Cool 4 °C 28 days

46 Dis. Orthophosphate 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4 oC 45 days

47 Unassigned

48 Total Phosphorus 1 1pt poly no Coo14°C 28 days

49 Unassigned

50 Unassigned

51 Unassigned

52 Unassigned

53 MBAS 1 1qt glass-clear no Coo14°C 48 hours

54 Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1 1pt poly yes Cool 4°C 7days

55 Suspended Solids 1 1pt .poly no Cool 4 °C 7days

56 Volatile & Suspended 1 1pt poly no Cool 4 oC 7daysSolids

57 Settleable Solids, mIL 1 0.5 gal poly no Cool 4 °C 7 days

58 Specific Conductance 1 1pt poly no Cool 4°C 28 days(EC)

59 Turbidity 1 1pt poly no Cool 4°C 48 hours

60 Unassigned

61 Color (requires) pH 1 1pt poly no Cool 4°C 48 hours

62 PH 1 0.5 pt poly no Cool 4 °C 1hour

63 Unassigned64 Biochemical Oxygen 1 1qt poly no Cool 4 °C 48 hours

Demand65 Biochemical Oxygen

1 1qt poly Cool 4°C 48 hoursDemand (wastewater) no

66 Total Organic Carbon 1a 40ml glass-clear no Cool 4°C 28 days

66D Dis. Organic Carbon 1a 40ml glass-clear yes Cool 4°C 28 days

67 Tannin &Ligands 1 0.5 pt poly no Cool4 oC

68 Project Standard 1 0.5 pt poly yes 1mlHNOa 48 hours11-13,15-21,23-25, 1 1pt poly no Cool 4 °C27-29, 32-36, 39, 41, 54, 1 1pt polyacid rinse yes 1ml HNOa58,59 1 1at polv ves Cool 4 oC

69 Project Partial 27,28,29, 1 80z poly yes 1ml HNOa 7days2,33, 34, 39, 41, 54, 58 1 1at poly yes Cool 4 °C

70 Membrane Filtration

71 Total metal Prep

72 UVA (requires pH) 1 0.5 pt poly yes Coo14°C 72 hours

ASB Asbestos 1 1liter glass-clear no Coo14°C 48 hours

PHY Phytoplankton 1 100ml glass-amber no 2ml 60lugol's months

T&O Taste &Odor 1 40 ml glass-clear No Cool 4 oC 14 days

a bottle supplied by lab which contains acid preservative

(\1 Filtering

Sample Processing

A water sample should be filteredimmediately after collection to minimizesample degradation in the bottle.Filtering the sample in the field isgenerally preferred unless the samplecan be returned to the office within anhour and filtered.

Water samples are filtered to removesuspended particles from the waterwhile the filtrate (dissolved portion)passes through to a collecting vessel. A0.4511 pore size filter is used which isthe size that separates suspended fromdissolved particles. Filtering is importantsince a number of chemical analysesare aimed at measuring dissolvedconcentrations.

Filter Cartridges

Disposable cartridge filters are easy touse and will reduce processingcontamination (Figure 4).

Materials• Gelman 12176 filter• Ring stand with clamp• Pump

Procedure

1. Place the outlet of the samplingpump tubing over the inlet fitting ofthe filter. The flow label on the filtershould point away from the pump.Make sure that the fitting is insertedfar enough to avoid leakage aroundthe seal. Tubing should be securelyconnected to the hose barbs (use ahose clamp if necessary).

(\) Filtering-continued

C)

Sample Processing

2. Hold the filter so that the outlet isdirected upward and start the pump.Once air has been purged, attachthe filter to a stand in a sidewaysposition so that the filtrate streamshorizontally.

3. Flush the cartridge with 500 mL ofsample.

Note: Te filter cartridge should not beused at more than one station to avoidthe possibility of cross contaminationbetween sampling sites. This isespecially important when samplingsources such as floodwaters, pointsource discharges, or acid minedrainage.

Figure 4. Cartridge filtering apparatus.

Filter

Clamp -$E-~~:;:'

Sample Bottle

Filtered Water

Sample Processing

WaterSample

Unfiltered water

('1 SampleHandling andTransportation

Sample Processing

Sample handling and transportation aredependent upon the analysis requested,sample preservation, and travel time tothe laboratory. If in doubt, it is best todeliver samples to the lab within 24hours.

Generally, samples should be deliveredto the lab within 24 hrs of collection orshipped by overnight courier service.Ship samples in an ice chest orStyrofoam container. This providesinsulation and containment in case ofbreakage or spillage. Ship samples thatrequire chilling, such as pesticides andother volatile organics, packed in plentyof blue ice or ice.

Remember that it is possible tointroduce contamination duringtransportation and handling. To reducethis risk keep samples in an ice chestaway from possible contaminants assoon as the samples are taken. If asample is taken from a location thatmight have a high concentration of ananalyte, keep it separate from the rest ofthe samples. Placing samples in ziplocbags can be used as an additionalbarrier to contamination.

(\1 SamplePreservation

Sample Processing

Samples are preserved in the field toprevent degradation of the constituents.Typical preservation techniques includecooling the sample, adding acid, orLugol's solution for phytoplankton.Specific requirements for the fieldpreservation of samples are in Table 6,and general considerations are listedbelow by category:

1. Metals - Fixed with 1 mL of nitric(HN03) acid to pH<2. Samples arepreserved for 6 months.

2. Nutrients - Refrigerate or chill to 4DC and deliver to the laboratorywithin 24 hours. If delivery to thelaboratory within 24 hours is notpossible, freeze the samplesimmediately after collection andkeep them frozen until delivery tothe laboratory. .

3. Pesticides - Refrigerate or chill to4°C and store in a dark location,deliver to lab within 24 hours.Pesticides do not store well and willdegrade in light.

4. Bacteria -Total and fecal coliformRefrigerate or chill to 4°C anddeliver to the lab within 24 hours.Do not add preservatives.

5. Taste and Odor- MIB andGeosmin Refrigerate or chill to 4°Cand ship to Metropolitan WaterDistrict's Laboratory by overnightexpress mail within 24 hours to:

MWD700 Moreno AvenueLaVerne, CA 91750

Cl

SamplePreservationGeneral Notes

Sample Processing

If in doubt about any sample, it is best tokeep the samples chilled in the dark anddeliver them to the lab as quickly aspossible (within 24 hours). For samplesthat have a short holding time,coordinate with the lab so they can havethe time and staff available the processthe samples within the holding time.

(': Sample QualityControl Data

Travel Blanks

C)

Field Blanks

Sample Processing

Quality control during collection,processing, and transportation is anintegral part of the SWP water qualityprogram. Quality control procedures areused to assess potential sampling andanalytical bias as a result of samplecontamination. The quality of the datacollected and the validity of anyinterpretation cannot be evaluatedwithout quality control data.

Two types of samples are used to testsample procedures; blanks andduplicate or replicate samples. Blankscome in three types; trip or blanks, andequipment blanks.

Vials or bottles filled with speciallyprepared water that accompany thesample through all steps of collectionand transportation are called travelblanks. These blanks are handled,stored, and treated the same ascollected samples. Bryte laboratoryprepares and provides these blanks.

Travel blanks are returned to thelaboratory and analyzed with thecollected sample for the sameconstituents to determine contamination.Travel blanks accompany VOA samplessince contamination from auto exhaustvapors, cleaning chemicals or gasolinecould enter the sample vial duringcollection and transport.

A field blank is a sample bottle filled withlaboratory checked deionized/purifiedwater that is processed in the field,handled the same, and analyzed for thesame constituents as the collectedsample. The proper preparation of fieldblanks will ensure that laboratory resultsreflect actual water quality conditions.

Sample Processing

Table 7. Field Blank Sample RequirementsBottle

Code Analvsis No. Tvpe Volume Filter Preservative

68 Project Standard 1 Poly"w" 1pt Yes 1mL HN031 Polv"w" 1 ot No 1mL HN03

7 Purgeable Organics 1 Glass (a) 40 mL No Cool 4°CInclude travel blank from lab

2 Nutrients 1 Poly 0.5 pt Yes Cool 4°C1 Polv 0.50t No Cool 4°C

aDissolved Trace Metals 1 Poly"w" 1pt Yes 1mL HN031 Poly"w" 1pt No 1mL HN03

Poly= polyethylene; Poly "w" =acid rinsed polyethylene; Glass (a) =amber VOAa Taken only for codes 11-26 when code 68 is not collected

rd d f BI k SRT bl 8 St fa e a Ions ecommen e or an amOIlnOField Division

Month Oroville Delta San Luis San Joaauin SouthernJan TAOO1000 KAOOO331 KA007089 KA024454 KA030341

Feb - KGOOOOOO KA017226 - KA040341

March OROO1000 DVOOOOOO SL001000 - SI002000

April - KAOOO331 DMC06716 KA024454 PE002000

Mav LDOO1000 KB001632 SLOOOOOO - KA041134

June TAO01000 KGOOOOOO KA007089 - KA030341

Julv - DVOOOOOO KA017226 KA024454 KA040341

August OROO1000 KB001632 SL001000 - CA002000

September - KAOO0331 DMC06716 - PE002000

October TA001000 KGOOOOOO KA007089 KA024454 KA030341

November OROO1000 KB001632 KA017226 - KA040341

December - DVOOOOOO SL001000 - PY001000

FieldBlanks-continued

Sample Processing

Field blanks are routinely analyzed fortrace metals since their low detectionlimits can pick up low levels ofcontamination from dust, surfacematerials, etc.

Field blanks are used to determine ifany steps during sample collection,processing, or transportation altered theconcentration of the target constituent.Specifically, field blanks demonstratethat:

1. Equipment cleaning protocolsadequately remove residualcontamination from previoususe.

2. Sampling and sampleprocessing procedures do notresult in contamination.

3. Equipment handling andtransport between periods ofsample collection do notintroduce contamination.

One set of field blanks should becollected for each sampling event or run(regular monthly, quarterly, annual orspecial samples) and type of analysis(Table 7). Field blanks should becollected at one selected station, asrecommended in Table 8. Alternativestations are acceptable if selectedrandomly. Do not use the same stationevery month for the field blank.

Field blank bottles must be supplied bythe laboratory conducting the analysisand be identical to the collected samplein terms of bottle type and preservative

( \.. )'~

FieldBlanks-continued

Procedure

EquipmentBlanks

Sample Processing

Fresh deionized/purified (01) water usedin the field blank must be obtained fromBryte Chemical Laboratory.Commercial distilled waterpurchased from a store should not beused. The 01 water used should be:

1. Picked up from Bryte Lab every timefield blanks are collected, or

2. Taken from unopened supplypreviously obtained from Bryte Lab.

Pour the 01 water into the samplerKemmerer, Van Oorn bottle, orcollection bucket.

Allow the 01 water to remain in thesampler for about the same time periodas the field sample.

Filtered Blanks - process the 01 waterfrom the sampler through the filteringapparatus and into the blank bottle.

Unfiltered Blanks - transfer the 01water from the sampler directly into theblank bottle.

If sampling from an auto-stationcirculation system, pour unfiltered DIwater directly into the bottle and usetubing and clean filter for filteredsample.

Equipment blanks are used to isolate acontamination problem and are onlycollected to resolve where thecontamination is occurring in thesampling process. An equipment blankis collected by rinsing the collectingequipment with 01 water and samplingthe rinsate. 00 not collect equipmentblanks unless specifically directed to doso.

Split ReplicateSamples

Sample Processing

Replicates are produced by splitting asingle volume of water into two samples(one primary and one duplicate). Splitreplicates allow assessment of sourcesof variability from sample processing,handling, and analysis that can becontrolled by field and laboratoryprocedures. The split replicate assumesthat the two sub samples of thecollected sample contain equalconstituent levels and any variability inthe analytical results is the result oferrors introduced during handling andlaboratory analysis and not caused byshort-term environmental fluctuations.

Replicates should be collected by eachField Division at the stations andfrequency presented in Table 9. Thestations are the same as those used forblank sampling (Table 8) except that thefrequency is reduced. Split replicatesamples should be collected annually byOroville and San Joaquin and bimonthly in Delta, San Luis, andSouthern Field Divisions.

Asbestos monitoring uses split samplesbecause of the high variances in theanalytical techniques and the sampleenvironment.

Sample Processing

Table 9. Collection frequency and locations for quality control samples.

Field DivisionMonth Oroville Delta San Luis San Southern

JoaquinJan - - -Feb - KGOOOOOO KA017226 - KA040341March - - -April - KAOOO331 DMC06716 - PEOO2000May - - -June TAOO1000 KGOOOOOO KAOO7089 - KA030341July - - KA024454August - KBOO1632 SLOO1000 - CAOO2000September - - -October - KGOOOOOO KAOO7089 - KA030341November - - -December - DVOOOOOO SLOO1000 - PYOO1000

OrganicSampling

Volatile OrganicAnalysis (VOA)

Notes

Sample Processing

Volatile organics samples arecompounds with high vapor pressures.Air bubbles in the samples must beavoided because the compounds mayvolatilize into the bubbles and escapewhen the container is opened in thelaboratory.

Forty mL VOA bottles (Figure 5) aremade of borosilicate glass with a plasticcap with a hole in the center. The Teflonside of the plastic septum inside the capshould be in contact with the sample.

VOA's should be filled to the top with noheadspace (air space). The septumallows expansion of the bottle's contentsand prevents the container frombreaking.

Fill the VOA until a convex meniscus isformed. Carefully place the cap andseptum on the vial without trapping anyair bubbles. Screw on the cap tightly.

The Teflon side of the septum (the shinyside) should contact the sample.

Do not touch the Teflon side of theseptum.

Check for bubbles after screwing on thelid by turning the container over andtapping the bottle. If bubbles arepresent, remove the lid and top off thevial and re-cap the container.

VolatileOrganicAnalysisContinued

VOAQualityAssurance

Sample Processing

lass vial

~~--"O!!P~~""'!IIiiillll6f8*;:Q~

Two types of QA samples are utilized.during organics monitoring:

Travel or Trip blankFilled travel blanks should be obtainedfrom Bryte Lab. The travel blank shouldnot be re-opened and shouldaccompany the samples at all times.One travel blank is needed for eachgroup of samples.

Field blankFill 2 vials with organic free water duringeach sampling day. Organic free wateris available at Bryte Laboratory.

MIS andgeosmin

Sample Processing

Two common taste-and-odor causingsubstances produced by blue-greenalgae are geosmin and MIS(methylisoborneol). These compoundscan be detected by sensitive individualsin the range of 5 ng/l (MIS) and 10 ng/lgeosmin and may result in complaintsfrom water consumers.

Samples are collected in 40 ml glassVOA vials. Analysis is done using solidphase micro-extraction (SPME) withresults reported in ng/L. Samples shouldbe refrigerated and delivered to thelaboratory within 24 hours of collection.The holding time is 48 hours.

Sryte Chemical laboratory is notequipped to conduct ClSA analysis soarrangements must be made with acontract laboratory prior to sampling.Metropolitan Water District's WaterQuality laboratory in laVerne analyzessamples for MIS and geosmin for DWR.

These compounds do not pose a healthhazard. Taste and odor compounds area concern because they cause a lack ofconsumer confidence in the quality ofthe drinking water provided to theconsumers by the water contractors.

~,\ !

Giardia andCryptosporidium

Sample Processing

The pathogenic protozoa's Giardia andCryptosporidium in water supplies areresponsible for Cryptosporidiosisoutbreaks of diarrhea or gastroenteritis.Animals and humans may serve assources of the protozoa. Possiblepathways of contamination in theAqueduct are runoff from cattle grazingand other surface drainage fromsurrounding watersheds, or from humanwaste contamination from swimmers indrinking water sources such asreservoirs, as well as inflow from thedelta.

A 10-liter unfiltered sample is needed fora Giardia and Cryptosporidium sample.These samples are not processed byBryte Laboratory and will need to besent to a contract laboratory.

Method 1623: Cryptosporidium andGiardia in Water by Fi/tration/IMS/FA isutilized (EPA 821-R-01-025). Detailsare available at:http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1623ap01.pdf.

WaterTreatment PlantSampling

RoutineSampling

Sample Processing

The requirements for collection ofbacteriological samples at watertreatment plants and within theirdistribution systems are determined bythe Department of Health Servicesregulations. These guidelines must befollowed exactly to be in compliance.

Sample collection within treated waterdistribution system.

1. A Presence/Absence Coliform Test(SM 9221-0) for Total Coliformshould be collected at allpredetermined TREATED watersample sites. In addition, chlorineresidual sample must be collected.This is to prove that there is a traceamount of chlorine within thedistribution system.

2. Any lab contract should state thatanytime the lab finds a positiveresult indicating the presence ofColiform that they automatically usethe rest of the sample to determinethe presence of Fecal Coliform ande-coli.

Sample collection of raw water used atwater treatment plant.

1. At the raw water collection sit~,Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, ande-coli are collected and analyzedusing the multiple tube fermentationmethod (SM 9221-8) for analysis.At the raw water site, the number ofcoliforms present is used to make'operational changes at thetreatment plant.

RepeatSampling

Sample Processing

If a routine sample is Total Coliformpositive, collect repeat samples within24 hours of being notified of the positiveresult.

1. The repeat sample set must include3 samples for each Total Coliformpositive sample.

a) The repeat sample set mustinclude the site where theoriginal Total Coliform positivesample was taken. The othertwo samples should include onesample upstream and onesample downstream of theoriginal Total Coliform positivesample site.

2. The repeat samples must beanalyzed for Total and FecalColiform and e-coli using themultiple tube fermentation method(SM 9221-8).

3. If any of the repeat samples arepositive, collect and analyzeadditional sets of repeat samples.This shall be repeated until nocoliforms are detected in onecomplete repeat sample set.

4. The Department of Health Servicesmust be notified within 24 hours of apositive result.

BacteriologicalCollectionProcedure

Sample Processing

1. If the faucet has an aerator orstrainer, remove it first.

2. Adjust the water flow to a slow, evenstream. Allow the water to runabout 5 to 6 minutes to assure thewater is flowing from the watermain, not the building plumbing.

3. Collect a sample for chlorineresidual analysis. Using the OPOcolorimetric test kit, analyze forresidual chlorine, and record theresults.

4. The bacteria sample containerprovided by the laboratory issterilized and contains a solution ofsodium thiosulfate to neutralize anyresidual chlorine that may bepresent in the sample. Therefore,do not rinse or overfill the container,touch inner surfaces, or otherwisetamper with the container.

5. When collecting the water sample,hold the cap with the inside pointingdown to avoid contamination fromairborne bacteria. Do not put thecap down. Hold the bottle near thebottom to avoid contamination fromyour fingers. Do not touch theinside of the cap or top rim of thebottle.

6. Fill the bottle just to the fill line orshoulder of the bottle. You mustcollect at least 100 mL of water orthe sample cannot be analyzed. Besure there is airspace above thewater in the bottle to allow for mixingbefore analysis.

BacteriologicalCollectionProcedureContinued

Sample Processing

7. The collected samples must reachthe laboratory in time for analysis tobegin the same day it was collected.The time elapsing betweencollection and examination shouldnot exceed 24 hours for the resultsto be valid. The collected samplesmust be transported using an icedcooler to at least 4 ce.

(

CalibrationStandards

Sample Processing

Standards are samples with a knownchemical concentration that are used tocalibrate analytical or monitoringequipment

Reference standards are an integralcomponent of quality control. Whilestandards are used routinely in theanalytical laboratory, they are also usedto calibrate water quality field equipmentto assure the instruments accuracy.

Automated water quality fieldequipment, such as Hydrolab, Foxboro,Hach and Turner turbidimeters requireregular calibration. The manufacturers'instructions for calibration andstandardization should be closelyfollowed.

To assure that calibrations standardsare accurate they need to be preparedfrom fresh chemicals. When newstandards are purchase or preparedwrite the date on the container inwaterproof ink as well as the expirationdate. Whenever using the standard besure that the expiration date has notbeen exceeded. Place orders for newstandards before the old ones expire.

Use good laboratory technique to keepfrom contaminating the standards. If achemical standard may have beencompromised by contamination, replaceit.

FLIMS

Sample Processing

All samples are processed and trackedthrough Bryte Lab by a computerizedapplication known as FLiMS. FLiMSstands for Field and LaboratoryInformation Management System.FLiMS was developed in house by DWRto manage sample collectioninformation, field data, and laboratorydata produced by Bryte Labs. Samplessent to external laboratories can beentered in to FLiMS when creating asample run, but the final analysisinformation is not tracked by FLIMS.

Each DWR office that routinely collectssamples needs to have a local copy ofFLiMS. If your office does not have alocal copy of FLiMS or you need trainingin its use, contact Bryte Laboratory.

FLiMS automates many steps that werepreviously done by hand. FLiMS allowsfield staff to generate analyticalrequests, prepare container labels andchain of custody sheets, record fieldmeasurements, and integrate QualityControl samples.

FLiMS has a complete user's guideincorporated into the application. Referto this guide for specific questions.Below is a discussion of points ofparticular importance to O&M samplingand data analysis.

C)

FLIMS:Continued

Sample Processing

To utilize FLiMS properly it is importantto carefully enter default information.These default settings can be changedin individual run templates or sampleplans. Important default settings:

• Mail Contact: Larry Joyce, O&MHeadquarters, Sacramento

• Station type: typically use "StateWater Project" for aqueduct andreservoir samples in the SWP.

• Field Measurement Group: Formost sampling sites include watertemperature, Ee, Turbidity,dissolved oxygen and pH

• Depth: Surface samples are takenat 1.0 meters.

• User Projects: Routine-monitoringsamples will use the "SWP"designation.

• Water Data Library Fate: All typicalmonitoring samples should be set to3000, viewable by all. Atypicalsamples should be 1000.

• Map Datum: Since all stations willbe identified using·GPS set thisparameter to "WGS84".

FLIMSContinued

Sample Processing

When setting up run templates andindividual samples keep the following inmind:

• Unless there is some kind ofemergency, the priority should be"5".

• WDL fate should be changed to1000 if the sample is an atypicalsample Le. samples taken during acopper treatment.

• Sample matrix for most samples is"natural water" and is "purifiedwater" for blanks.

• Be sure to change the sample depthif the sample is not going to be asurface sample (1 meter).

• The sample description box can beused to indicate any additionalinformation that might help identifythis sample. If a sample is drawn inan emergency situation and thestation information is incomplete orincorrect, this is the place to notethe problems.

• Sample Purpose is typically either"normal sample', "sample blank" or"replicate sample". If a sample isatypical use "experimental sample"for the sample purpose. Examplesof atypical samples would include:copper treatments, floodwaterinflows, chemical spills. Using thiscode allows the data to be easilyseparated out when filling datarequests for data users outside ofDWR.

• Do not forget to enter fieldmeasurements into FLiMS within aweek of sampling.

New StationCodes in FLIMS

Sample Processing

Ifa sample is collected from a locationwithout an existing code a new code willneed to be created. To create a newstation code the latitude and longitude isneeded so fix the location using a GPS.FLIMS has automated creating newstation codes to follow the stationnaming conventions, below is asummary of water body abbreviations.Properly assigning new station codes iscritical. Ask for help from the DatabaseManager or FLiMS personnel at Bryte ifyou have problems or questions.

KAKBKCKDKEKFKGKHGKADKAANBECADVFRLDLB

LP

ONORPEPRpyQUSITATFTP

California AqueductSouth Bay AqueductCoastal BranchWest BranchInterim North Bay AqueductPeripheral CanalNorth Bay AqueductPower CanalGroundwater pump-insDrainage into aqueductAntelope LakeBethany ReservoirCastaic LakeLake Del ValleFrenchman LakeLake DavisLos Banos Creek DetentionReservoirLittle Panoche Creek DetentionReservoirO'Neill ForebayLake OrovilleLake PerrisPatterson ReservoirPyramid LakeQuail LakeSilverwood LakeThermalito AfterbayThermalito ForebayThermalito Diversion Pool

(

Addresses

Sample Processing

Filter Cartridges -vendorsGelman Model 12176

Gelman Lab600 South Wagner RoadAnn Arbor, MI 48103-9019

800-521-1520

VWR ScientificPO Box 7900

San Francisco, CA 94120

Phone: 800-841-0617

Baxter· Healthcare CorporationScientific Products DivisionPO Box 5011Hayward, CA 94540-5011

Phone: 800-234-5277

EMSL1720 South Amphlett BlvdSuite 130San Mateo, CA 94402

Phone: 415-570-5401Fax: 415-570-5402

cChapter Five

Automated Water

Quality Stations

(

Purpose

Automated Stations

Continuous remote monitoring is. becoming increasing important to SWPoperations. Data provided by theautomated stations, and confirmed bythe monthly water quality-monitoringprogram, is collected hourly, andsummarized weekly. Automated stationsare currently installed at 15 locations inthe SWP. Stations are equipped tomeasure specific conductance,temperature, turbidity, fluorescence,UVA, and pH. The configuration of eachstation is shown in Table 10. Data arestored as hourly averages onmicroprocessor-based data loggers.Computer and telephone modem canaccess stored data remotely.

The main purposes of the automatedwater quality stations are:

1. To provide real time water qualitydata accessible to water users bythrough a modem link.

2. To provide continuousmeasurements of water qualityconditions in the Aqueduct

3. To provide near real time data to allusers via the Internet during normalbusiness days through dailyupdates.

Specific conductance, measured at allautomated stations, can be used toestimate salinity and concentrations ofsodium, chloride, hardness, bromide,and total dissolved solids.

Automated Stations

F = FoxboroH = HannaHH =HachAM =Algae MonitorTD =Turner DesignsTY = TytronicsED =Electrochemical Devices

t d W t Q I't St rT bl 10 A ta e u omae a er ua ltV a Ions

Station Description Start EC Temp Turbidity Fuoro· pH UVADate metryKGOOOOOO Barker SI PP 3-89 F F HH HKG002111 Cordelia PP 5-89 F F HHDVOOOOOO Del Valle Outlet 4-96 F F HH TD HKB001638 Del Valle Check 6-94 F F HH AM HKB002250 Vallecitos 8-01 F F HH HKAOOOOOO Clifton Court Inlet 3-88 F F HH TO HKAOO0331 Banks PP 7-86 F F HH AM H TYSLOOOOOO Pacheco PP 7-89 F F HH TDKA007089 O'Neill Forebay Outlet 1-90 F F HH ED TYKA017226 Check 21 5-90 F F HHKA024454 Check 29 7-89 F F HHKA030341 Check 41 12-88 H H HH HKA040341 Check 66 H H HHKA041134 Devil Canyon

10-95 H H HH HHeadworksDevil Canyon Second

HAfterbayCASOOOOO Castaic Lake Outlet 1-92 H H HH H

o

(~ I

\J.

Data Use

Maintenance

Automated Stations

Real-time data such as pH, conductivity,and turbidity are important parametersto SWP contractors. The quality of rawwater affects the effort needed toproduce quality drinking water. Theseparameters are measured in raw waterto determine the amount of coagulant,disinfectant, and acid needed in thedrinking water treatment process.

SWP contractors prefer to know thequality of aqueduct water before itreaches the intake of their watertreatment plants. The network ofautomated stations in the North Bay,South Bay, and California aqueductsallows an instantaneous check ofconditions upstream of the watertreatment plant intakes. Furthermore,automated stations can measure theday-to-day influence of aqueduct inflowssuch as drain inlets, groundwater pumpins, and reservoir releases.

Because the configuration andequipment installed at any givenautomated station can vary betweenstation and field division, maintenance,calibration, and troubleshootingprocedures will not be detailed here.

Instead, generalized procedurescurrently used by the field divisions willbe described. Procedures specific toeach meter should be obtained from theoriginal equipment operations manual.

Problems that cause incorrect data to becollected are:• Biofouling of intake tubes or photo

cells• Inoperative pumps• Clogging of intake tubes• Equipment failure• Electrical or telecommunications

problems

MaintenanceContinued

Automated Stations

Automated stations should be visited atleast weekly for calibration andmaintenance. Upon arrival, valuesshould be recorded in the station'slogbook. Meter components in contactwith water (like probes and flow-throughcells) should be cleaned.

The exception is the Tytronics UV 254cell, which rarely needs cleaningbecause water flowing through the cellis filtered to 0.45 micron.

Automated station adjustments forconductivity and turbidity are usuallydone by comparison with a calibratedportable meter. The automated stationmeter readouts are adjusted to matchthat of the portable meter. The generalrule of thumb for most parameters is toobtain an automated station reading thatis within 10 percent of actual conditions.The final automated station and portablereadouts are recorded in the logbook.

For pH, use a 2 point calibration with acombination of pH 7 and 10 or pH 7 and4 solutions. Probes are rinsed with 0.1.water between calibration solutions. Thefinal automated station and the portablereadouts are recorded in the logbook.

The readout of the Tytronics UV 254meter is compared to the bench topUV254 meter that has been zeroed andfilled with environmental water filtered,through a Gelman 0.45-micron filter. Ifthe readouts are within 10 percent ofeach other, nothing more needs to bedone. If not, zero the Tytronics with 01water then calibrate with the 0.162standard provided by Bryte Lab. Thefinal readouts are recorded in thelogbook.

Data Loggers

MandatorySettings

Automated Stations

Data loggers record the automatedstation meters' outputs. The two brandsused are Datatakers (Southern FieldDivision) and Campbell Scientific (allothers). Loggers are set up to takereadings every 5 minutes and recordthem as a 1-hour average. The loggerdata from each station is downloadedalmost daily by via modem. The data isprocessed and reviewed for anypotential errors and uploaded to CDECfor permanent storage and publicaccess. A backup copy of the raw datais also available at the field division.

All data loggers must have the outputfile fields in the following order: date,time, EC, temperature, turbidity, pH,fluorometer, and UVA. If the stationdoes not have one of the listed sensors,skip it and continue with this order. ForCampbell data loggers the array ID mustbe set to 210 for the hourly averages. Ifthe field division chooses to log otherdata or other time averages, useanother array ID designation.

Storing data for non-standard sensorsthat are not calibrated properly or morefrequent time intervals than the standard1-hour average take up memory on thelogger that can be used for morevaluable data. Additionally, these datacan make the down load time viamodem much longer affecting every onewho collects data from the station. Planyour data storage programs carefully.

(

Chapter Six

Safety

Procedures

c

GeneralPrecautions

Safety Procedures

O&M's Safety Rules Manual (May,2001) should be followed for generalsafety rules. Section 6 of that manual isdevoted to waterways and includessafety information applicable whenworking around water. The followinginformation is specific to water qualitysampling.

Be aware of the following duringsampling:

• Loose railings

• Electrical outlets

• Automatic gate movements ifstation is on control deck

• Low overhangs

• Wet, slippery, concrete decks

• Tripping hazards such as boltsand other protruding objects

• Biting insects such as bees,wasps, black widow spiders,and chiggers

• Rattle snakes

C)

ReservoirSampling

Safety Procedures

There are Departmental rules that applywhen sampling from a boat. Prior tousing a boat for field sampling, anemployee must attend the Department'sBoat Safety Training class and betrained in CPR and first aid.

These guidelines should be followedwhen sampling from a boat:

• At least two people should be inthe boat.

• Life jackets must be worn andextra flotation devices should becarried aboard.

• A fully charged fire extinguishermust be carried in allpowerboats.

Other Concerns

Safety Procedures

• A non-swimmer should notsample from a boat under anycircumstances.

• Do not use a boat that is toosmall for the job.

• Do not go out in foul weather,rough water, or extremely windyconditions.

• Do not overload the boat andtake care to evenly distributeloads in the boat.

• Move carefully in the boat.

• Check the motor operation priorto sampling for properoperation. Carry an extra propand tools.

• Check all fuel levels beforeleaving the dock and throughoutthe trip if necessary.

• Check that all equipment isloaded and working beforeleaving the dock or shore.

• Use a mechanical winch whenlifting heavy equipment over theside of the boat. Extra careshould be taken when liftingheavy loads from a small boat.

• Be familiar with and follow allCalifornia Boating Laws andU.S. Coast Guard Boating Rulesand Regulations.

• Carry a portable two-way radioor cellular telephone.

c

Chemicals

Safety Procedures

Chemicals that are potentiallyhazardous are sometimes used topreserve water quality samples.Fortunately, most of the chemicals arenot toxic. When using acids or otherpotentially hazardous chemicals, weareye protection, gloves and carryappropriate first aid supplies.

All individuals coming in contact withchemicals must read and understandthe Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)for each chemical.

Each office must have a clearlylabeled binder ofcurrent MSDS for allchemicals in use available to allemployees. Each time an employeecomes in contact with a newchemical he must review the MSDSfor that chemical. Supervisors willkeep written records of the date thateach employee reviewed the MSDSfor each chemical.

To insure a safe work environment,properly label all chemical containers.The label must include the following: thename of the chemical, the concentrationof the chemical, when it was prepared oropened, who prepared or opened it, andthe hazard level of the chemical.

Most chemicals cannot be disposed ofin the trash or down the drain. Useproper disposal methods as describedby your field division's hazardousmaterials coordinator.

(

IndexAutomated Stations 83, 85

Maintenance 85, 86Bottles 12,54,55,64Bryte Laboratory 69, 71, 77Calibration Standards 76Chemical Analysis Kits 32Data loggers 87Equipment Maintenance 31Field measurements 11, 31,46, 77, 79Field notebook 11, 28Filtering ~ 24, 54, 57, 58, 59, 66FLIMS 11,28,52, 54, 77, 78, 79, 80

Default settings 78New Station Codes 80

MIB and Geosmin 61Multiparameter Water Quality Instruments 33,46,47,48Oxygen, dissolved 13, 31,33Pathogens

Bacteriological 74, 75Coliform 72, 73Cryptosporidium 71Giardia 71

pH 13, 31, 34, 35, 36, 56, 84, 85, 86Preservation 12, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64Principle monitoring stations 9Quality Assurance 27,69Quality Control 63

Equipment blank 66Field blank 63, 64, 65, 66, 69Field Measurements 44Replicates 67,79Split sample 67Trip or travel blanks 12, 55, 63, 64, 69

Reservoir Profile 49Safety 89, 90, 92

Chemicals 44, 92Reservoir Sampling 90

Sample Transportation 60, 65Sample Type

Grab or Discrete 53Samples

for Asbestos 12, 56, 67for Bacteria 61for Metals 61, 64for Nutrients 61, 64

(

Safety Procedures

for Organics , 25, 54, 55, 61, 68for Phytoplankton 17, 61for Taste and Odor See MIB and geosimfor Volatile Organics 63, 64, 68, 69

Sampling EquipmentAutomated station circulation system 24Bailers 24, 26Buckets 24, 26, 66Kemmerer 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 66Van Dorn 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 66

Sampling LocationsAqueduct Sites 52Reservoir Sites 53

Sampling Stations : 18Secchi disk 14, 31,45,46Specific Conductance (EC) 14, 31, 37, 56, 83,84Taste and Odor Compounds

MIB and geosmin 70Temperature 13Turbidity

Automated Station 76, 84, 85, 86Field Measurement.. 15, 20,31,38,39,40,41,42,43,44Lab Measurement 56

Water Treatment Plant Samples 72Repeat Samples 73Routine Samples 72

water quality field...

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