water quality in china braden rosenberg, john gilbert, kristen underwood 29 october 2014, geo 352
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Quality in China
Braden Rosenberg, John Gilbert, Kristen Underwood29 October 2014, GEO 352
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“The pursuit of economic growth has been the priority overshadowing the vital issuesof water resources and ecological balance” 5.
China’s GDP has increased 10% each year since the 1970s. 7
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Outline
• Water Resources of China• Brief History of Water Law &
Policy• Project Profiles– Eutrophication– Mining– South-to-North Water Diversion
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Water Resources of China• 7 % of world’s freshwater resources, but ~ 20% of world’s
population 1
• Water usage has increased 5-fold since 1949 (People’s Republic of China est.) 1
• 4/5 of water concentrated in the south 1
• Population densities in the north and east 1
http://www.nature.com/news/society-realizing-china-s-urban-dream-1.15151
Nature, 2014 vol 511, issue 7511
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Water Resources
• 300 million people in China affected by water shortages 4
http://www.china-profile.com/data/fig_renewable-water-resources_1.htm
Per capita Renewable Water Resources in the 25 Most Populous Countries(x 1000 cubic meters per year)
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Nature, 2014 vol 511, issue 7511
Water Demand – major sectorsAgriculture (North Plain)IndustryDomestic (urban centers)
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Water DemandIssues:Overpumping of Groundwater• e.g., North China Plain produces ½ of the country’s
grain; groundwater aquifers have been overpumped leading to water table decline on the order of hundreds of meters 6
Diversion/Impoundment of water• e.g., 22,104 dams over the height of 15 m (2000)
Ditching/ Wetland Loss
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Water QualityNatural contaminants
Arsenic– 26 M people
Fluorides– Dental fluorosis– Skeletal fluorosis– 25 M people
Nature, 2014 vol 511, issue 7511
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Water Quality
Human contaminants• Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides, livestock
waste)– algal blooms, eutrophication• Sediment• Septic waste• Heavy metals (e.g., As, Mn)• Radioactive wastes (thorium)• Petrochemicals
70% of China’s surface waters are polluted 7
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Water Regulations – abbreviated timeline 9
• Environmental Protection Law • Est. 1989; broad environmental policy• Establishes “Polluter pays” principle• Environmental protection as a right and obligation for all citizens
• Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution• est. 1984, amended 1996• Implementation lacking, few incentives for enforcement• State council & local governments have implemented regulations to address water pollution
• LPCWP amended 2008• Stronger penalties for violators, • created discharge permit program• State / local governments continue to enforce local regulations
• 1998 - State Environmental Protection Agency est. as a ministry level agency, following a year of devastating floods
• 2008 – SEPA replaced by Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP)
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Water Law & PolicyGovernment Context 9
• Unitary system –local level powers are only those delegated by the central government
• Post-Mao reforms have eroded central government power over local-level subordinate bureaus
Effect on Regulation 9
• Multi-tiered system of regulation / enforcement
• Ministry for Environmental Protection (MEP) directs national efforts, while subordinate bureaus at the provincial, city, county, district, and town levels implement the national statutes and regulation
• Local environmental protection bureaus report to regional governments
• Regional governments receive tax revenues from industry (financial incentive to protect industry)
• Regulated industry often has direct personal ties to regional government
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Water Law & PolicyGovernment Context 9
• Parliamentary system, with President and Prime Minister
• Civil law society – judges do not have authority to make or interpret the law
• Communist Party has a parallel government structure
Effect on Regulation 9
• Prime Minister oversees MEP• Nontransparent decision-
making; may limit public engagement
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Examples of Recent Progress• 2007 to present – EPA – China Environmental Law Initiative
– US EPA collaborating with Chinese MEP to establish and develop various environmental protection programs
• 2013 – National Standards on Environmental Protection in effect– e.g., air quality monitoring standards
• Feb 2014 – MEP announces plan to invest $US 320B to address water pollution 7
• Sep 2014 – World Bank approves loans totaling more than $US 500M to improve water and wastewater infrastructure in three rural and suburban
regions of China 8
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http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lgcolor/cncolor.htm
Project Profiles
North-South Transfer
MiningEutrophication
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106:16:1C:N:P
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Credit: Desert Research Institute
Eutrophication effects:-Recreation-Fisheries-Microcystin-Coastal “dead-zones”
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Steady decrease in lake size throughout record
24,923 km2
50% of total area!
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Water Quality… and Rare Earth Control in the PRC
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Bayan Obo Mining DistrictInner Mongolia
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Batou City, Inner MongoliaPop. ~2 million
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Legacy Mines
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http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problems/disposal.html
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44.8 billion m3/year4,350km (~2,750miles)$60 billion
3,000 to 5,000m peaks
~500,000 people to be relocated340,000 already moved
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15% decrease in Yangtze water since 1970
Diversion = “5% of Yangtze flow”
Data on flow from 1950-1990’s
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Massively increased adjacent river engineering:-Build more dams to supplement rivers that are being diverted-Construct barriers to prevent pollution of clean reservoirs and rivers
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References1 NY Times, 28Sept 2007, Under China's Booming North, the Future Is Drying Up”, http://
query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE5D8143AF93BA1575AC0A9619C8B63&pagewanted=12 Gleick, Peter H., 2009, China and Water. Chapter 5 in The World’s Water, Pacific Institute, http://www2.worldwater.org/data20082009/ch05.pdf3 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/world/asia/china-takes-loss-to-get-ahead-in-desalination-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=04 Tao & Zin, 30 July 2014, Public health: A sustainable plan for China's drinking water. Nature 511 (7511). http://
www.nature.com/news/public-health-a-sustainable-plan-for-china-s-drinking-water-1.156195 China Daily. 2007a. Before We Run Dry. February 28, 2007. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/english1/20070228/82467.asp6 Griffiths, D. 2006. Drought Worsens China Water Woes. British Broadcasting Corporation News (BBC), Beijing. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4754519.stm7 Toronto Star, 12 May 2004, China wakes up to its water crisis. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/05/12/china_wakes_up_to_its_water_crisis.html8 The World Bank, 12 Sept 2014, World Bank to Help Improve Environmental Services in China. http://
www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/09/25/world-bank-to-help-improve-environmental-services-in-china9 Winalski, Dawn, 2009, Cleaner Water in China? The Implications of the Amendments to China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. J. ENVTL. LAW
AND LITIGATION [Vol. 24, 181], http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/232/Winalski.pdf