water quality parameters
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Water Quality Parameters
Water quality measurements include chemical, physica
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l and biological parameters. The following is a brief descripti
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on of some commonly used parameters.
Chlorophyll
Chlor
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ophyll is the pigment that allows plants, including algae, t
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o convert sunlight into organic compounds through photosyn
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thesis. Measuring chlorophyll a concentrations in water is a s
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urrogate for an actual measurement of algae biomass. Exce
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ssive amounts of chlorophyll a indicate the presence of blo
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oms, which usually consist of a single species of algae - typ
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ically one that is not desirable for consumption by fish and oth
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er predators. Unconsumed algae sink to the bottom and deca
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y, depleting deeper water of oxygen.
Suspended Minerals
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Suspended minerals are a measure of the amount of sediment
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moving along in a stream. It is highly dependent on the flow of
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water and usually increases during and immediately after rai
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n events. As the sediment settles out of the water, aquatic hab
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itats are often destroyed.
Colored Dissolved Organic Carb
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on
Colored dissolved organic carbon, also referred to as f
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ulvic acid and humic acid, contributes to the brownish tan c
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olor of a waterway. Tannins are one example of such compoun
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ds. In a nutrient-poor environment, it can serve as a nutrient allo
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wing for the growth of algae whereas in a nutrient-rich environ
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ment, it can be given off as a byproduct from the decay of alga
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e.
Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the amount of particu
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late matter that is suspended in water. Water that has high tu
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rbidity appears cloudy or opaque. High turbidity can cause i
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ncreased water temperatures because suspended particles
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absorb more heat and can also reduce the amount of light pene
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trating the water.
Secchi Depth
Secchi depth is the depth to
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which one can see into a lake and is an indication of water cla
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rity. This measurement is obtained by lowering a black and wh
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ite disk into the water and recording the depth at which it is n
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o longer visible.
Dissolved Oxygen
Although water molec
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ules contain an oxygen atom, aquatic organisms rely upon a s
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mall amount of oxygen that is actually dissolved in the water.
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In general, rapidly moving water contains more dissolved o
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xygen than slow or stagnant water and colder water contai
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ns more dissolved oxygen than warmer water. Bacteria consum
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e oxygen as organic matter decays. As a result, an oxygen-defi
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cient environment can develop in lakes and rivers with excess
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organic material. These conditions can eventually lead to fish
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kills.
Temperature
Water temperature affects the abil
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ity of water to hold oxygen, the rate of photosynthesis by aq
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uatic plants and the metabolic rates of aquatic organisms. Ca
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uses of temperature change include weather, removal of sha
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ding streambank vegetation, impoundments, discharge of co
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oling water, urban storm water, and groundwater inflows to th
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e stream.
pH
pH is a term used to indicate the alkalinity or
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acidity of a substance as ranked on a scale from 1.0 to 14.0.
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Acidity increases as the pH gets lower. A pH of 7.0 is neutra
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l. Aquatic organisms differ as to the range of pH in which they
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flourish.
Streamflow
Streamflow, or discharge, is the volum
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e of water that moves over a designated point over a fixed peri
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od of time. It is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft3/s
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ec). The flow of a stream is directly related to the amount of wa
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ter moving off the watershed into the stream channel. It is af
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fected by weather as it increases during rainstorms and decr
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eases during dry periods, and also varies by season.
Benth
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ic Macroinvertebrates
Macroinvertebrates are organisms
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that are large (macro) enough to be seen with the naked eye an
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d lack a backbone (invertebrate). Benthic refers to the bottom
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of a waterway. Examples of benthic macroinvertebrates in
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clude insects in their larval or nymph form, crayfish, clams
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, snails, and worms. Most live part or most of their life cycle atta
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ched to submerged rocks, logs, and vegetation. The basic pri
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nciple behind the study of macroinvertebrates is that some
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are more sensitive to pollution than others. Therefore, if a str
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eam site is inhabited by organisms that can tolerate pollutio
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n and the more pollution-sensitive organisms are missing a po
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llution problem is likely.
WATER QUA
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LITY PARAMETERS AND DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
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SL. NO.
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27.
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