Water Resource Development Through Integrated Watershed

Management By

Damodar Valley CorporationA Case Study

Pallav Roy, DVCP.K.Basu, DVC

Sanjay Kumar, DVC

Damodar Valley Corporation a pioneer in integrated watershed

management in the country.

Started Watershed Development Work in the year 1950.

Total Drainage Area of River Damodar – 24234.60 Sq.kilometer

Catchment area spreads over the state of Jharkhand and West

Bengal.

Average annual rainfall over the catchment – 1100 to 1300 mm.

More than 50% of rainfall flows down as runoff.

A typical case of scarcity in bounty.

Topography, Soil, Rainfall pattern conspired to make this region a

mono crop area.

Introduction

Availability of Surplus Water in the Catchments For Storage

Name of the watershed Average Rainfall

(Yearly in mm.) Run-off (yearly)

in (mm.) Kharo 1100 500 Rajaya 1245 890

Ulta 1150 565 Khanjo 1060 592

Observed runoff is more than 50% in most of the watersheds

Considering 18 inches of runoff, total runoff is approximately 99 lakh cubic meter

Total Installed capacity – 49 lakhs cubic meter

Surplus runoff for Harvest and Recycling – 50 lakhs cubic meter

Strategy of Implementation

Based on natural drainage pattern the entire upper Damodar- Barakar catchment was initially divided into 39 sub catchments.

Out of which 20 sub catchments were selected for priority treatment. Later on Mini watershed approach was adopted and 55 mini watersheds

were identified for priority treatment. The programmes were found to be lacking in attaining its objective. Presently the valley has been divided into micro watersheds up to

2000ha. and categorized into the following.

Damodar Barakar Catchment

Sub Catchment

Very High (Silt Load.Index

Above 1400)

High (Silt Load Index

1300-1400) Medium

(Silt Load Index 1200-1300)

Others (Silt Load Index

Below 1200) Total

Maithon 118 37 26 26 207 Tenughat 41 54 63 41 199 Panchet 27 75 67 62 231 Telaiya 21 2 7 7 37 Konar 12 10 16 3 41 TOTAL 219 178 179 139 715

Water Harvesting And Its Utilization – A Major Component Of Watershed Development Programme

De centralized Harvesting of rain water in micro catchments is the bottom line of all treatment measures. Water is conserved and harvested along the drainage lines in upper, middle and lower reaches of the catchment. Decentralized water harvesting yields 95000 litres of water from one hectare watershed. Centralized water harvesting yields only 2400 litres. DVC has constructed around 17000 Water Harvesting Structures in the catchment

Decentralized Water Harvesting

Centralized Water Harvesting

Water Conservation across the Drainage Line

Data showing percentage reduction in runoff and sediment

Effect of Watershed Development Work On Hydrological Regime

Watershed Code Pre-Treatment Post – Treatment % Reduction Q S Q S Q S Mfib 542 7.822 335 2.236 38.19 71.41 Mc4d 445 5.985 381 1.431 14.38 76.09 Tb2d 519 4.359 348 1.824 32.95 58.15 20B/10 423 3.054 311 0.743 26.48 75.67 Mg1j 606 4.586 486 2.662 19.80 41.95 Md2t, Md2r, Md2n 651 3.578 338 1.261 48.08 64.76 PI3I 295 1.288 241 0.845 18.30 34.39 PI2h 475 3.165 298 1.555 37.26 50.87 PI2d 349 2.630 289 1.540 17.19 41.44 Ta2b 462 2.837 294 1.737 36.36 38.77 Mc4g, Mc4I 253 1.564 205 0.947 18.97 39.45

Q = Annual discharge in mm; S = Annual silt load in ha.m/100km2/year

Reduction of runoff - 34% to 76%

Figure showing effect of water Figure showing effect of water conservation practices on monthly conservation practices on monthly runoff for Banha micro watershedrunoff for Banha micro watershed

0

50

100

150

Jun-97 Aug-97 Jul-98 Sep-98 Jul-99 Sep-99 Aug-00 Jun-01 Aug-01Time Period (Month)

Run

off (

mm

)

Measured Runoff (with conservation practices)

Predicted Runoff (without conservation practices)

Effect of Water Conservation Practices In Different watersheds in DVC

Watershed Code Year

Total Measured Rainfall#

(mm)

Total Measured Runoff#

(mm)

Total* Predicted

Runoff (mm) Reduction in Runoff (%)

32 1989-93,2002 6044.0 2122.5 2536.0 19.48 20B 1986-93,97-98 10504.0 3771.3 5184.2 37.47 20B/6 1986-1990 7331.0 1050.5 2827.7 169.17 25/1 1989-1990-Oct 1987.0 418.0 806.1 92.85 29/4 1980, 1982-1993 7560.8 1381.1 2142.4 55.12 31 I 1 1989-1993 3790.0 809.5 1373.6 69.68 36 I 4 1990-1993 2628.0 600.5 682.6 13.67 5A 1991-1993 2381.0 855.0 905.8 5.94 5B 1991-1993 2726.0 696.0 1074.7 54.42 6A 1989-1993 4618.0 1389.1 2063.8 48.57 7A 1984-2002 19966.0 3447.8 3861.8 12.01 8A 1986-1993 9098.0 2661.0 2722.8 2.32 MC4D 1998-2002 4946.0 1134.5 1299.4 14.53 MF1B 1998-2001 4020.0 1012.5 1666.2 64.56 MG1J 1998-2000 4314.0 1021.0 1084.2 6.19 MH4H 2002 1241.0 265.0 328.5 23.95 PF2C 2000-2003 1674.0 861.0 999.5 16.09 PH1A 2000-sep 911.0 407.0 424.0 4.17 PL2D 1998-2003 5051.0 1788.0 2339.9 30.87 PL3J 2003-sep 685.0 383.0 468.4 22.30

TA2B 1992-93,1997-2002 7539.0 1619.0 2697.3 66.60

TB2D 1997-2001 4104.0 995.0 1479.8 48.72

Case Study On A Cluster Of Eight Water Harvesting Structures In Kd1f Watershed

Salient features of cluster of eight damsCommand Reclamed Village(Code) Catchment

Area (Ha.) Storage Capacity (Ha.m.)

Cost (Rs. In lakhs)

Area (Ha) Area (Ha)

Phuphundi(P1) 65 12 0.99 80 30 Phuphundi(P2) 12 02 0.24 10 06 Phuphundi(P3) 67 06 0.36 20 09 Phuphundi(P4) 22 04 0.26 10 12 Marppa(M3) 26 05 0.27 20 12 Marppa(M4) 24 04 0.22 15 10 Telaiya(T1) 30 06 0.51 20 15 Thapai(TH3) 20 04 0.28 15 12

Scenario Of Villages Before Construction Scenario Of Villages Before Construction Of Water Harvesting StructuresOf Water Harvesting Structures

Crop The farmers were growing Paddy,Gondli,Maruwa, Maize,Surguja, Gora Paddy,Kurmi, some local vegerables etc.

Food Habit They were eating Maruwa, litti/Roti, Gondli Bhat, Paddy Bhat etc. with very inferior quality of vegetable and pulses.

Education Children were going to other villages because there was no school. It was impossible for them to send their children in the city for higher education. Percentage of educated persons were very less.

Employment Neither any villager was in Government service nor anyone in other business. There was no scope of employment in the surrounding area.

Migration Most of villagers were going to Kolkata, Mumbai and other cities in search of job.

Status of House

All houses of village were katchcha before construction of water harvesting strucutres.

Seeds Farmers were uising traditional seeds and yield was very low.

Fertilizers They were not using chemical fertilizers before construction of check dams.

Socio Economic condition

Socio-economic condition was very poor.

Agricultural Land

Earlier they were doing cropping in very small area.

Impact after construction of Water Harvesting Structures

Economic Impact

i) Net income before project implementation - 0.163 million

ii) Net income after project implementation – 3.454 million

iii) Additional income after project implementation – 3.291 million

iv) Cost of construction & irrigation system - 0.313 million

Cost of Construction recovered in just one year Benefit : cost ratio - 1.36 at the end of first year Likely to increase to 3 & more at later stage

Crop Production Before & After Construction of Check Dams

050

100150

Crops Cultivated

Are

a in

Ha.

Crops Cultivated Area in ha. Before Area in ha. After

Crop Yield (Quintal) Before & After Construction of Check Dams

02000400060008000

1000012000

Paddy Millets Potato Mustard

Crops Cultivated

Yiel

d in

Qui

ntal

s

Crops Cultivated Crop Yield Before Crop Yield After

0

20

40

60

80

%ag

e m

igra

tion

1

Year

Impact of Migration

1994

2007

0102030405060

% A

ge

1

Year

Impact on litreacy

19942007

Impact on Land Value

0

100

200

300

400

1

Year

% A

ge

Fallow Land

Cultivated Upland

Low Land Paddy

Impact on Ground Water Recharge

Sl.

No.

Well Characteristics Pre (nos) Post (nos) % Increase

1. Alive for 12 months 100 120 20

2. Alive for 9 months 55 65 18

3. Alive for 6 months 35 25 -28

4. Alive for 3 months 20 - -

Total 210 210

Scenario Of Villages After Construction Scenario Of Villages After Construction Of Water Harvesting StructuresOf Water Harvesting Structures

Crops Cropping pattern of village has been changed drastically. Now a days they are producing good quality of paddy, wheat, potato, vegetables etc.

Food Habit Food habit of villagers have been changed drastically. Now a days they are taking good rice, chapatti, pulses, vegetables etc.

Education Now they have got primary school in the village area. They are sending their children to other places for higher education.

Employment Now a days they have got lot of works in their agriculture land & they are getting huge income from their lands. So, they are self employed.

Migration Migration of villagers has been almost completely stopped.

Status of Houses About 80% houses of village have been converted into Pukka houses.

Seeds Farmers are using improved varieties of seeds and production of crops have gone very high.

Fertilizers Now a days villagers are using chemical fertilizers.

Pisciculture Villages are taking about 10-15 quintal fishes from reservoir and they are selling through the village committee.

Agriculture Land Huge area has been brought under cultivation.

Socio-Economic condition

The socio economic condition of villagers have gone up very high and their living standard have been changed.

Other changes in village

Now school, temple, shops, Aata chakki, Poultry farms etc. have come up in the village.

Ground water recharge Water level of wells and availability of water has improved.

They are sending their potato in the market of Gaya & Patna.

Huge quantity of wheat is being sold by farmers.

They are able to sell their vegetables in the market.

They fulfil all needs by sale of agricultural products.

Potato Cultivation

20

AGRICULTURAL FINANCE CORPORATION, BOMBAY IN THE EVALUATION STUDY OF RIVER VALLEY PROJECT OF DAMODAR-BARAKAR BY DVC SPONSORED BY MIN. OF AGRIL.GOVT. OF INDIA IN 1991 MENTIONED :

THE SUKHOMAJRI SMALL STORAGE STRUCTURE WITH 9 HECTARE WATERSHED, PROVIDING 20 HECTARE OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION HAS BEEN MADE INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS BY THE PHENOMENAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUCCESS OF PEOPLES INVOLVEMENT. WITH MORE THAN 7000 SIMILAR STRUCTURES, DVC HAS THE POTENTIAL OF A THOUSAND “SUKHOMAJRIS”.

WATER CONSERVATION IS NOT A ONE TIME ACTIVITY – IT IS A CONTINUING SERVICE.

Thanks