water resource engineering & environmental risk assessment roxanna schaffino texas a&m...
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Water Resource EngineeringWater Resource Engineering& Environmental Risk Assessment& Environmental Risk Assessment
Roxanna SchaffinoRoxanna Schaffino
Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M University
June 29, 2004June 29, 2004
Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk Assessment
Dr. Francisco OliveraDr. Francisco Olivera Geograhic Information Geograhic Information
Systems (GIS)Systems (GIS)• Combines layers of Combines layers of
information about a information about a certain place to give a certain place to give a better understanding.better understanding.11
1www.gis.com
Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Risk Assessment (cont.)(cont.)
Dr. Robin Autenrieth and Ms. Erica ReeseDr. Robin Autenrieth and Ms. Erica Reese Assess the risk associated within a specific Assess the risk associated within a specific
area.area.• Data Collection & Eval.Data Collection & Eval.• ExposureExposure• Toxicity AssessmentToxicity Assessment• Risk CharacterizationRisk Characterization• Communication & ManagementCommunication & Management
http://www.nos.noaa.gov/topics/oceans/spills/welcome.html
Water Resource PlanningWater Resource Planning
Dr. Kelly BrumbelowDr. Kelly Brumbelow Determine the amount
of available water according to annual rainfall, local water resources, and climate change and variability.
http://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/southtex/other/linkpg2.html
The Lesson PlanThe Lesson Plan
Format: 5E Format: 5E EngagementEngagement ExplorationExploration ExplanationExplanation ElaborationElaboration EvaluateEvaluate
EngagementEngagement
Class DiscussionClass Discussion What is engineering?What is engineering? What is Water What is Water
Resources Planning?Resources Planning?
ExplorationExploration
Soil Profile activity. Soil Profile activity. Uses food to build a Uses food to build a
soil profile.soil profile.• O – shredded coconutO – shredded coconut• A – crushed chocolate A – crushed chocolate
graham crackers graham crackers• E – rice crispy cerealE – rice crispy cereal• B – peanut butterB – peanut butter• C – m&m’sC – m&m’s• R – rice crispy treatR – rice crispy treat
Water w/food coloring Water w/food coloring is used to simulate is used to simulate irrigation.irrigation.
http://soils.usda.gov/education/resources/k_12/lessons/profile/
ExplanationExplanation
Class discussionClass discussion ObservationsObservations
Importance of water Importance of water for crop yieldfor crop yield
Importance of Importance of nutrients to crop yieldnutrients to crop yield
http://www.governor.state.tx.us/divisions/film/regionalinfo/locations/location-crops_html
Crop Yield vs IrrigationCrop Yield vs Irrigation
0.0
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Irrigation (inches)
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e Y
ield
(to
n/a
cre)
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Dr. Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M 2004
http://www.icarda.cgiar.org
Net Profit vs IrrigationNet Profit vs Irrigation
-100,000
-50,000
0
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Irrigation (inches)
Net
Pro
fit
($)
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Dr. Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M 2004
http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/CROP/sugarcane/
Valley AgricultureValley Agriculture
RGV Chamber of RGV Chamber of CommerceCommerce $500 million annually$500 million annually
http://www.valleychamber.com/visitor-guide/agriculture.htmlhttp://
aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/southtex/other/linkpg2.html
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/onions/1015y.jpeg
The ChemistryThe Chemistry
What happens when farmers supply What happens when farmers supply sufficient water but harvest a poor quality sufficient water but harvest a poor quality crop? Insufficient plant nutrients may be crop? Insufficient plant nutrients may be the issue.the issue.
Crop Yield vs FertilizerCrop Yield vs Fertilizer
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20.0
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35.0
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Irrigation (inches)
Su
gar
can
e Y
ield
(to
n/a
cre)
1950
1957
1964
1971
1978
1988
1995
0.0
5.0
10.0
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Irrigation (in)
Su
gar
can
e Y
ield
(to
n/a
cre)
Max
75%-ile
Median
25%-ile
Min
The ChemistryThe Chemistry
Crops take up nutrients in the form of ions.Crops take up nutrients in the form of ions. Most fertilizer is in a solid state of matter. Most fertilizer is in a solid state of matter.
Therefore, the irrigation (water) is not only Therefore, the irrigation (water) is not only needed to supply crops with water but also needed to supply crops with water but also to ionize the fertilizer. to ionize the fertilizer. ElectrolytesElectrolytes
NHNH33 + H + H220 0 NH NH44++ + OH + OH--
The Chemistry (cont.)The Chemistry (cont.)
Solubility RulesSolubility Rules Liming (CaCOLiming (CaCO33))
• Only Slightly SolubleOnly Slightly Soluble
Acid-Base ReactionsAcid-Base Reactions Occur when water Occur when water
dissolves fertilizers dissolves fertilizers Oxidation NumbersOxidation Numbers
NHNH44++ NO NO22
-- NO NO33--
http://www.barc.usda.gov/graphics/bpdkids/soil_dilutions2.jpg
ElaborationElaboration
WorksheetsWorksheets Magic Square Activity (ions)Magic Square Activity (ions) Solubility Rules/Oxidation NumbersSolubility Rules/Oxidation Numbers
Closure: What do you think about Closure: What do you think about engineering now? engineering now?
EvaluateEvaluate
Quiz/TestQuiz/Test IonsIons Solubility RulesSolubility Rules Oxidation NumbersOxidation Numbers
SupplementalSupplemental
Field TripField Trip Texas A&M Agriculture Research and Texas A&M Agriculture Research and
Extension Center in Weslaco, TexasExtension Center in Weslaco, Texas Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers Inc. in Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers Inc. in
Santa Rosa, TexasSanta Rosa, Texas
Special Thanks to the SponsorsSpecial Thanks to the Sponsors
The Dwight LookCollege of
EngineeringTexas A&M University
The TexasEngineering Experiment
Station
The NationalScience
Foundation
Special Thanks to All the E3 Special Thanks to All the E3 Teachers and StaffTeachers and Staff
Photo courtesy of Adrian Welsh © 2004
More Special Thanks to the More Special Thanks to the ProfessorsProfessors
Dr. BrumbelowDr. Brumbelow Dr. OliveraDr. Olivera Dr. AutenriethDr. Autenrieth and Ms. Erica Reese and Ms. Erica Reese