water resources and environmental … of crop... · web view... b. j. 1987 fundamentals of fluid...

CURRICULA FOR B. SC (HONS) DEGREE PROGRAMME INWATER MANAGEMENT

1st SEMESTER

Course No. Course Title Credit Hours

Agron-301 Basic AgricultureBasic Agriculture 3(2-2)Hort-301 Introductory Horticulture 3(2-2)AgCh-301 Biochemistry 3(2-2)

FST-301 Introduction to Food Science & Technology 3(2-2)

ExEd-301 Introduction to Agriculture Extension Education 2(2-0)

PBG-301 Math-301

Botany orMaths-IMaths-I

3(2-2) 3(3-0)

Eng-301 Structure & Writing Skills 3(2-0)Total 20

2nd SEMESTER


PBG-311 Introductory Genetics 3(2-2)AgM-411 Engineering Applications to Agriculture 3(2-2)PPr-301 Introductory Plant Protection 3(2-2)RD-311 Introduction to Rural Development 2(2-0)Ento-311 Math-311

Zoology orMaths-II

3(2-2) 3(3-0)

CS/IT-311 Computer Sci/Information Technology 3(2-2)

ISES-301 Islamic Studies or Ethics (For Non Muslim Students) 2(2-0)

Total 193rd Semester


Agron-401 Field Crop Production 3(2-2)

PBG-401 Introductory Plant Breeding 3(2-2)Ento-401 Introductory EntomologyIntroductory Entomology 3(2-2)HN-401 Introduction to Human Nutrition 3(2-2)Stat-401 Statistics –I 3(2-2)Eng-401 Communication Skills 3(2-2)PakS-401 Pakistan StudiesPakistan Studies 2(2-0)

Total 20

75

4th SEMESTER


SES-411 Introduction to Soil & Environmental Sciences 3(2-2)

WM-411 Fundamentals of Water Management 3(2-2)PPL-411 Introductory Plant Pathology 3(2-2)

WS-411 Introduction to Weed Science 3(2-2)

Ag-Ec-411 Introduction to Economics & Agricultural Economics 3(3-0)

Stat-411 Statistics -II 3(2-2)

Total 18

5th Semester

Course No.Course No. Course TitleCourse Title CreditCredit HoursHours

WM-501 Soil, Plant and Water Relations 3(2-2)WM-502 Hydraulics 4(3-2)WM-503 Surveying and Land Leveling 4(3-2)WM-504 Hydrology 4(3-2)

SES-503Environmental Pollution and Management (Elective)

4(3-2)

Total 19

6th Semester


WM-511 Agro-hydrology 4(3-2)WM-512 Farm Irrigation System Design 4(3-2)WM-513 Irrigation Systems Management 4(3-2)WM-514 Watershed Management 3(2-2)

SES-513Salt Affected Soils and Water Quality (Elective)

4(3-2)

Total 19

76

7th Semester


WM-601 Participatory Irrigation Management 4(3-2)WM-602 Drainage of Agricultural Lands 4(3-2)WM-603 Water Supply and Sanitation 3(2-2)WM-604 Minor Irrigation Schemes Development 4(2-4)

RD-604Agricultural Development Problems in Pak (Elective)

4(4-0)

Total 19

8th Semester

Course No.Course No. Course TitleCourse TitleCreditCredit

HoursHours

WM-699 Internship 15(0-15)

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DEPARTMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT

Course No : WM-411Course Title : FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER MANAGEMENTCredit Hours : 3 (2-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Water Resources of Pakistan: Sources of Water, Overview of surface and ground water resources of Pakistan, Hydrological and agro-hydrological cycle, Water use in agriculture,. Problems of irrigated and rainfed land, Development potential of surface and ground water availabilities. Major sustainability issues., Unit of measurement.

Climate and Weather: Temperature variation, Rainfall, Humidity and Evaporation in Pakistan. Climatic zone of Pakistan and Agro-climatic zones of NWFP, Weather station, site selection, Measurement atmospheric parameters, Effect of weather elements on plant growth.

Soil Water Plant relations: Movement of water through plant, water uptake by the plant from soil, Moisture classification, Effect of moisture on plant growth, Evapotranspiration, Factor effecting Evapotranspiration, measurement of Evapotranspiration, Irrigation scheduling, Daily and seasonal water requirements of major crops in Pakistan.

Irrigation Systems: Physical component of irrigation system, Major canal and headworks in Pakistan, Large scale, Dug well, Civil canal and mountain, Rod Kohi irrigation resources of NWFP, Water distribution schedules, Participatory irrigation management, Objectives, approach, incentives and disincentives to the farmers.

Irrigation Application Methods: Classification of water application methods, Surface irrigation (Border, Contour border, check basin and furrow irrigation). Subsurface irrigation, Sprinkler and Trickle irrigation. Possibilities of their adaptability and limitations. Water harvesting practices for rainfed agriculture.

LABORATORY:

Determination of soil moisture contents, important atmospheric parameters, and evapotranspiration, Determination of irrigation requirements using the rainfall and evaporation data of NWFP and discharge measurement.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. De bont, Michael. 1993. Water in Agriculture. Department of Water Management, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

2. Ahmad,N and Ghulam Rasul Chaudhry. 1988. Irrigated Agriculture of Pakistan. Shahzad Nazir, 61 B/2, Gulberg - III, Lahore, Pakistan.

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Course No. : WM-501Course Title : SOIL, PLANT AND WATER RELATIONSCredit Hours : 3 (2-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, the importance of the relation of soil, plant and water relations.

Soil, plant and water relationships: definition, sciences involved, concept of water potential, units of water potential.

Soil-water relation: soil properties like three phase system, texture and structure, forces and potentials of soil water, soil moisture-tension relationship, Field capacity, wilting point, available water, measurement of soil moisture and potential. Flow of water in soil like infiltration, redistribution of infiltrated water and evaporation from soil.

Plant-water relation: plant processes, rooting characteristics, effective root depth, how do plants get water, conveyance of water in stem, leaf as controlling apparatus.

Atmosphere-water relation: Atmosphere as source of energy, potential evapotranspiration ETo, climatological factors influencing ETo.

Flow of water through soil-plant-atmosphere system (S.P.A.S.): S.P.A.S. as physical continuum, water uptake by root-systems from soil, water release by plant to atmosphere, effects of salts on the S.P.A.S

LABORATORY:

Introduction to laboratory, taking soil samples disturbed/undisturbed, determination water content, determination retention curve, and measuring soil suction with a tensiometer.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Teare, I.D., and M.M Peet, (1983), Crop-Water Relations, John Wiley and Sons New York, USA.

2. Ministry of Food, Agricultural & Cooperation, (1986), On Farm Water Management Field Manual, Vol. I, (Reference) Water Management Wing, GOP. Islamabad.

3. Hillel, D., (1971), Soil and Water, Physical Principles and Processes, Academic Press.

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Course No. : WM-502Course Title : HYDRAULICSCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, conversion of units. Definitions of fluids, pressure, mass density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension and capillarity.

Fluid statistics: pressure density height relationship, absolute and gage pressure, forces on submerged plane, static stability, Buoyancy of flotation.

Fundamentals of fluid flow: concepts of water flow: steady, uniform and streamline flow; equation and continuity, energy equation, velocity head and kinetic energy correction factor, application of the Bernoulli theory, energy line, hydraulic grade line.

Fluid flow in pipes: laminar flow, critical velocity, Reynold number, turbulent flow, shearing stress of pipe wall, velocity distribution, Darcey-Weisbach formula, fraction factor.

Flow in open channels: classification, difference between pipe flow and open channel flow, definition of hydraulic parameters of open channel flow, channel cross section elements, Chezy's formula for discharge through open channel, values of Chezy's constant, Manning's equation, coefficient of roughness in Manning's equation, condition for hydraulically efficient and economical section.

Flow measurements in open channels: units of flow measurement, methods of flow measurement i.e. Float method, Cutthroat Flume and Current meter method.

LABORATORY:

Applying Manning Formula, in computation of uniform-normal depth, maximum discharge flows measurement with float method, cutthroat flume and current meter.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Evett, B. J. 1987 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Co, Singapore.2. Mudock, J.W. 1976. Fluid Mechanics and its Application, Houghton Mifflin Company.3. Giles, R.V. 1976. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, Schaum's Outline Series, Mc.Graw-Hill

Book Company.

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Course No. : WM-503Course Title : SURVEYING AND LAND LEVELINGCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and the set-up of the course, the relevance of surveying and leveling for water management.

Chain surveying: Method of chaining, mistakes and errors in chaining, tape corrections, chain triangulation, obstacles in chaining.

Bench mark survey: Introduction, permanent bench mark, temporary bench mark, equipment and material, procedure.

Topographic survey: Topographic maps, contour map, contour lines, methods of mapping, grid method and mapping, plane table method and mapping, map preparation, uses of topographic and contour maps.

Differential Ieveling: Introduction, leveling equipment, leveling procedure, profile leveling of main and lateral conveyance channels.

Precision land Ieveling and watercourse command area: Definition, benefits of land leveling, procedure of land leveling, equipments.

Computation of areas and volume: Measurement of area, general methods of measurement, planimeter, measurement from cross sections, measurement from contour lines, mass diagram.

LABORATORY:

Practical work in: bench mark survey of water course, topographic survey of water course command area, profile survey of water course, precision land leveling of a sample field, contour map study of irrigation system lay-out.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Kanetkar, T.P., and S.V. Kulkarni, (not dated), Surveying and Leveling, Union Book Stall. Karachi.

2. Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Cooperatives. 1986. On Farm Water Management Field Manual, Vol. 2: Precision Land Leveling, Water Management Wing, GOP. Islamabad.

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Course No. : WM-504Course : HYDROLOGYCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

The Hydrologic Cycle, Hydrometeorology: Objectives: Weather Factors and their measurement; Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, infiltration and its significance; Runoff: Sources, Estimation, Factors affecting runoff, Predicting runoff from rainfall: Hydrograph Analysis; Unit Hydrograph and Its Development: Derivation of unit hydrograph from complex storms and Floods, Hydrographs for various durations, Hydrograph of over land flow. Occurrence of Ground Water: Aquifers, Subsurface hydrograph, Storage determination; Flood Frequency and Duration Analysis; Rainfall Frequency and Duration Analysis; Reservoir Routing in River Channels; Stream Flow Routing: Analytical and graphical methods, Deriving basin overflow by routing, Sedimentation, Accretion and movement from water sheds.

LABORATORY:

Determination of total runoff; development of unit hydrograph; frequency analysis of hydrological data; assessment of groundwater withdrawal over time.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED1. Awan, N. M. 1981. Surface Water hydrology. National Book Foundation, Islamabad,

Pakistan.2. Bouwer, H. 1988. Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hills Book Co. 3. Kruseman, G. P. 1988. Hydrology and Groundwater Resources of NWFP. WAPDA,

Pakistan.

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Course No. : WM-511Course Title : AGRO-HYDROLOGYCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, repetition of basics.

Place of agro-hydrologic cycle in hydrologic cycle: what is an agro-hydrologic cycle, Kharif agro-hydrologic cycle for major agro-ecological zones in N-W-F-P, Rabi agro-hydrologic cycle for major agro-ecological zones in N-W-F-P-

Processing and analysis of weather data: methods on the processing and analysis of weather factors like temperature, precipitation, wind, sunshine, humidity and Epan.

Determination of Evapotranspiration: water balance, lysimeters, Penman and Blaney & Criddle.

Crop water requirement: Kc values, ET crop, effective rainfall, readily available moisture (R.A.M.), effect of R-A-M on ETo.

Water intake in the soil: Infiltration process, infiltration equations, infiltration families, measurement of infiltration.

LABORATORY:

Processing rainfall data, computation of ETo according to Penman and Blaney & Criddle, computer model for crop water requirement, measuring infiltration rate with infiltro-meter ring, processing infiltration data.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 1977. Crop Water Requirements, Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24, FAD publication, Rome.

2. Awan. N.M. 1986. Surface Water Hydrology, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.3. Teare, I.D., and M.M. Peet. 1983. Crop-water relations, John Wiley and Sons. New York,

USA.

83

Course No. : WM-512Course Title : FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGNCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, irrigation application methods in NWFP and Pakistan.

Surface irrigation: surface irrigation methods: basins, border irrigation, furrow irrigation; delivery systems for surface irrigation, the surface irrigation process, the effectiveness of surface irrigation, design of surface irrigation systems, application efficiency, evaluation of surface irrigation methods.

Sprinkle and trickle irrigation: types of sprinkle systems, sprinkle system components, principles of sprinkle irrigation system design, evaluation of sprinkle systems, trickle irrigation methods, trickle system components, principles of trickle system design, control of trickle systems clogging, fertilizer injection, evaluation of trickle irrigation.

Selection of irrigation methods: advantages and disadvantages, suitability related to soils, selection according to crops.

LABORATORY:

Excursions showing various application methods, exercise in determining furrow and border length under different circumstances, determination of the application efficiency of different application methods.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. James, L. G. 1988. Farm Irrigation System Design, John Wiley and Sons-N-Y-2. Rosher, K. 1990. Surface Irrigation, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.

84

Course No. : WM-513Course Title : IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, definition of irrigation and irrigation system, environment and irrigation. Sources of water, water quality and quantity. General irrigation features: Type of irrigation system, Description of major gravity irrigation systems in Pakistan and major lift irrigation systems in NWFP, Farmers managed irrigation systems. Productive and protective irrigation system.

Irrigation requirement: Computation of diversion and irrigation requirements for irrigation system. rotation intervals for the major crops in Pakistan, flow at farmer intake. Types of losses, measurement of losses, controlling losses in irrigation system.

Gravity Irrigation system: Alignment of canals and layout of tertiary units, Design capacities of irrigation channels, Typical cross section of irrigation canals, Balancing depth, Design of alluvial channels based on regime concepts, and non-alluvial channels based on tractive force theory.

Water distribution: Water distribution methods on major and minor system, Design of outlet structures. Water distribution method at main and tertiary level.

LABORATORY:Excursions to irrigation schemes, headwork and related irrigation regulating structure, case study for computations of diversion and irrigation requirements at system level. Determination of conveyance, seepage losses, irrigation delivery scheduling at chak level and reparation of Warabandi roster.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Ali, Iqbal.2000. Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures (3rd Edition). Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research. NED University of Engineering and Technology.

2. Meijers, T.K., 1990, Design of Small Holder Irrigation Systems, Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands.

3. Horst, L. 1998. The dilemmas of water distribution. International Irrigation Management Institute., Sri Lanka

85

Course No. : WM-514Course Title : WATERSHED MANAGEMENTCredit Hours : 3 (2-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: Importance and role of Watershed Management, Issues and Constraints in watershed management Socio-technical approaches for development, Sustainable Integrated Watershed Management

Concepts and Approaches to Participatory Watershed Management: Overview of recent approaches, new developments in socio-economic concepts, Small vs big Watershed development and biodiversity, Conflict Management.

Appropriate Technology and Practices: Rehabilitation of degraded land, Agroforestry systems and practices, Bio-engineering practices for soil and water conservation, landslide control in upland watersheds, natural resource management, Bio-technology of Natural Resource Management, Water Harvesting and Water Management

Water harvesting Practices: Micro-catchment development in Pakistan & Worldwide. Catchment area ratio and grid spacing. Land development techniques. Runoff Estimation, Reducing runoff losses, Agronomic practices, Land surface modification, Contour bunding, Contour trenches, Hillside Conduit System, Reducing Evaporation Losses (Mulching), Reducing Losses from Reservoirs, Forcing Deep Water Penetration, Reducing Deep Percolation Losses, Chemical Treatment, Anti-transpirants

LABORATORY:Field study trips to Tarbela Watershed area and other locations and writing reports

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:1. Bhatta, B.R., Chalise, S.R., Myint,A.K., and Sharma, P.N. 1999. Recent Concepts,

Knowledge, Practices & New skills in PIWM. Dept. of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Nepal.

86

Course No. : WM-601Course Title : PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENTCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, link with former courses, the need for the involvement of the users in the process of irrigation development.

Farmers' participation in irrigation systems: strategies for approaching farmers over time: to do to, to do for, to do with; development of irrigation systems, integrated rural development, target group development; framework of Cohen and Uphoff.

Target groups in irrigation: why to select target groups, possible target groups in irrigation systems in N-W- F.P., how to select target groups.

Practical methods to communicate with farmers: why do farmers talk another language, diagnostic analysis, problem solving model, concrete methods to communicate with farmers about irrigation topics.

Farmers' socio-economic context and irrigation development: the farming system, farmers' organizations, external relations of farmers for arranging inputs and outputs, the link of these aspects with irrigation design, construction and operation.

Water Users' Associations: why are water users' associations needed in Pakistan, why is it so difficult to develop water users' associations, experiences of a project which tried to set-up water users associations, the Water Users' Association Act of Pakistan.

LABORATORY:

In small groups students have to work on case studies in which the knowledge from the lectures will be applied. Each student has to prepare, conduct and report an interview with farmer(s) on the topic of Water Users Associations.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Nobe, K. C. and R.K. Sampth. 1986. Irrigation Management in Developing Countries; Current Issues and Approaches, Studies in Water Policy and Management No. 8, West View Press, USA.

2. Korten, F. F., and R. Y. Siy, Jr., (1989), Transforming a Bureaucracy: The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration, Ateneo De Manila University Press.

87

Course No. : WM-602Course Title : DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDCredit Hours : 4 (3-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: learning objectives and set-up of the course, the need for drainage, purpose of drainage, benefits of drainage, effect of poor drainage on soil and plant, drainage problems in Pakistan, sources of excess water, relationship of irrigation and drainage.

Rainfall and its relationship to drainage: the mean rainfall over a basin or watershed, frequency of rainfall, characteristics of storm, time of concentration, the time of overland flow, different formulas for estimating runoff.

Flow of water through soil: occurrence of ground water, saturated and unsaturated flow, flow of water through soil ( Darcey's Law), measurement of hydraulic head, capillary flow above the water table, critical water table depth measurement of hydraulic conductivity, soil salinity control, leaching requirements.

Surface drainage systems: different kind of open drains, open drain design, and maintenance of open drains.

Subsurface drainage system: interceptor drain, relief drain, relief mole drain, material for subsurface drainage system, design criteria for subsurface drainage system, drainage coefficients, drain spacing formula,Hooghoudt's formula for steady state, determination of design depth and pipe diameter, layout and patterns, the pipe, and the envelope materials.

Vertical drainage system: factors affecting the feasibility of drainage wells, design of drainage well systems, problems associated with vertical drainage, causes of failure of vertical drainage in Pakistan

LABORATORY:

Measurement of ground water table, auger hole method, inverted auger hole method, processing of hydraulic conductivities, calculating drain spacing, trip to subsurface drainage scheme.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Luthin, J.N. 1966. Drainage Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. 2. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI). 1979. Drainage

Principles and Applications. Volume I, II, III and IV, ILRI. The Netherlands.

88

Course No. : WM-603Course Title : WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATIONCredit Hours : 3 (2-2)

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction: Overview of water supply and sanitation in Pakistan; Health Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation; Water availability standards.

Water Supply: Sources of water, Choices of water sources (spring, wells etc) and their protection. Design and construction of Tubewells, Dug wells and hand pumps. Forecasting population, Consumption for various purposes, Factor effecting consumption, Analysis Impurities in water, Physical tests, chemical tests, Bacteriological tests. Economics of community water supply, planning and design of low cost water supply schemes.

Water Treatment and Distribution: Sedimentation tank, Coagulation, Flocculation, Usual coagulants, Mixing devices, Filtration, Filter sand, Classification of filters, disinfections, Chlorination.

Sanitation: Purpose of sanitation, Site for sewage treatment work, Water borne diseases and their control, Health and water chemistry, Planning and design of low cost sanitation. Composting and biogas, sanitation and irrigation, Agriculture and aqua cultural reuse.

LABORATORY:Determination of physical, inorganic and organic characteristics of water, wastewater and sewage. Determination of Bacteriological characteristics (Coliform count) of water and wastewater. Determination of Coagulation (Floc test) in water. Visit to sewerage treatment plant.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:1. Steel, W. Ernest. 1999. Water supply and Sewerage. McGraw Hill Book Co. USA.2. Cairncross, S. and R.G. Feachem. 1993. Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics.

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York .3. Feachem, R.G., M. McGarry, and D. Mara, 1977. Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,

89

Course No. : WM-604Course Title : MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES DEVELOPMENTCredit Hours : 4 (2-4)

COURSE OUTLINES:

This course is a "problem oriented course" which means that during the main part of the course students will work independently in small groups on real water management problems. A water management project in NWFP will be the central case study during the course the students have to analyze concrete problems encountered by the project and if possible, they will work out suggestions for the solution of this problem. In this way the students have to apply and integrate the knowledge obtained in the various B.Sc. courses on real life water management problems.

Only a minor part of the course consists of lectures and most of the time is spent on group work. During the group work the students will be trained in chairing meetings, making minutes and preparing and implementing a work plan. Besides this the students will get training in conducting a structured and an unstructured interview. This experience will be valuable for the students whatever the work the students will carry out later.

The contents of the course is mainly stipulated by the water management problems encountered by the selected project. However, still the main topics on which will be focused can be mentioned:

the various groups involved in the project, their interests, objectives and their role in the various stages of the project;

the model of Uphoff for the analysis of the organizational aspects of water management; problems which show the relation between the design of the infrastructure, the organization

of the operation and maintenance and the social context; problems which focus on the link between activities of farmers required for the irrigated

agriculture and their overall farming system. relationship between the farmer's crop choice and cropping pattern on the one hand and the

scheduling of the water distribution on the other; different strategies to work with the target group.

In the last part of the course the students have to select a water management problem on which they will work for the rest of the course.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Uphoff, N.,(1986) Improving International Irrigation Management with Farmer Participation: Getting the Process right studies in Water Policy and Management, No. II, Westview Press. USA.

90

Course No. : WM-696Course Title : SPECIAL PROBLEMSCredit Hours : 2 (0-2)

COURSE CONTENTS:

Individual students are required to select a water management problem on which they conduct a small investigation during this course. In several steps the students will be guided through all the phases of a research cycle: writing a research proposal, implementation of the research, analysis of data, writing a report and finally they have to present their research in a seminar. In this way the students learn how to conduct research and this will be useful for their M.Sc research. But even if the students will not do their M.Sc, they learn how to approach problems in a systematic way. And whether the students become researchers, planners or managers, they will always be required to approach and solve problems.

During the course the students will be trained in: writing a research proposal on a small water management problem; looking for literature in the library in a systematic way; writing a scientific report; presenting the research design, the results and conclusions in a seminar.

As indicated above the research problem should be in the field of water resources management. It can either be as small experiment at Research Farm or in a laboratory, or short field study, or the processing of data of another research. It is advisable to link this small research with M.Sc. research.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Bont, M. de, (1993) How to write a research proposal, WAMA project and the Department of Water Resources Management, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan.

91

Course No. : WM-699Course Title : INTERNSHIPCredit Hours : 15 (0-15)

COURSE OUTLINES:

The internship is a practical period of extended duration (2 - 3 months), in which individual students are prepared to execute functions in one of the institutions of possible future employers. It will enable students to place their specialization in a broader perspective. The summer between the spring and the fall semester is the most appropriate period for the internship.

Effects of a internship: students gain the opportunity to tackle agricultural problems; students will get a better insight in the nature of their future work; it will help the students to define interesting subjects for research and thesis work; it will increase the motivation of students by letting them apply their earlier obtained knowledge; future employers will get an insight in content and quality of the educational programs; interaction between educational programs and professional practice will improve.

The Department of Water Management has to provide opportunities for internship to students. In case no place for the practical periods are available the Department is obliged to offer alternative courses.

The receiving institutions will be asked by the Department to appoint a qualified staff member as training officer for the duration of the training period.

Training officer in collaboration with the staff of the Department should prepare a training program for the student.

The Department and the receiving institutions draw up a contract governing the rights and the duties of both parties. The training program is part of this contract.

On completion of his internship each student is required to write a report on his practical work according to a formal format.

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water resources and environmental … of crop... · web view... b. j. 1987 fundamentals of fluid...

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