water resources lecture 9 degradation of the water resource
TRANSCRIPT
Water Resources
Lecture 9
Degradation of the Water Resource
Sources of degradation
• Urbanisation
• Alien invasion
• Industrialisation
• Afforestation
• Agriculture
• Unsustainable rangeland farming
Alien invasives: additional info
Woody alien incremental water use: 1900 m3 /year
Commercial plantation incremental use: 930 m3 /year
Dye et al, 2001
Total streamflow reduction by Alien Invasives Versveld et al
1988
Industrialisation
• Types of industry affecting water resources:– Mining – Energy– Chemical – Metal and non-metal manufacture– Waste treatment
Mining• Release of toxins into freshwater systems:
– over 1 million tons/y of effluent containing cyanide and other poisons is generated by gold-mining
– the mining industry is directly responsible for 100% of highly toxic, 78% of toxic, and 66% of slightly toxic pollutants entering South Africa's water.
• Climate change– coal mines contribute 35% of the 2.25 million tons of the methane which
South Africa emits into the atmosphere every year
• Acid rain– coal dump fires are responsible for 5.24% of the 1.95 million tons of sulphur
dioxide released per year.
Mining• Acidification
– Headwater of Olifants: pH = 2.9
• Water demand– Mining accounts for 2.5% of SA’s water demand
• Wetland degradation– Open cast mining– Dumping on wetlands
• Increased salinity– Pumping of high salinity groundwater into surface water
systems
• Increased turbidity
Other impacts by industry
• Thermal pollution – Eg cooling towers of coal power stations
Afforestation
Pine species – reduced streamflow
Afforestation in Maclear, EC:Effect on MAR
Forsythe et al, 1997
Afforestation in Maclear: Effect on low flow
Forsythe et al, 1997
Afforestation: Statistics for SA
• 1.44 million hectares
• Water use: 1 399 milion m3 /year
• 3.2% MAR
• 10% change in cover of pines/eucalypts = 40mm change in water yield (Bosch and Hewlett, 1982)
Afforestation• Pines and Eucalypts have high rates of
evaporation – leads to stream flow reduction• Planting often occurs in the high moisture areas of
a catchment• Planting often occurs in wetlands or in riparian
zones. • Reduced biotic diversity• Reduced pH• Impacts of logging and hauling
Agriculture
Agriculture• Tilling
– Increased removal of topsoil– Crusting– Reduced infiltration– Donga erosion
• Fertilizers
• Pesticides
Agriculture
• Irrigation
• Dumping
• Draining of wetlands
• Invasion by alien vegetation
• Feedlot pollution
PoorRangeland Farming
Poor Rangeland Farming Practices
• Overgrazing– Reduced vegetation cover
– Reduced infiltration
– Increased rill and gully erosion
– Increased susceptibility to alien vegetation invasion
• Destruction of the riparian habitat• Destruction of wetlands• High frequency fires