Water Resources of TurkeyWater Resources of Turkey Emphasis on KarstEmphasis on Karst

International Research Center For Karst Water ResourcesHacettepe University

Ankarahttp:\\www.karst.hacettepe.edu.tr

Distribution of Precipitation Over Turkey

Annual Mean=680 mm For the Near East: 205 mm.

Climate in Turkey

Humid or Arid ?

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TURKEY

Total Potential of Water ResourcesIn Turkey

BasinsAnual Mean Flow Ratio

(millon m3) (%)

Euphrates 34.7 18.7

Tigris 22.6 12.2

Eastren Black Sea 19.2 10.3

Antalya 14.4 7.7

Western Mediterrenean 9.1 4.9

Eastern Mediterrenean 9.0 4.8

Western Black Sea 7.5 4.0

Ceyhan 6.9 3.7

Seyhan 6.3 3.4

Kızılırmak 5.9 3.2

Çoruh 5.6 3.0

Yeşilırmak 5.1 2.7

Aras 5.0 2.7

Sakarya 5.0 2.7

Others 29.7 16.0

TOTAL 186 100

Potential of Surface Water Resources in Turkey

Who Is Water Rich and Who Is Poor?

World Water Council

3rd Water ForumWater Poverty Index (WPI)

Among 147 countries Haiti Worst-Finland Best

resources-access-capacity-use-environmental impact

Why WPI: Because it makes the links between •poverty, •social deprivation, •environmental integrity, •water availability and•Healthenabling the policy makers and stakeholders to identify where problems exist and the appropriate measures to deal with their causes..

Is it only the amount ?

  Resource Access Capacity Use Environment WPI HDI

Congo (Rep) 17.1 10.3 11.8 7.3 10.9 57.3 0.502

Finland 12.2 20.0 18.0 10.6 17.1 78.0 0.925

France 7.0 20.0 18.0 8.0 14.1 68.0 0.924

Germany 6.5 20.0 18.0 6.2 13.7 64.5 0.921

Haiti 6.1 6.2 10.5 6.5 5.8 35.1 0.467

Iran 6.8 14.8 15.5 13.5 9.8 60.3 0.714

Israel 0.8 16.7 16.8 10.9 8.6 53.9 0.893

Italy 7.7 19.8 17.4 5.3 10.7 60.9 0.909

Nigeria 7.4 7.5 8.5 10.4 10.1 43.9 0.455

Oman 3.1 17.5 16.2 11.7 10.9 59.4 0.747

S. Arabia 0.2 14.9 16.1 13.7 7.7 52.6 0.750

Sudan 7.9 9.1 9.8 14.6 7.9 49.4 0.439

Syria 6.3 11.8 14.9 14.0 8.1 55.2 0.700

Turkey 7.8 14.8 13.1 10.7 10.1 56.5 0.735

U. K. 7.3 20.0 17.8 10.3 16.0 71.5 0.923

Problems Related To Water Resources in Turkey

Quantity

QualityConsequences:

Depletion of groundwater levelLoss of wetlandsPolluted surface watersPolluted groundwaterSalinization of coastal groundwatersRapid and uncontrolled changes in land-useRapid and uncontrolled growth

Deficiencies ?

Lack of advanced technologies?qualified personnel ? integrated approach?Institutional structure (vertical-lateral coordination)?policies based on knowledge of the phenomena?participation of the locals in planning and implementing?public awareness ?

Local Environmental Boards-All environmental resources

Supreme Environmental Board-All environmental resources

Authority for Protection of Special Areas

MINISTRY OF CULTURE

MINISTRY OF

TOURISM Natural Monuments

High Council of Preservation- Natural-Historical and Archeological Heritages

Local Councils

Local Authority

STATE HYDRAULICS WORKS (DSI)

Water-Land Use

TURKISH ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION

COMP: Gen. Direc. Of ENERGY SERVICES Hydropower-Nuclear-Thermal Energy

ELECTRİCAL POWER

RESOURCES SURVEY (EİE)

Water-Hydropower

Gen. Direc. Of MINERAL

EXPLORATION and RESEARCH (MTA)

-Research and extraction of geothermal resources. Natural

resources and beauties, landscape,

caves, land use MUNICIPALITIES-Water-Waste

Disposal

LARGE TOWNS >100.000 inhab.

Gen. Direc. Of National Parks and Wild Life Protection-Natural monuments-flora-fauna

Special Provincial Administrat

ions

Municipaities

Villages

Gen. Direc. Of LOCAL

ADMINISTRATIONS Activation of laws related to environmental resources

PRIME MINISTRY

STATE PLANNING ORGANISATION

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS &

SETTLEMENTS

MINISTRY OF STATE

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

MINISTRY OF FORESTRY

MINISTRY OF

INTERIOR

PROVINCES HEALTH

ADMINISTRATIONS

Water-Air-Soil born diseases

PROVINCIAL DIRECTOTARE- All environmental resources

BANK of PROVINCES Water-Waste Disposal

MUNICIPALITIES Water-Waste Disposal

TOWNS <100.000 inhab.

Coordination Control

Investigations

Gen. Direc. Of RURAL SERVICES

Water-Soil-Land Use-Vegetation

Gen. Direc. Of

PROTECTION-CONTROL

Wetlands-Forests-Flora-Fauna

Regional Directora

te Forestry-Flora and Fauna

Institutional Framework of Environmental Resources Management

Ministry of Industry and Commerce Air Pollution

AIR

WATER

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Convention for Biodiversity -BERN Convention -RAMSAR Agreement -BARCELONA Convention -Agreement for Conservation of World Cultural and Natural Heritage NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No:2873 Law for National Parks -Law No:2863 Cultural and Natural Resources Protection Law -Law No: 6831 Forest Law -Law No: 3621 Coast Law -Law No: 2960 Bosphorous Law B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

BIOTIC RESOURCES

ABIOTIC RESOURCES

Protection of Biodiversity

Protection of Sites

Flora -Endemic -other

Fauna -Endangered -other

-World Cultural and Natural Heritages -National Parks, Protection of

Natural Sites, Natural Parks, Natural Monuments

-Conservation of Natural, Cultural, Archeological, Historical and urban sites -Special Protection Areas - Coastal Areas -Protection sites according to the Water Pollution Control Regulations -Forest areas -Protection Areas in the Bosphorous

-Point source pollution -Non-point source pollution

-Inland surface waters -Lakes -Rivers -Drinking Water Resources -Groundwater Resources

SOIL

-Agr,cultural use -Non-agricultural use

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -CITES Convention -Convention for Biodiverwsity -Paris Agreement -BERN Agreement -Agreement Against Erosion and Desertation -Mediterranean Plant Conservation Convention -Rome Agreement of Mediterranean Fishing Council NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-LAWS -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No: 3167 Land Hunting Law -Law No:1380 Aqua-culture Law B- Decree Laws: -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs C- Regulations

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -GENEVA Convention for Long Distance-Transbundaries Air Pollution -Vienna and Montreal Conventions for Ozone Layer Protection NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Highways-Traffic Law -Law about the establishment of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce -Law against Unhealthy Organizations B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment C-Regulations -Regulations for Protection of Air Quality

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Barcelona Convention -Convention for Protection of Sea Water from MAR-POL Ships Wastes -Buchurest Convention for Protection of Black Sea Pollution NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No: 3621 Coast Law -Law No:1380 Aqua-culture Law -Law No: 167 Groundwater Law -Law No: 831 Waters Law -Law about Cold and Hot Mineralized Waters B-Regulations - Regulations for Water

Pollution Control - Regulations for Mineral

Waters - Regulations for Spring

Waters - Regulations for Thermal

Waters - Regulations for Water and

Sanitary Departments of Municipalities

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Convention for Soil Pollution and Erosion Protection NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:3202 Law about the establishment and duties of General Directorate of Village Services -Law No:3083 Law about agricultural reformation on rearrangement of the irrigated lands -Law No:3213 Mineral Ore Law -Regulation No:1317-1901: for Quarries -Law No: 2872 Environmental Law B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment C-Regulations -Regulations about the Use of the Agricultural Lands for Other Purposes

DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC OF

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

KARSTIFIED ROCKS IN TURKEY

Surface Area : 780 500 sq.km Carbonate rocks:Total : 1/3 of surface areaExposure: 1/5 of surface area

Carbonate Rocks: Metamorphic>> Paleozoic Recrystallized>> Mesozoioc Detritic with varying impurities >>Paleogene-Neogene

Evaporitic: Mainly within Oligocene-Miocene Clay-Clayey Units

Miocene Conglomerate: Carbonate component & matrix

TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

1-EUROSIAN PLATE2-AFRICAN PLATE3-IRAN PLATE4-SOUTH CAUCAS PLATE5-ANATOLIAN PLATE6-AEGEAN PLATE7-BLACK SEA PLATE

a-compressional b-extensional c- movement direction

TECTONIC PROVINCES OF TURKEY (From Sengor et. Al, 1985)

NEOTECTONIC MAP OF TURKEY

LATE MIOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF TURKEY

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST

Criterion: Morphology & Hydrological Function

LithologyTectonics

Source of Energy Gradient

Erosion Base

ControlClimate

Lithology: •Petrography: Degree of Diagenesis/Content of Impurities•Thickness : Relative to erosion base controller•Mode of Existence: Authocthonous/Allochthonous

Tectonic: •Compression: contraction/extension •Tension: contraction/extension

Source of Energy Gradient: •Uplift (tectonics)•Eustatic Sea Level Changes•Interior Lake Level Changes•River Incision

Erosion Base Controller: •Sea Level•Interior Lake•River•Impervious Unit

Climate: •Wet: Cold/Hot •Dry: Cold/Hot

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST

EARLYMIOCENE

MIDDLE MIOCENE

LATE MIOCENE

PLIOCENE

PRESENT

PLEISTOCENE

Change in Average Elevation of the TopographicSurface since Early Miocene

EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL TAURUS-CENTRAL ANATOLIA

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST

Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) High degree diagenesis Moderately thick-thick-authocthounousTectonic: West Anatolian Extensional Source of Energy Gradient:Originally upliftErosion Base Controller: Aegean Sea LevelClimate : Pronounced effect controlling karstificationMorphology: Sub-Vertical to vertical development Shallow / moderately deep -intensive Drainage: Subsurface drainage-capture by surfaceKarst: Uncovered-sumbergedHydrogeological function: High yield aquifers

Extending phreatic zone by submerge

Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) Thick-to very thick authocthounous/allochthonousTectonic: Extension+Contraction due to compression Source of Energy Gradient: rapid-very rapid upliftErosion Base Controller: Mediterranean sea levelClimate : Well pronounced effectMorphology: vertical deep-very deep-intensive to extensive Drainage: completely subsurface drainageKarst: bare-mainly recent-paleo in placesHydrogeological function: High to very high yield aquifersExtended vadoze zone+deep phreatic zone

Tavas

Söke

Çine

Kale

Yatağan

Datça

Köyceğiz

M ilas

M UĞ LA

Ula

BodrumM arm aris

0 20 40Km

Nazilli

T Ü R K İ Y Eİzmir

Denizli

Muğla

ANKARA

AntalyaAdana

Samsun

Trabzon

Diyarbakır

Erzurum

İstanbul

M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A

AE

GE

AN

S

EA

E

N

W

S

LINEAMENTS

FAULTS

NU

MB

ER

10

0

80

60

40

20

020

40

60

80

100

Karaböğürtlen

Çamlıköy

Kıransahili

Kıranköy

ULA

YERKESİK

MUĞLA

Denizova

Akyaka

Akçapınar

YEŞİLYURT

Yeniköy

Algı Köyü

Kızılyaka

Armutcuk

Kozağaç

Özlüce

Karacaağaç

Klavuz

Kalınağıl Köyü

Bencik

Bağyaka

Kayaönü

ÖREN

Dağpınar

Akbük

MİLAS

Tk

Kk

Tk

Mfp

Qal

Tk

PMgş

TRJg

TRJg

TRJg

TRJg

TRJg

TRk

TRk

TRk

TRk

TRk

TRö

JKk

Tya

Tya

Qal

KkKk

QalKk

PMgş

Tya

Mzy

PMgş

PMgş

Qal

Mzy

Mzy

Pg

Mkm

JKk

Tya

Qal

Tk

PMgş

KTk

Tya

JKk

Pg

QalPMgşMzy

Tya

PMgş

Tya

Mzy

PMgş

Mfp

JKk

Mfp

Mzy

1432.4

1228.3

1326.2

1183.7

1037.4

1602.5

900

763.7

835.3

DİŞ DAĞI490

KOCADAĞ1129

Karacadağ Tepe736

KAVAK DAĞI1370

Sığınbaşı Tepe1210

YAĞLI DAĞ357

KARADAĞ789

Kazancı Tepe791

GÖKDAĞ277

Sivrikule Tepe512

KOCADAĞ

MARÇALIDAĞI

BEYDAĞI1088

Muğlakarlığı Tepe1858

Oylukarlığı Tepe

751

Kocaeren Tepe1282Kocayatak Tepe

949

Katranlık Tepe1005

Kızıl Tepe

345

Frenk Dağı1000

78

1-65

16A B C

10-A10-B15

12 11

13

Code Name Type Alt.(m)

Q(l/s)

T(C)

pH EC(S/cm)

GK-1 Azmak-Duvar Dibi K 1.7 15.80 7.36 1973

GK-2 Azmak-Kümes K 1 15.72 7.40 2355

GK-3 Cennet Restaurant K 0.8 11.6 m3/s 15.78 7.45 2753

GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. K 0.6 14.88 7.52 1719

GK-6 Deniz-1 Restaurant K 0.4 15.98 7.31 10447

GK-5 Belediye Kuyuları Ku. 2 30 l/s 15.62 7.64 1443

GK-7 Deniz-2 Restaurant K 0.5 30 l/s 15.58 7.33 5658

GK-8 Çınaraltı K 0.5 10 l/s 15.58 7.40 5522

GK-9 Akbük Limanı K 0.5 70 l/s 17.32 7.17 8483

GK-10A Ören (Acısu) I K 1 50 l/s 17.07 7.26 10846

GK-10B Ören (Acısu) II K 1.5 60 l/s 17.17 7.22 8431

GK-11 Algı Köyü K 660 10 l/s 14.94 7.25 535

GK-12 Yeniköy K 850 5 l/s 14.36 7.60 403

GK-13 Bağyaka Köyü K 600 30 l/s 11.46 8.15 317

GK-15 Akçapınar Köyü K 9 1.244 m3/s 16.46 7.36 629

GK-16A Kuyu - I Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.22 7.75 865

GK-16B Kuyu - II Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.57 7.74 658

GK-16C Kuyu - III Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.55 7.87 554

Code Sample Name Cl Sea water Fresh watermmol/l % %

GK-1 Azmak(duvar dibi) 13.74 2.22 97.78GK-2 Azmak-Kümes 17.84 2.92 97.08GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 23.02 3.8 96.2GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. 10.12 1.61 98.39GK-5 Belediye Kuyuları 8.32 1.3 98.7GK-6 Deniz Rest.-1 72.86 12.26 87.74GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 59.4 9.97 90.03GK-8 Çınaraltı 52.8 8.85 91.15GK-9 Akbük Limanı 88.04 14.83 85.17GK-10-A Ören (Acısu) I 96.75 15.41 84.59GK-10-B Ören (Acısu) II 86.5 14.41 85.59GK-11 Algı Köyü 0.63 0 100GK-12 Yeniköy 0.9 0.04 99.96GK-13 Bağyaka Köyü 0.61 -0.01 100.01GK-14 Gökova (sea) 427.49 72.43 27.57GK-15 Akçapınar Köyü 0.9 0.04 99.96GK-16-A Kuyu - I 1.92 0.22 99.78GK-16-B Kuyu - II 1.11 0.08 99.92GK-16-C Kuyu - III 1.25 0.1 99.9GK-17 Marmaris (sea) 813.31 100 0GK-18 Ören (sea) 590 100 0Cl contents of the freshwater is 0.649 mmol/l (average value of the plateau springs GK-11, GK-12, GK-13)

Sea water Cl contents is 560 mmol/l

Average

Table 1. Average seawater contribution to the springs

G K -11 A lg ı K öyüG K -12 Yen iköyG K -13 B ağyaka K öyüG K -15 A kçapına rG K -16 -A K uyu - IG K -16 -B K uyu - IIG K -16 -C K uyu - III

G K -17 M arm aris D enizG K -18 Ö ren D eniz

G K -14 G ökova D en iz

G K -1 A zm akG K -2 A zm ak -K üm esG K -3 C ennet R es to ran

G K -4 H alil 'in Yeri

G K -5 B e led iye Kuyusu

G K -6 D en iz R estau ran t I

G K -7 D en iz R estau ran t IIG K -8 Ç ınara ltı

G K -9 A kbük

G ökova P lain Springs(northern part)

G ökova P lain Springs(northern part)

Coastal saline springs

Coastal saline springs

P lateau springs

Sea Waters

Southern spring&wells in p lain

M ix ing Line

P lateau springs

Southern P lain S pring

W ells in p la in

G ökova B ay Sea Water

Sea Water

Code Sample Name Cl 18O D Tmeq/l (%oSMOW) (%oSMOW) (TU)

GK-1 Azmak(duvar dibi) 13.74 -6.45 -33.23 6.30GK-2 Azmak-Kümes 17.84 -6.32 -33.58 6.63GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 23.02 -6.38 -33.35 6.57GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. 10.12 -6.75 -35.08 10.03GK-5 Belediye Kuyular› 8.32 -6.79 -35.95 10.40GK-6 Deniz Rest.-1 72.86 -5.51 -30.30 7.47GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 59.40 -6.07 -32.88 9.43GK-8 Ç›naralt› 52.80 -6.07 -32.20 9.30GK-9 Akbük Liman› 88.04 -4.76 -23.73 6.60GK-10-A Ören (Ac›su) I 96.75 -4.58 -22.78 5.10GK-10-B Ören (Ac›su) II 86.50 -4.50 -23.10 -GK-11 Alg› Köyü 0.63 -6.16 -31.60 6.17GK-12 Yeniköy 0.90 -6.36 -31.78 6.90GK-13 BaŸyaka Köyü 0.61 -6.74 -34.57 8.33GK-14 Gökova 427.49 -0.91 -5.03 4.87GK-15 Akçap›nar Köyü 0.90 -5.05 -24.63 7.33GK-16-A Kuyu - I 1.92 -6.31 -32.70 6.50GK-16-B Kuyu - II 1.11 -6.40 -33.90 0.00GK-16-C Kuyu - III 1.25 1.56 6.55 1.45GK-17 Marmaris 813.31 1.82 10.90 0.9GK-18 Ören 590.00 - - -

Code Sample Name Date Type 87 Sr / 86 Sr Error(d/m/yy)

GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 12/5/95 Sp. 0.79800 ± 0.00006GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 12/5/95 Sp. 0.70875 ± 0.00005GK-9 Akbük Liman› 11/5/95 Sp. 0.70879 ± 0.00004GK-13 BaŸyaka Köyü 11/5/95 Sp. 0.70934 ± 0.00006GK-14 Gökova (Sea) 12/5/95 SEA 0.70853 ± 0.00007

Date TYPE Altitute 18O 2H 3H(m) (%0 SMOW) (TU)

September-94 P 646 1.31 5.5 -October-94 P 646 -6.53 -35.5 4.6

November-94 P 646 -7.45 -43.0 4.8December-94 P 646 -8.38 -49.5 3.5January-95 P 646 -5.98 -28.2 3.9February-95 P 646 -4.63 -25.7 4.5March-95 P 646 -5.33 -28 5.0April-95 P 646 -8.23 -52.5 8.3

All isotopic analyses have been carried out by IAEA Headquarters' LaboratoriesExcept: Tritium analyses in bold letters done by Environmental isotope Lab. in JordanSr isotope analyses in the Mass Spectro. Lab. At The Hacettepe UniversityTYPE : Sp.: Spring, W: Well, SEA: Sea water, P: Precipitation

PRECIPITATION (MuŸla Observation Stations)

ISOTOPES

AVERAGE VALUES

CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC PARAMETERS OF THE WATER SAMPLES

Sp.

Type

Sp.Sp.Sp.W

Sp.Sp.

Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.SEASp.WWW

SEASEA