Water ResourcesWater ResourcesThis picture shows the size This picture shows the size

of a sphere that would of a sphere that would contain all of Earth's contain all of Earth's

freshwater in comparison to freshwater in comparison to the size of the Earth. The the size of the Earth. The blue sphere sitting on the blue sphere sitting on the United States, reaching United States, reaching

from about Salt Lake City, from about Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas, Utah to Topeka, Kansas,

has a diameter of about 860 has a diameter of about 860 miles, with a volume of miles, with a volume of

about 332,500,000 cubic about 332,500,000 cubic miles. The sphere includes miles. The sphere includes all the water in the ice caps, all the water in the ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as lakes and rivers as well as groundwater, atmospheric groundwater, atmospheric water, and even the water water, and even the water in you, your dog, and your in you, your dog, and your

tomato plant.tomato plant.

The HydrosphereThe HydrosphereIncludes all of the water on or near the Includes all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface (oceans, lakes, rivers, polar Earth’s surface (oceans, lakes, rivers, polar icecaps, groundwater, & clouds)icecaps, groundwater, & clouds)

The The water cyclewater cycle is the continuous movement is the continuous movement of water into the air, onto the land, and then of water into the air, onto the land, and then back to water sources.back to water sources.

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

Water is Water is renewablerenewable because it is because it is circulated in the water cyclecirculated in the water cycle EvaporationEvaporation – the change of state from a liquid – the change of state from a liquid

to a gas (liquid water to water vapor)to a gas (liquid water to water vapor) CondensationCondensation – the change of state from a gas – the change of state from a gas

to a liquid (water vapor to liquid water)to a liquid (water vapor to liquid water) PrecipitationPrecipitation – any form of water that falls to – any form of water that falls to

Earth’s surface from clouds (rain, snow, etc.)Earth’s surface from clouds (rain, snow, etc.) RunoffRunoff – excess water that flows off of the – excess water that flows off of the

surfacesurface

Global Water DistributionGlobal Water Distribution

Global Water Distribution

Icecaps and glaciers (77%)

1.In what form is most of Earth’s water?

2.Where is most of the freshwater found?Saltwater (97%)

Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans

All of Earth’s oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian,& All of Earth’s oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian,& Arctic Oceans) are connected. Arctic Oceans) are connected. Oceans cover over Oceans cover over 70% of Earth’s surface.70% of Earth’s surface.

Surface Ocean Currents

Common surface ocean currents show the flow of

the sea

In 1993, thousands of rubber duckies washed up on Alaskan

beaches. Oceanographers determined that a ship carrying the toys lost a container during a storm near Hawaii in 1992. The ducks were used to map

ocean currents.

The OceanThe Ocean A Global Temperature RegulatorA Global Temperature Regulator

The main function of the world ocean is The main function of the world ocean is to:to: Absorb & store energy from the sun Absorb & store energy from the sun

How?How? Water absorbs and releases heat slower than Water absorbs and releases heat slower than

land does. land does.

**Without the ocean, the temperature of Earth’s **Without the ocean, the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere would be too extreme for lifeatmosphere would be too extreme for life

Surface WaterSurface Water Surface water is fresh water on Earth’s land Surface water is fresh water on Earth’s land

surface.surface. Throughout history, people have built cities, towns, Throughout history, people have built cities, towns,

and farms near reliable sources of surface water and farms near reliable sources of surface water b/c it provides drinking water, water for agriculture, b/c it provides drinking water, water for agriculture, food (fish, shellfish), power for industry, & a means food (fish, shellfish), power for industry, & a means for transportation.for transportation.

Think About ItThink About It ~ Can you ~ Can you think of a city that is built think of a city that is built

near a surface water near a surface water source?source?

River SystemsRiver SystemsRain & melting snow on Rain & melting snow on

mountains, hills, etc.mountains, hills, etc.

Flows downhill forming Flows downhill forming tributaries (streams)tributaries (streams)

Streams combine and Streams combine and form riversform rivers

Rivers drain into Rivers drain into oceansoceans

WatershedsWatersheds A A watershedwatershed is the area of land that is drained is the area of land that is drained

by a river.by a river. Pollution in the watershed can pollute the river.Pollution in the watershed can pollute the river.

Our Local WatershedOur Local Watershed

GroundwaterGroundwater

Rain and melted snow Rain and melted snow sinks into the ground sinks into the ground forming groundwater.forming groundwater.

Less than 1% of all Less than 1% of all Earth’s water is Earth’s water is groundwatergroundwater Groundwater gives Groundwater gives

people drinking water people drinking water and supplies water for and supplies water for many agricultural & many agricultural & industrial needsindustrial needs

GroundwaterGroundwater

Most water that is available Most water that is available for human use is found for human use is found underground. underground.

Water percolates through the Water percolates through the soil & down into the rocks soil & down into the rocks beneath. beneath.

The The water tablewater table is where the is where the rocks and soil are saturated rocks and soil are saturated with water with water In deserts, the water table may In deserts, the water table may

be hundreds of meters beneath be hundreds of meters beneath the surface, but may be flowing the surface, but may be flowing on the surface in wet regions.on the surface in wet regions.

Groundwater Continued…Groundwater Continued… AquifersAquifers are underground formations that are underground formations that

contain groundwater.contain groundwater. A A recharge zonerecharge zone is an area of the surface is an area of the surface

from which water percolates down into an from which water percolates down into an aquifer. Pollutants in a recharge zone may aquifer. Pollutants in a recharge zone may enter an aquifer.enter an aquifer.

Rocks with Holes?Rocks with Holes? PorosityPorosity is the percentage of the total volume is the percentage of the total volume

of a rock that has pores (holes).of a rock that has pores (holes). Water in aquifers is stored in the pore spaces and Water in aquifers is stored in the pore spaces and

flows from one pore space to another.flows from one pore space to another. PermeabilityPermeability is the ability of rock or soil to is the ability of rock or soil to

allow water to flow – water can seep throughallow water to flow – water can seep through

Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share

1.1. Which of the following parts of soil is Which of the following parts of soil is mostmost permeable?permeable?

2.2. Which of the following parts of soil is Which of the following parts of soil is leastleast permeable?permeable?

A.A. SandSand

B.B. GravelGravel

C.C. ClayClay

Groundwater Interlude…Groundwater Interlude…

Groundwater Video…

Global Water UseGlobal Water Use1.1. What is the most popular use of water worldwide?What is the most popular use of water worldwide?

2.2. Which part of the world uses the most water for Which part of the world uses the most water for industry?industry?

3.3. Which part of the world uses the most water for Which part of the world uses the most water for residences? residences?

Residential Water UseResidential Water Use

A person in the USA A person in the USA uses about 300 L uses about 300 L (80 gal) of water (80 gal) of water everyday. People of everyday. People of developing countries developing countries use much less per use much less per day (~ 40L). day (~ 40L).

~ Why do you think this ~ Why do you think this is the case?is the case?

Residential Water UseResidential Water Use Water TreatmentWater Treatment – to make it potable (safe – to make it potable (safe

to drink), removes poisonous elements and to drink), removes poisonous elements and pathogens (organisms that cause illness).pathogens (organisms that cause illness).

Water ConservationWater ConservationResidentialResidential

How can we use less water?How can we use less water? Take shorter showers, turn off water when Take shorter showers, turn off water when

brushing teeth, shaving, washing dishes, etc.brushing teeth, shaving, washing dishes, etc. Install low-flow technologies in toilets, shower Install low-flow technologies in toilets, shower

heads, and faucets.heads, and faucets. Only run full dishwashers and washing machines.Only run full dishwashers and washing machines. Water the lawn less.Water the lawn less.

Industrial Water UseIndustrial Water Use Industry accounts for 19% of water used in Industry accounts for 19% of water used in

the world.the world. Water is used to Water is used to manufacture goods, manufacture goods,

dispose of waste, and generate power.dispose of waste, and generate power. It takes 1000L of water to produce 1kg of It takes 1000L of water to produce 1kg of

aluminum (500,000L to manufacture a car).aluminum (500,000L to manufacture a car). Power-plant cooling systems usually pump water Power-plant cooling systems usually pump water

from a surface water source, carry the water from a surface water source, carry the water through pipes in a cooling tower, then pump it through pipes in a cooling tower, then pump it back to the water source. It returns to the source back to the water source. It returns to the source warmer than it was before.warmer than it was before.

Water Conservation Water Conservation IndustryIndustry

Develop water Develop water conservation plansconservation plans Recycle of cooling water Recycle of cooling water Recycle wastewaterRecycle wastewater Monetary rewards to Monetary rewards to

businesses that businesses that conserves waterconserves water

Agricultural Water UseAgricultural Water Use

*It takes nearly 300L of water to produce one *It takes nearly 300L of water to produce one ear of corn! ear of corn!

Plants require lots of water to grow… when an Plants require lots of water to grow… when an area doesn’t get adequate rainfall, they use area doesn’t get adequate rainfall, they use irrigationirrigation methods to water the crops. methods to water the crops.

Water ConservationWater ConservationAgriculturalAgricultural

Drip irrigation Drip irrigation systemssystems deliver deliver small amounts of small amounts of water directly to water directly to plant roots by plant roots by using perforated using perforated tubing, reducing tubing, reducing evaporation and evaporation and runoff.runoff.

How Much Water Is Used?How Much Water Is Used?

1 slice of bread = 10 gallons 1 orange = 13 gallons

1 lb. of chicken meat = 500 gallons 1 sheet of paper = 3 gallons

1 cup of coffee = 35 gallons 1 lb. of potatoes = 100 gallons

1 lb. of corn = 110 gallons 1 cotton shirt = 700 gallons

1 egg = 400 gallons 1 lb. steel = 30 gallons

Hamburger (1/3 lbs.) = 4000 – 18000 gallons

1 lb. wheat = 110-250 gallons

How Do I Get Water if I Don’t Live Near How Do I Get Water if I Don’t Live Near Water?Water?

1)1) Water Diversion ProjectWater Diversion Project – rivers – rivers can be diverted into canals that can be diverted into canals that direct and carry water great direct and carry water great distances.distances.

2)2) Dams & ReservoirsDams & Reservoirs – dams hold – dams hold water from a river back & water from a river back & reservoirs are the lakes that form reservoirs are the lakes that form behind the dam. behind the dam. - - Reservoirs can be used for drinking water, Reservoirs can be used for drinking water, irrigation, recreation, industryirrigation, recreation, industry

- Dams can generate electricity - BIG Dams can generate electricity - BIG PROBLEMS if a dam fails!PROBLEMS if a dam fails!

3) 3) DesalinationDesalination – removes salt – removes salt from salt water. Is very from salt water. Is very expensive and is not available for expensive and is not available for areas far from oceans.areas far from oceans.

Water Use Summed UpWater Use Summed UpResidential Use Industrial Use Agricultural Use

Water is used for:

Water can be conserved by: