WATER, SANITATION AND

HYGIENCE (WASH) IN INDIA Annual Strategic Planning & Program Review Meeting

Banega Swachh India (BSI) Project,

7th & 8th December 2016, Nainital, UK

Dr. Suchitra Lisam National Health Program Manager , Public Health Specialist ADRA India

Part I: Facts & WASH scenario

Part II: WASH Policies & Programmes

Part III: Key NRDWP, BSM Indicators

Part IV: SDGs –Targets and Indicators

Part V: Health Risks and Impacts

PART I: FACTS & CHANGING WASH

SCENARIO IN INDIA

WATER- FACTS • Fundamental to life, livelihood, food security and

sustainable development • Covers 71% of the Earth's surface; 96.5% of this

water is found in seas and oceans, 2.5% -freshwater • Ground water- 20% of freshwater and 0.01%-

surface water (lakes, rivers etc.) • Source of domestic water supply (87%) is ground

water • Access to safe drinking water has improved over the

last decades, but approximately 14% (884 million people) of world’s population still lack access to improved water source and had to use unprotected well, springs, canals, lakes or rivers and over 2.5 billion (35%) lack access to adequate sanitation

WASH SCENARIO IN INDIA Lack of access to water supply and drainage facilities • 87% of the households have access to improved source

of water and use tap, tube-well, hand-pumps and covered wells as the main source for drinking water.

• Of these, 96% of urban households and 84% of rural

households have accessed to improved source of water supply

• 47% have the source of water within the premises. A

good 36% households still have to fetch water from a source located within 500 meters in rural areas and 100 meters in urban areas

(Source: Census 2011; WHO/UNICEF-2012)

WASH SCENARIO IN INDIA

Sanitation crisis:

• 53.1% (63.6% in 2001) of the households in India do not have a toilet, with the percentage being as high as 69.3% (78.1% in 2001) in rural areas and 18.6% (26.3% in 2001) in urban areas.

• 59% (626 million) Indians still practice open defecation and that majority of them live in rural areas.

• Jharkhand tops the list with as high as 77% of homes having no toilet facilities, while the figure is 76.6% for Orissa and 75.8% in Bihar.

CHANGING SCENARIO • Integration of housing, water and sanitation

programmes in 12th Five Year Plan • In response to the situation, the budget for the

sector has been more than doubled, from Rs 1,500 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 3,500 crore for the coming fiscal year.

• A Steering Committee of the Planning Commission has proposed an allocation of Rs 44,116 crore (at a hike of 675 per cent over the 11th plan allocation) for sanitation and Rs 1,22,570 crore (hike of 312 per cent over the 11th plan allocation) for drinking water in 12th Plan

• India has been constructing 1.5 million toilets a year under its Total Sanitation Campaign. However, 50 per cent of them remain unuse

PART II: POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND

PROGRAMMES

POLICIES AND PROGRAMME • Water supply and sanitation is a state responsibility

under the Indian constitution and states may give the responsibility to Panchayat Raj Institution (PRI) in rural areas

• GoI supplements the efforts of State Governments by providing financial assistance under the centrally sponsored Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP), started in 1972, now renamed as National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) since 01.04.2009

• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme was modified as the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) which was last updated in 2013.

• NRDWP has major emphasis on ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity, on a sustainable basis.

Cont.:

• Department of Drinking Water Supply was created in Ministry of Rural development in 1999, to provide a renewed focus with a mission approach to implement programmes for rural drinking water supply

• Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation created as separate Ministry on 13th July, 2011.

• In urban areas, responsibility is given to the municipalities called urban local municipal bodies (ULBs)

Cont. • Responsibility for water supply and sanitation at the central

and state level is shared by various ministries at central level and three ministries have responsibilities in the sector.

• Ministry for drinking water and sanitation- responsible for

regulation and policy framework and is the nodal Ministry for the overall policy, planning, funding and coordination of the flagship programmes of the Government of India viz. the National Rural Drinking Water Programme(NRDWP) for rural drinking water supply and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) SBM(G) for sanitation.

• The Ministry for Housing and Urban poverty alleviation • The Ministry of Urban development

PARADIGM SHIFT IN POLICY/PROGRAME • 1949: Environmental Hygiene Committee (bhor committee) • 1950: Water as state subject in Consitution • 1969: National drinking water supply programme (UNICEF) • 1972-73: Accelerated Rural water supply programme (ARWSP) • 1981: India is party to International drinking water supply and sanitation decade

(1980-1990)- formed national apex body for policy formulation • 1986: National drinking water mision & Central Rural sanitation programme • 1987: First Water Policy drafted • 1991: National drinking water mission renamed as Rajiv Gandhi national

drinking water mission • 1999: Total sanitization campaign and formation of department of

drinking water under Ministry of rural development • 2002: Swajaldhara ( In 1999-2000, Sector Reform Projects was started to

involve the community in planning, implementation and management of drinking water schemes which was in 2002 scaled up as the SwajaldharaProgramme.

• 2009: National drinking water supply programme (revised) • 2008: National Urban sanitation policy • 2011: Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation upgraded as separate

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation • 2012: Nirman Bharat Abhiyan • 2014: Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) for sanitation and innovation of new

technology in rural drinking water- 3 program divisions (water, water quality and sanitation)

OBJECTIVES OF NRDWP

• Enable all households have access to safe and adequate drinking water and within reasonable distance;

• Enable communities to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water sources;

• Ensure potability, reliability, sustainability, convenience, equity and consumers preference to be the guiding principles while planning for a community based water supply system;

• Provide drinking water facility, especially piped water supply, to Gram Panchayats that have achieved open defecation free status on priority basis;

• Ensure all government schools and anganwadis have access to safe drinking water;

APPROACHES OF NRDWP

• Most rural water supply schemes use a centralized approaches i.e. a government institution designs a project with community, no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation

• In 2002, GoI came up with national level programe to change the way in which water supply services are supported in rural areas

• Swajaldhara decentralizes service delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups.

• Communities are being consulted and trained, and users agree to pay a tariff that is set at a level sufficiently high to cover operation and maintenance costs, includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygience behavior.

STRATEGIC PLANS & TARGETS • The Ministry of DWS has prepared a Strategic Plan for

the rural drinking water sector for the period 2011 to 2022.

• Goal of the Strategic Plan is: To ensure, that every rural person has enough safe

water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs as well as livestock throughout the year including during natural disasters and,

By Year 2017: (a) Drinking Water Facilities • To ensure that at least 50% of rural households are

provided with piped water supply; at least 35% of rural households have piped water supply with a household connection; All services meet set standards in terms of quality and number of hours of supply every day

STRATEGIC PLANS & TARGETS

By Year 2019: (a) Rural Sanitation facilities • To attain a Clean and Open Defecation Free India by

2nd October 2019. By 2022: (a) Drinking water facilities • To ensure that at least 90% of rural households are

provided with piped water supply; <10% use public taps and <10% use hand pumps or other safe and adequate private water sources.

• Every rural person in the country will have access to 70 lpcd within their household premises or at a horizontal or vertical distance of <50 meters from their household.

SWASHH BHARAT MISSION

• Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) –Clean India campaign was launched on 2nd October, 2014 to accelerate efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage, improve cleanliness and eliminate open defecation in India by 2nd October 2019

• The goal of the Programme is to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019. • The Programme has two verticals- Swachh Bharat

Mission, Urban {SBM(U)} for cities and Swachh Bharat Mission, Gramin {SBM(G)} for rural areas

Cont. • Community based collective behavior change is

mentioned as the preferred approach, although the States are free to choose the approach best suited to them.

• New Programme provides flexibility to the States in implementation of Programme

• Greater emphasis on capacity building, especially in community approaches and Programme management.

• Programme is being run as a citizen’s movement with cooperation of all sects of the society including the NGOs, Corporates, youth etc

CRITICAL ISSUES IN 12TH PLAN • Need to focus on piped water supply rather than on

handpumps • Enhancement of service levels for rural water supply

from the norm of 40 lpcd to 55 lpcd • Greater thrust on coverage of water quality affected

habitations • Making available additional resources for operation

and management of schemes • Conjoint approach between rural water supply and

rural sanitation so as to achieve saturation of habitations with both these services.

• Participative planning and implementation of water resource management practices

• Gradual shift from over dependence on ground water to surface water sources, and conjunctive use of ground water, surface water and rainwater

PART III: KEY INDICATORS

Key Indicators: NSS-73rd round Indicators on households having improved source of drinking water, sanitation services

Number per 1000 households having drinking water within premises and proportions of households travelling different distances to reach principal source of drinking water

Average time (in minutes) taken in a day by household members to fetch drinking water from outside the premises during

Average waiting time (in minutes) in a day for household members at the principal source of drinking water at outside the premises d

households treating drinking water by any method

households getting good quality of drinking water

households who got sufficient water throughout the year for all household activities

households with sanitation facilities

Households with improved draining and waste disposal facilities

PART IV:SDGs-TARGETS &

INDICATORS

PART V: HEALTH RISKS AND IMPACTS

BACKGROUND

• Approximately 80-90% of untreated sewage discharged directly into rivers and streams, the main source of water supply in cities. Human faeces remains one of the world’s most dangerous pollutants, spreading microbes that causes water borne diarrheal diseases.

• Lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has

significant negative impacts including diarrhoea/ water borne diseases, chronic diseases, respiratory diseases , skin disorders, allergies , headache and eye infections

• 80% of all diseases and 1/3rd of deaths in developing countries are caused by consumption of contaminated water and 1/10th of productive time of each person is lost due to water related diseases

WATER RELATED DISEASES

• Water borne: diarrhea diseases, infective hepatisis, typhoid, guinea worm etc

• Water wasted: typhoid, trachoma, skin infection, infective hepatitis

• Water based- guinea worm, schistosomiasis

• Water related: malaria and dengue fever etc.

Benefits of improving sanitation

• Reducing the spread of intestinal worms,

schistosomiasis and trachoma, which are neglected tropical diseases that cause suffering for millions;

• Reducing the severity and impact of malnutrition;

• Promoting dignity and boosting safety, particularly among women and girls;

• Promoting school attendance: girls’ school attendance is particularly boosted by the provision of separate sanitary facilities;

• Potential recovery of water, renewable energy and nutrients from faecal waste.