water-saving strategies in desert animalsffffffff-f77d... · pronghorn antelope. can rumen contents...
TRANSCRIPT
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Water-saving strategies indesert animals
Marcus ClaussClinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of
Zurich, SwitzerlandBiologie und Erkranungen der Wildtiere 2009
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Definition Desert
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Definitions Desert
Vegetation < 5% of surface Ice desert (cold), draught desert
(aridity/heat) “Anökumene”Rainfall < 250 mm/year
(cf.Zurich, CH: app. 1000 mm/year;Rain forest up to 2000 mm/year)
More water loss from evaporation thanadded by rainfall
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Charakteristics of deserts
Temperature fluctuations (dry soil stores notheat and only heats up superficially; lack ofcloud cover results in extreme solarradiation during the day and heat radiationduring night)
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Charakteristics of deserts
Temperature fluctuations (dry soil stores notheat and only heats up superficially; lack ofcloud cover results in extreme solarradiation during the day and heat radiationduring night)
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Charakteristics of deserts
Temperature fluctuations (dry soil stores notheat and only heats up superficially; lack ofcloud cover results in extreme solarradiation during the day and heat radiationduring night)
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Charakteristics of deserts
Extreme cooling can lead to condensationeven at low humidities - dew
from Hill et al. (2004)
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Necessary adaptations
Direct consequence of heat: burning
Indirect consequence of heat: water loss
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Three strategies - Triple E
Evaders
Evaporators
Endurers
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Evader - Endurer - Continuum
from Hill et al. (2004)
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General statements
Desert animals have a lower water flux thanother animals
This is also due to a lower metabolic rate indesert animals
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Ways to lose water
Faeces
Urine
Exhalate Sweat
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Water loss in faeces
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Moisture in faeces of 81 ruminant species with adlibitum water access
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from Clauss et al. (2004)
Moisture in faeces of 81 ruminant species with adlibitum water access
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Water absorption in the large intestine
modified from Hofmann (1989)
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Faecal Moisture and colonic surface in ruminants
from Woodall & Skinner (1993)
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Water loss in faeces
The smallr the fecal pellet, the larger itsrelative surface, i.e. the easier to absorbwater from it ...
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Larger animals have larger faecal pellets
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the larger the mammal, the wetter itsfaeces...
from Fritz (2007)
Water losses in faeces
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Water losses in urine
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Kidney
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Am. J. Physiol. (1996)
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Renal papilla
from Hill et al. (2004)
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Renal papilla
from Hill et al. (2004)
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Am. J. Physiol. (1961)
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from Hill et al. (2004)
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Kidney
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Kidney
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Am. J. Physiol. (1961)
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Am. J. Physiol. (1961)
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Am. J. Physiol. (1990)
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Am. J. Physiol. (1996)
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Water loss by evaporation(sweat, exhalate)
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Water loss by evaporation(sweat, exhalate)
Depends onHeating of bodyDifference between set control
temperature and actual bodytemperature
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Reduction of solar radiation/ increaseof heat loss
Behaviour Seeking of shadeOrient body according to sun Seeking of windy spots
AnatomyBody shape
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Normale Wasserversorgung Wasserentzug
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Water loss by evaporation(sweat, exhalate)
Depends onHeating of bodyDifference between set control
temperature and actual bodytemperature
If you tolerate higher body temperaturesyou do not sweat !
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Data from captiveanimals denied theopportunity forbehaviouraladjustments !
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Is there no adaptation by heterothermia?
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... or is there ?
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from Hill et al. (2004)
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from Hill et al. (2004)
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summer winter
Pronghorn antelope
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Can rumen contents serve as waterreservoir?
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Measure fluid passage in the forestomach Feed a marker
Cobalt-EDTA
Can rumen contents serve as waterreservoir?
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Measure fluid passage in the forestomach Feed a marker Collect faeces regularly
Can rumen contents serve as waterreservoir?
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Measure fluid passage in the forestomach Feed a marker Collect faeces regularly
Can rumen contents serve as waterreservoir?
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Measure fluid passage in the forestomach Feed a marker Collect faeces regularly Analyse faeces and plot excretion curve
Can rumen contents serve as waterreservoir?
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Summary:Desert animals save water by ...
(behavioural adaptations) Long colon - dry faeces Thick renal medulla - concentrated urine Particular blood vessel anatomyHeterothermia Low metabolic rate
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Summary:Desert animals save water by ...
(behavioural adaptations) Long colon - dry faeces Thick renal medulla - concentrated urine Particular blood vessel anatomyHeterothermia Low metabolic rate
These adaptations are disadvantages inmesic habitats!
Due to their ‘low spending strategy’, desertanimals cannot compete out of the desert
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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What are human adaptations to desertenvironments?
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