water scarcity in africa catherine schoeninger and danielle yunker a study of water resources in...
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Water Scarcity in Africa
Catherine Schoeninger and Danielle Yunker
A Study of Water Resources in Zimbabwe
http://www.bobjanet.demon.co.uk/urchin/4life/zimm.jpg
Welcome to Africa• Current Conditions
• Decline in water resources• Insufficient food• Sanitation issues• Extreme, unpredictable
weather
• 300 million people affected
• What are the effects of water scarcity in Africa?
http://www.pewfellowships.org/resources/stories/zimbabwe_images/main_zimbabwe.jpg
Zimbabwe
• Natural Adversity• Population density• Climatic conditions• Landlocked geographic
location
• All lead to water supply problems
http://www.unido-aaitpc.org/unido-aaitpc/new1/images/map_zimbabwe.gif
High Population Density• Overcrowding adds to
strain on resources•Housing
• Multiple families in close proximity
• No running water
•Communal Well• Women and children fetch
water
•Communal Facilities• Designed for 8 people,
now shared by over 50 people
http://www.ministrytozimbabwe.com/woman%20carring%20water.jpg
Sanitation Issues• Stem from overpopulation and
inefficient infrastructure •Toilet
• Same drain as shower• Blockages from use of newspaper as toilet paper
•Pipe system• Bursts• Slow repair time
•Contaminated water• Sakubva River• Children’s infected play area
http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/water/africa/countries/zimbabwe/ZW0301.html
Health Risks• Observed at Zimbabwean Health
Clinics• Daily patient increase• Stem from contact with contaminated
water• Specific diseases include:
•Tuberculosis•Cholera
http://www.open2.net/theservice/new_nurses/images/nurse_pt.jpg
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Climate Conditions• 3 distinct seasons
•Ranging from hot to cool and wet to dry• Unpredictable floods and droughts• Annual Average rainfall is 685 mm
• 300-500 mm can come in one month• Difficult to plan crop cycle
http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/water/africa/countries/zimbabwe/ZW0110.html
Agriculture
• Agricultural nation• Inconsistent harvests
•Leads to malnourishment•Struggle for financial stability
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/files/Zimbabwe%20farmers_Emmanuel%20KoroPYyJQD.jpg
http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/water/africa/countries/zimbabwe/ZW0125.html
http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/water/africa/countries/zimbabwe/ZW0213.html
Possible Solutions
• Improved Infrastructure• Solar Stills• Conservation efforts• Spreading awareness
http://www.villagehealth.org/Dsc00404.jpg
Infrastructure • International
• Necessary because they are landlocked• Expand current system
• National• Improve and increase existing system
• Drawbacks• Need international cooperation• Leakage• Expensive – small countries can’t afford
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/leak/photo10b.jpg
Solar Stills
•Effective way to desalinize and purify water
• Produces clean drinking water
http://www.geda.org.in/solar/so_slr_still.htm http://www.i4at.org/surv/sstill.htm
Water Cycle
• Operates on water cycle properties
http://www.i4at.org/surv/sstill.htm
Analysis of Solar Stills
• Easy procedure• Cost effective
• Dependent on abundant sunshine
http://www.borderpact.org/Grants%20Awardees%201999/Region%203/Images/stills1.jpg
Conservation• Efforts
• Improved management•Refined infrastructure
• Dependent on financial means
http://www.capecairo.com/botswana/CCbotszim/mekoro.jpg
Spreading Awareness
• Advertising water conservation•Simple•Inexpensive
http://us.news2.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/p/afp/20060406/capt.sge.gum86.060406222759.photo00.photo.default-380x252.jpg
http://epederstad.k-nettet.com/main/graphics/uploaded/1660/thumb_zimbabwe%20m.jpg
References• “AFRICA: Water management essential to break poverty”. OxResearch. Oxford. 17 March 2003.
ProQuest Database. 15 February 2006.
• Anonymous. “Africa with no rain, or too much”. The Economist. London. 13 December 1997. Volume 345, Issue 8047; page 39. ProQuest Database. 15 February 2006.
• Mansell, M.G., and Hussey, S.W. 2005. “An investigation of flows and losses within the alluvial sands of ephemeral rivers in Zimbabwe”. 314 (1-4): 192-203. Web of Knowledge Database. 13 February 2006.
• Manzungu, E., and Machiridza R. 2005. “An analysis of water consumption and prospects for implementing water demand management at household level in the City of Harare, Zimbabwe”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 30 (11-16): 925-934. Web of Knowledge Database. 13 February 2006.
• Mukheli, A., Mosupye, G., and Swatuk, LA. “Is the Pungwe water supply project a solution to water accessibility and sanitation problems for the households of Sakubva, Zimbabwe”? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 27 (11-22): 723-732. Web of Knowledge Database. 13 February 2006.
• Rijsberman, F.R. “Water scarcity: fact or fiction?”. 80 (1-3): 5-22. 2006. Web of Knowledge Database. 17 February 2006.
• “Solar Stills”. Gujarat Energy Development Agency. 2003. 21 March 2006. http://www.geda.org.in/solar/so_slr_still.htm